Chime (bell instrument)
A chime (
Etymology
The word chime dates back to the 14th-century Middle English word chymbe, meaning 'cymbal'. It probably originates from the Old French chimbe or directly from the Latin cymbalum. The Latin word was shortened in Old French and misinterpreted as chymbe bellen in Middle English, where the meaning shifted by the mid-16th century to "set of bells in a church or clock tower, apparatus or arrangement for striking bells".[1]
Characteristics
Construction
There are several mechanisms of action for chimes. From the 13th century, chimes were connected to a system of ropes, which is rarely seen today.[2] In the 19th century, many newly-constructed chimes were connected to a large wooden keyboard called a "chimestand."[3][2] These resemble the console of a carillon, but with much larger keys, essentially handles, which are depressed a greater distance.[3] In the 20th century, it is more common for chimes to be connected to an ivory piano keyboard with electronic action, often paired with automatic playing.[2] Chimes may alternatively be connected to and played with an Ellacombe apparatus.[4]
Chimes may also feature an automatic mechanism by which simple tunes or the Westminster Quarters are played. The mechanism on European chimes is often a playing drum, which is a large metal cylinder connected to a clock mechanism. Metal pegs are screwed onto the outside of the drum. When the clock mechanism sets the drum in motion, the pegs catch onto levers, which are connected to hammers that rest just a short distance from the outside of the bell. The hammers are briefly raised, and then fall onto the bell as the peg continues to rotate away from the lever. The pegs are arranged such that simple tunes can be programmed to play at specific quarter hours. In North America, automatic playing drum systems are not common; instead, chimes may have pneumatic systems which ring the instrument.[5]
Sound
Chime bells are made of
Range
The range of a chime is directly proportional to the number of bells it has. The instrument's total number of bells usually depends on funds available for the creation of the instrument: more money allows more bells to be cast, especially the larger, more costly ones. It is generally accepted that a chime has at most 22 bells; larger instruments are called carillons.[3][8][2] In some cases, the World Carillon Federation may designate chimes constructed before 1940 as historical carillons.[9] The average chime has 8 to 15 bells arranged in a diatonic scale. Occasionally, chimes may include an extra B♭ or F♯ bell so that a wider range of melodies can be played.[3]
History
The chime and the carillon's histories are mostly identical up until their debut in North America.[3] In the late 18th century, chimes of 10 to 20 bells played with a large keyboard became fashionable in France and Great Britain and by the mid-19th century, they had become equally desirable in the United States. Between 1850 and 1930, hundreds of chimes were installed in churches, town halls, and other towers.[2] The chime was the forerunner to the carillon in North America; the earliest carillons were installed during World War I.[3]
The early chime market in North America consisted of the
Distribution
Chimes across the world are counted and registered by Tower Bells Archived 9 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, among other bell instruments, which also publishes maps, technical specifications and statistics.[11] According to TowerBells, there are over 1,300 existing chimes. They can be found on every continent except Antarctica; however, of the countries in which chimes can be found, only 16 have more than 10. The Netherlands and the United States account for over half of the world total. About 90 percent are located in either Western Europe or North America.
Country | Chimes[12] |
---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | 1 |
Australia | 34 |
Austria | 8 |
Belgium | 16 |
Bermuda | 1 |
Brazil | 2 |
Canada | 79 |
Chile | 1 |
Costa Rica | 1 |
Croatia | 1 |
Cuba | 1 |
Curaçao (Netherlands) | 6 |
Czech Republic | 5 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo[note 1] | 1 |
Denmark | 21 |
Egypt | 1 |
England (United Kingdom) | 63 |
Finland | 4 |
France | 76 |
Germany | 68 |
Haiti | 1 |
Hong Kong (China) | 1 |
Hungary | 1 |
Iceland | 2 |
India | 6 |
Ireland | 5 |
Israel | 2 |
Italy | 12 |
Jamaica | 1 |
Japan | 18 |
Kenya | 1 |
Liechtenstein | 1 |
Luxembourg | 2 |
Malawi | 1 |
Malaysia | 2 |
Malta | 4 |
Mexico | 3 |
Netherlands | 157 |
New Zealand | 17 |
Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) | 3 |
Norway | 11 |
Philippines | 6 |
Poland | 4 |
Portugal | 1 |
Russia | 1 |
Scotland (United Kingdom) | 12 |
Slovakia | 1 |
South Africa | 6 |
Spain | 11 |
Suriname | 1 |
Sweden | 6 |
Switzerland | 35 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 2 |
United States | 596 |
Venezuela | 1 |
Wales (United Kingdom) | 2 |
Zimbabwe | 1 |
World | 1,327 |
Notable chimes
- The Altgeld Chimes in the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign's Altgeld Hall.
- The Cornell Chimes in Cornell University's McGraw Tower.
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "Chime". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the originalon 25 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4840-3766-9.
- ^ Sturdy, John C. G. (10 June 2007). "Glossary of Ringing Terms". www.cb1.com. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- OCLC 154672090.
- ISBN 978-0-19-318103-8.
- ^ "Tower Bells Introduction: Chimes". TowerBells.org. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- OCLC 1120054332. Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Organization". World Carillon Federation. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ OCLC 998832003. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ "More About Carillons and Other Tower Bell Instruments". TowerBells.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "Indexes to Chimes Around the World". TowerBells.org. Retrieved 4 May 2021.