China–Nepal border
China–Nepal border 中国-尼泊尔边界 नेपाल-चीन सिमाना | |
---|---|
Characteristics | |
Entities | China Nepal |
Length | 1,389 km (863 mi) |
History | |
Established | 1956 China–Nepal Agreement |
Current shape | 28 April 1960 Sino-Nepalese Treaty of Peace and Friendship |
Treaties |
|
The China–Nepal border is the
Description
The border starts in the west at the western tripoint with
History
The border region has historically existed at the edges of various Nepali, Indian and Tibetan kingdoms.
In 1950-51 China annexed Tibet, and thereby inherited the somewhat confused situation along the boundary.[8] On 21 March 1960 a border treaty was signed which recognised the "traditional customary line" and created a joint boundary commission to delimit a more precise border.[5] Having completed their work, a final boundary treaty was signed on 5 October 1961.[5] The border was then demarcated on the ground with pillars, and a final protocol signed on 23 January 1963.[5]
Humla border dispute
The western China–Nepal–India tripoint is disputed between Nepal and India since 1990s as part of
In November 2020, Nepali politicians claimed China had annexed more than 150 hectares of Nepalese land.[12] The Nepali government in September 2021 formed a team under Home Ministry Joint Secretary Jaya Narayan Acharya to study dispute in Limi of Namkha Rural Municipality of Humla.[13] The committee comprised Deputy Director General of the Survey Department Sushil Dangol, Senior Superintendent of Nepal Police Umesh Raj Joshi, Senior Superintendent of Armed Police Force Pradip Kumar Pal, Joint Director of National Investigation Department Kishor Kumar Shrestha and Home Ministry Secretary Acharya. This team submitted its report on 26 September which brought the conclusion of claim being truth. It suggested making a joint force for dispute resolution.[14]
In addition, NC
In early 2022, a Nepali government report was leaked. The report indicated the previously alleged buildings were on Chinese side, but found that China has built fences, a canal, and a road that encroached on Nepali soil.[20]
Border crossings
In 2012, Nepal and China agreed to open new ports of entry, to a total of six official ports. Three of the ports are designated as international ports, while three others are only designated for bilateral trade.[21]
The border crossing between Zhangmu and Kodari on the Friendship Highway has been in operation since 1968.[22] In 2014, the border crossing at Rasuwa Fort (Rasuwagadhi) was opened for commerce and then for foreign nationals from 2017.[6][23] In addition, this border crossing is being considered for a future rail crossing between the two countries.[24]
Other crossings, like the one at
Treaty Name[21](Other Name) | Jurisdictions[21] | Status | International Transit |
Crossing Location |
Border elevation |
Maximum inside T.A.R. |
Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burang–Yari (Xieerwa[29]) | Burang County
|
Active | Planned | 30°09′12″N 81°20′00″E / 30.15333°N 81.33333°E | 3,640 m (11,900 ft) | 4,720 m (15,500 ft) | Local trade currently exists |
Lektse—Nechung (Korala) | Active | No | 29°19′24″N 83°59′09″E / 29.32333°N 83.98583°E | 4,620 m (15,200 ft) | |||
Gyirong–Rasuwa | Gyirong, Gyirong County
|
Active | Yes | 28°16′45″N 85°22′43″E / 28.27917°N 85.37861°E | 1,850 m (6,100 ft) | 5,230 m (17,200 ft) | |
Zhangmu–Kodari | Active[30] | Yes | 27°58′24″N 85°57′50″E / 27.97333°N 85.96389°E | 1,760 m (5,800 ft) | 5,150 m (16,900 ft) | ||
Chentang–Kimathanka | Chentang, Dinggyê County
|
Planned | No | 27°51′30″N 87°25′30″E / 27.85833°N 87.42500°E | 2,248 m (7,400 ft) | Local trade currently exists | |
Ri'og–Olangchung Gola ( Tipta La )
|
Olangchung Gola, Taplejung District Ri'og, Dinggyê County |
Planned | No | 27°49′00″N 87°44′00″E / 27.81667°N 87.73333°E | 5,095 m (16,700 ft) | Local trade currently exists |
Galleries
-
Nara La near the Burang–Hilsa crossing
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View across the border at PLA border output from Lo Manthang near Korala
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Chinese port-of-entry building at Gyirong–Rasuwa crossing
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Sino-Nepal Friendship Bridge at the Zhangmu–Kodari crossing
Historical maps of the border from west to east in the International Map of the World and Operational Navigation Chart, middle/late 20th century:
See also
- China-Nepal relations
References
- ^ "Nepal". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ISBN 9781526728388.
- JSTOR 41950522.
- ^ Cowan, Sam (2015), The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani, School of Oriental and African Studies, pp. 16–17
- ^ a b c d e f g Office of the Geographer (1965-05-30), International Boundary Study - China – Nepal Boundary (PDF), Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-03, retrieved 2017-02-14
- ^ ISSN 2158-9674. Archived from the originalon 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
- ^ Eede, Joanna (2015-06-12). "Nomads of Dolpo". National Geographic Voices. National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ Office of the Geographer (1965): "The exact number of territorial disputes has never been ascertained, but as many as 20 sectors may have been involved. The most serious disputes were located at Rasu (north of Katmandu), Kimathanka in the east, Nara Pass, Tingribode near Mustang, Mount Everest, and the Nelu River. Most of these disputes were settled in favor of Nepal, although several favored China."
- ^ Nepal objects to India-China trade pact via Lipu-Lekh Pass, The Economic Times, 9 June 2015.
- ^ "Resolve Lipu-Lekh Pass dispute: House panel to govt", Republica, 28 June 2018, archived from the original on 28 June 2018
- ^ Ekantipur Report (July 9, 2015). "Lipulekh dispute: UCPN (M) writes to PM Koirala, Indian PM Modi & Chinese Prez Xi". Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ Wang, Wenbin (3 November 2020). "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on November 3, 2020". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
The Daily Telegraph: Nepalese politicians have said that Chinese soldiers annexed more than 150 hectares of land in five areas near the border it shares with China, including by diverting the flow of rivers to claim the previously submerged land. Can the foreign ministry please comment on this? Wang Wenbin: Were you referring to The Daily Telegraph's report? Follow-up: Yes. Wang Wenbin: The report you cited is a completely unfounded rumor.
- ^ "Government team to visit Humla to study Nepal-China border dispute". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "संयुक्त संयन्त्रमार्फत हुम्लाको नेपाल-चीन सीमा समस्या समाधान गर्न सुझाव". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "China responsible if anything happens to me: Nepal politician who accused Beijing of encroaching territory". www.timesnownews.com. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Sureis (2020-10-12). "NC lawmaker-led team reports Chinese encroachment in Humla". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Republica. "NC leader Shahi asks China to produce evidence to prove it has not encroached upon Nepali territory". My Republica. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Setopati, Prashanna Pokharel. "Nidhi slams Deuba for not including MCC and border dispute with China in common minimum program". Setopati. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Border dispute issue with China raised at Congress senior leaders' meeting". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Bristow, Michael (8 February 2022). "China encroaching along Nepal border - report". BBC News. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
In its report, passed to the BBC, the group found that surveillance activities by Chinese security forces had restricted religious activities on the Nepalese side of the border in a place called Lalungjong. ... In the same area, it found China was building a fence around a border pillar, and attempting to construct a canal and a road on the Nepalese side of the border. But the taskforce did find that Chinese buildings originally thought to have been constructed inside Nepal had, in fact, been built on the Chinese side of the border.
- ^ a b c "中华人民共和国政府和尼泊尔政府关于边境口岸及其管理制度的协定" [China-Nepal Agreement on Port of Entry] (in Chinese). Chinese Embassy in Nepal. 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ Buddhi Narayan Shrestha (2015-11-29). "Nepal-China Seven Border Crossing-points". Border Nepal Buddhi. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
Kodari-Khasa has been in operation since 1968 for the transaction of trade and commerce. The second commercial border-point is the Rasuwagadhi-Kerung, which has come into use recently.
- ^ Lobsang (2016-06-25). "Tibet Nepal Border Closedsalt". The Land of Snows. Archived from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
the new border crossing from Kyirong, Tibet to Rasuwaghadi, Nepal. Though this border crossing has NOT been opened to foreign travelers yet, this route has been open to traders from Nepal and China for much of the past year...
- ^ "China Wants To Stretch Rail Network All The Way To Touch Bihar: Report". NDTV. 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
A cross-border railroad link to the Rasuwagadhi area in Nepal has already been discussed between the two countries.
- Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Hilsa is one of the six border points Nepal and China had agreed to open for international trade when former Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jibao visited Kathmandu in 2012.
- ^ Budhathoki, Kishor (2008-06-04). "China seals border, villages on Nepali side face starvation". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Starvation looms large in the northern parts of Sankhuwasabha district after China closed the Kimathanka check post
- ^ "Beijing to reopen fourth border point with Nepal". Kathmandu Post. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Korala check point opens for all Mustang folks". The Himalayan Times. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "News from China" (PDF). Chinese Embassy in India. Vol. XXVIII, no. 7. July 2016. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
- ^ "Kodari Checkpoint To Open Today". The Spotlight Online. 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
Further reading
- Tiwary, Chitra K. (2012), "China–Nepal Border: Potential Hot Spot?", in Bruce Elleman; Stephen Kotkin; Clive Schofield (eds.), Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia, Taylor and Francis, pp. 205–, ISBN 9781317515647
External links
- Wikisource. [China-Nepal Border Agreement] (in Chinese). 1961-10-05 – via