Chilean rock
Rock music in Chile | |
---|---|
Other names | Chilean rock |
Stylistic origins | Rockabilly, rock and roll, twist, Psychedelic rock, Chilean folk music |
Cultural origins | 1950s — 1960s, Chile |
Chilean rock is rock music and its corresponding subgenres produced in Chile or by Chileans. Chilean rock lyrics are usually sung in Spanish so can be considered as part of rock en español, although sometimes are sung in English as well.
Rock music was first produced in Chile in the late 1950s by bands that imitated, and sometimes translated, international
Although original bands started to emerge as well in the early 1960s.During the second half of the 1960s, after the success of rock and roll music, the
In the 1970s, however, there was a decline in the country's rock scene as a result of the military dictatorship imposed by the
The 1990s saw the beginning of a revival for Chilean rock music, with several Chilean bands finding international success along with the growth of many rock subgenres such as alternative rock, pop rock, funk rock, reggae, grunge, britpop or latin rock becoming commercially successful. Los Tres became the most iconic rock band of this era, alongside La Ley in pop.
In the early 21st century, many more independent artists have become increasingly popular, while the previous ones have consolidated generating a cultural legacy of wide variety and trajectory.
Although frequently omitted from mass media preferring commercial foreign music instead, Chile has an extensive and rich rock culture, a permanent underground scene with hundreds of recognized bands, many niches of varied alternative sub-genres, as well as powerful regional scenes in Concepción and Valparaíso.[5][6]
Early rock and roll and Nueva Ola (1955–1965)
Rock and roll originated in the United States in the late 1940s and 1950s and expanded rapidly around the world. In the late 1950s, the first Chilean rock and roll bands emerged, largely imitating popular North American bands and performing rock and roll songs they were already hits in the U.S.[1] Some of the first Chilean rock and roll bands included William Reb y sus Rock Kings, Harry Shaw y Los Truenos, which performed versions of Elvis Presley tracks in 1956–57 and would later go on to record versions of Beatles songs. However, William Reb felt he never received the credit he deserved for his part in Chilean rock and roll.[7]
Chile's first solo rock and roll artists were Peter Rock, with his Elvis Presley cover Baby, I Don't Care/Something Happened (1959), and Nadia Milton, with her single Scobidou/Un poco (1960).
The twist was also very popular in the 1950s, imported to Chile by the band Los Twisters with the singles Penas juveniles, Caprichitos, Me recordarás, Sueña and Mi secreto. In 1963, Los Twisters were voted the most popular band in Chile.[8]
What began in the 1950s with imitations of American rock and roll soon developed into original music. La Orquesta Huambaly, with its roots in tropical music and jazz, were the first Chilean rock and roll band to compose original songs, including Huambaly rock (1957) and Rock del mono (Monkey Rock, 1958).
However, the first real commercial success story of the Nueva Ola scene was Los Ramblers, with their El Rock del Mundial (World Cup Rock) album released in May 1962 for the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile.[9]
Los Ramblers opened the door to many other successful Nueva Ola artists. Some of the most well-known were: Peter Rock, Alan y sus Bates, Los Rockets, Buddy Richard, José Alfredo Fuentes, Antonio Prieto, Antonio Zabaleta, Cecilia Pantoja, Germán Casas, Ginette Acevedo, Gloria Benavides, Jorge Pedreros, Luis Dimas, Maitén Montenegro, Marcelo Hernández, Mirella Gilbert, Osvaldo Díaz, Germaín de la Fuente, Paolo Salvatore, Pat Henry, and Roberto Vicking Valdés. The Nueva Ola movement spread out of Santiago and throughout Chile, with bands like The New Demons forming in the northern city of Iquique, and The Blue Splendor, who formed – and still perform today – in Valparaíso.
The success of the Chilean Nueva Ola lasted until the mid-1960s, led by a second generation of musicians characterized by their original compositions, such as Buddy Richard, Patricio Renán, Los Ángeles Negros, José Alfredo Fuentes and Cecilia, considered by some critics as the greatest teen star of the mid-1960s.[10]
The Nueva Ola has been criticized for foreignizing Chilean music because the style, lyrics and even names were heavily lifted from American and British culture.[11] For some, the Nueva Ola movement is not considered the true origin of Chilean rock. They point instead to groups like Los Mac's, Los Jockers and Los Vidrios Quebrados, who modelled themselves more on bands like The Rolling Stones and The Beatles, and "were the first groupings who can really be identified as ‘rock made in Chile’, going further than the pop figures of the Nueva Ola."[12] Bands that followed them were Los Picapiedras, Los Beat 4, Los Lark's and Los Sonny's one of the bands of future Florcita Motuda.
Folk, Fusión Latinoamericana and psychedelic rock (1965–1973)
New chilean song
During the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s, after the strong American and British influences of the Nueva Ola, the Chilean rock movement began to return to the country's indigenous and Latin American sounds looking for his own identity. A neo-folk movement developed with the aim of recovering traditional Chilean folk music and merging it with Latin American rhythms such as
The
Fusión Latinoamericana
After the singer-songwriter approach of the Nueva Canción,
Psychedelic rock and Piedra Roja festival
Psychedelic rock and blues rock came to Chile in the 1970s as it did elsewhere, influencing bands like Aguaturbia, Escombros and Sacros. Escombros contained former members of Los Mac's and Los Jockers and sung in English, producing covers of Jimi Hendrix and Led Zeppelin among others.[18] Sacros have been compared to The Byrds and Bob Dylan, with traces of, and released their first album, Sacros, days before the 1973 military coup. The album is now a collector's item.[19]
The famous
Major music festivals of the time were Primer Encuentro de Música de Vanguardia (January 1970), Primer Festival de Rock Progresivo (October 1971) and Los Caminos Que Se Abren (February 1973). All three happened at Quinta Vergara (Viña del Mar).
Underground scene during the dictatorship (1973–1989)
The proliferation of Chilean rock bands in the early 1970s ended with the
Los Prisioneros
However, one of the most well-known and influential bands since the 1980s, and from all history of Chilean rock, was
Punk and Hardcore
Chile's first contribution to
Heavy and Thrash Metal
In the later 1970s and 1980s, a heavy metal scene developed that was highly clandestine despite having no overt political affiliation or outward opposition to General Augusto Pinochet and his ongoing military regime. Bands of this generation included Pentagram Chile, Dorso, Massakre, Necrosis, Panzer and Rust.[25] Tom Araya would become the biggest metal figure as the lead vocalist and bassist of Slayer, after his family emigrated to the United States. During the late 1980s, with the dictatorship coming to an end, bands such as
At the turn of the decade, and as the dictatorship came to an end, more Chilean metal bands emerged, including Six Magics, Slavery, Torturer, Bismarck, Dracma and Inquisición. Progressive metal bands such as Alejandro Silva power cuarteto, Coprofago, Crisálida, Horeja, Matraz or Delta, were also notable. Tumulto, Arena Movediza and Millantún were between heavy metal and hard rock styles. The heyday of the Nu metal genre also expanded to Chile, generating a much more aggressive, raw and less commercial variant that was locally known as "Aggro Metal". Since the beginning of the new millennium several bands, like 2X, Rekiem and Rey Chocolate, got considerable airplay on MTV and also participated in annual festivals until the mid 2000s, when Aggro Metal started to lose its past relevance and most of the bands split up or migrated to other styles.[32]
A study made in 2018 confirms that Chile is the country with most metal bands per capita in Latin America doubling Argentina and the rest by far.[33]
New Wave and Post Punk
Others groups of this decade were heavily influenced by electronic music,
Fusion and Progressive
Heirs of the Fusion latinoamericana of the early '70s, under the Pinochet regime new bands emerged that emphasized influences other than folk, such as
Diversification and Internationalization (1990–2004)
In the 1990s, Chilean rock was characterized by a diversification of styles derived from rock and pop, as well as a greater exposure to the international market. This was due in part to the return of democracy and an end to the repression of cultural activities, as well as an increase in contact between the Chilean population and the rest of the world as a result of economic liberalization.[36] Thus, Alternative rock and Pop rock were the most common styles, among an increasingly wider range of subgenres.
Los Tres
The leading Chilean rock band of the 1990s were Los Tres, who mixed styles like rock (from rockabilly to grunge), jazz and cueca (Chile's folkloric national dance) and became particularly successful in Mexico,[37] The albums Los Tres (1991), La Espada & la Pared (1995) and Fome (1997) are considered among the most influential albums of rock en español according to Rolling Stone Magazine and Culto Magazine from La Tercera.[38][39] Besides an MTV Unplugged in (1995) which was one of the most laureate unplugged of the MTV Latino era. They became the iconic rock band of the Chilean transition to democracy. The band took musical quality to a new level in Chile with its instrumental development of rock, thanks in part to versatile guitarist
Pop Rock
Other key 1990s bands included: Lucybell, whose popularity expanded during the decade throughout Chile and the rest of the continent, and more closely related to alternative rock.[44] Javiera y Los Imposibles, whose lead singer Javiera Parra is also member of the Parra family, and Nicole who became the first female rock pop solo artist to gain international recognition, were also very popular. During the first half of the 2000s, Javiera y Los Imposibles, whose 2001 album AM was performed at the prestigious Viña del Mar International Song Festival in 2002, became widely popular.[45] Saiko also formed in the late 1990s (1999) and, made up of former members of La Ley and the singer Denisse Malebrán, found recognition during the first half of the 2000s.[46] La Rue Morgue would be a good example of jazzy pop rock music with good mainstream acceptance. Sexual Democracia was a regional band from Valdivia that reached popularity in Santiago. Other alternative pop rock bands were Elso Tumbay, Golem, Ludwig Band and Profetas y Frenéticos from Claudio Narea. Aleste and Sol Azul were the iconics one-hit wonder of 1990s pop. Teen pop was led by Supernova and Stereo 3, and in the 2000s by emo pop band Kudai.
Funk and Soul
Even though the history of
In 1995, the successful band
Grunge
As in the rest of the world, the grunge bands of Seattle had a great impact on Chilean youth in the beginning of the 1990s, and the decade saw the emergence of Chilean grunge bands like Tatto Falconi TTF, Jus Solis, Mandrácula, Los Ex, Blu Toi[52] and Duna.[53] These last two produced their first albums independently, though Blu Toi's album was distributed by Warner Bros. The influence of the grunge sound can also be seen in bands like Los Tres, Yajaira[54] and Weichafe.[55]
Reggae
One of the first bands to play
Chilean "Brit" Pop
In the second half of the 1990s a new wave of Chilean bands appeared, influenced mainly by the alternative rock and Britpop scenes that spread around the world. These included bands like Glup! who were heavily influenced by Blur, and reached great deal of mainstream success thanks to their hit single Freebola of the album 1999 released the same year. Other importants bands were Canal Magdalena,[58] Solar,[59] and Santos Dumont,[60] all of whom became popular with Chilean Britpop fans.
Latin Rock
A prominent and special case was Joe Vasconcellos, who had worked as lead singer in Congreso between 1980 and 1984. Since the late 1980s, he developed a solo career that in the 1990s reached his peak. His style combines rock, blues, cumbia, Brazilian music, and other Latin rhythms, often with big percussion and brass sections.[61][62] His albums Toque (1995), and Vivo (1999) were major hits, and would influence on next generations of Latin percussion-based rock artists, such as Chico Trujillo and the New Chilean cumbia movement.[63][64] Other bands in this kind of fusion would be Santo Barrio, Cholomandinga, and La Floripondio.
Blues Rock
The origins of blues in Chile are uncertain, although Aguaturbia was a benchmark in this style, as were Los Jaivas in their songs such as "Canción del gancho",[65] there is no more concrete background. The song "O'Riley" by Destruction Mac's can be taken as a reference, which applies a harmonica with bluish touches, although the music of this band is clearly inspired by groups of hard rock like Mountain. Although there was a small revival in the 1980s with Mauricio Redolés, it was not until the 1990s that groups such as El Cruce and La Banda del Capitán Corneta that a blues of Creole dyes spread in Chile, the first two decades of the 21st century stood out Perrosky, Julius Popper, Zapatillas Social Blues, La Rompehueso and La Rata Bluesera.
Digital era, commercial decline and future (2005–present)
These years have seen a consolidation of the previous successes of Chilean rock-pop in the international market, while the older artists are now considered cultural icons. During the 2010s, rock music in general saw a decline in mainstream popularity and chilean rock was not a exception, however a new generation of musicians began to appear, mostly independent and difficult to classify due to the increasing fusion of sub-genres. Folk rock and synth pop are genres that have been successfully reinvented, while an ever-present hard rock scene continues among fan niches.
In the second half of the 2000s, one of the best-known Chilean rock bands was Los Bunkers, an alternative rock group from Concepción, Chile, who formed in 1999. With their contemporary rock sound, influenced by 1960s rock and folk sounds, the band has achieved international success with the album Vida de perros (Dog's Life) and performed at the Vive Latino festival in Mexico City in 2006 and 2007. Also from Concepción are the band De Saloon, forming in 2003. Other notable band of this period included Sinergia, with a mix of nu metal and Comedy rock with humorous lyrics of daily and mundane Chilean topics, winning fans outside the rock scene.
Emergence of indie, acoustic, synthpop and rock-pop
Several Chilean artists – including
Hard Rock highlights
Among the most celebrated new rock bands of the 2010s decade were Kuervos del Sur, Rama, Tenemos Explosivos, Alectrofobia, Matorral, Cómo asesinar a Felipes (fusing alternative hip hop and jazz with rock) Weichafe, Adelaida, Angelo Pierattini and Cler Canifrú.[72] Kuervos del Sur are considered heirs of Los Jaivas in making rock with latinamerican instruments and rhythms, but with a harder sound, close to post-grunge. They won a Pulsar Award for best rock album in 2017 for El Vuelo del Pillán.[73][74]
Massive Festivals
In the 2010 "Festival El Abrazo" (The Hug Festival), held in Santiago to celebrate 200 years of independence for both Chile and Argentina, Chilean heavyweights
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