China–Vietnam border

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Map of the China-Vietnam boundary
Chinese and Vietnamese boundary markers

The China–Vietnam border is the international boundary between China and Vietnam, consisting of a 1,297 km (806 mi) terrestrial border stretching from the tripoint with Laos in the west to the Gulf of Tonkin coast in the east, and a maritime border in the Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea.[1]

While disputes over the terrestrial border have been settled with the signing of a land boundary treaty between the two countries, the maritime border is currently undefined due to disputes over the ownership of territorial waters and islands, including the

Description

The confluence of the Red River and the Longbao River, where the China-Vietnam border leaves the Red River.

The terrestrial border begins in the west at the China-Laos-Vietnam tripoint at the

Lixian River, Red River, Nanxi, Sông Gâm, Song Chay, and Jin Jiang. In the east, the border reaches the mouth of the Beilun/Ka Long River near the Chinese city of Dongxing and the Vietnamese city of Móng Cái, following the river through a marshland out to the Gulf of Tonkin.[4]

History

Ancient

The border region has a long history. China under the

20 year occupation of northern Vietnam by Ming China in the 15th century.[4][8][9]

Colonial period

Pillars marking the border near Bản Giốc

In the 19th century

Treaty of Tientsin (1885), which provided for the demarcation of the border between China and Tonkin. Article 3 of the treaty provided for the appointment of a Sino-French commission to demarcate the border between Tonkin and China, which forms today's China–Vietnam border. China's commissioners were Chou Te-jun (周德潤), and Teng Ch'eng-hsiu (鄧承修).[citation needed] The French commission was led by M. Bourcier Saint-Chaffray, and its members included M. Scherzer, the French consul in Canton, Dr Paul Neis, a noted Indochina explorer, Lieutenant-Colonel Tisseyre, Captain Bouinais, and M. Pallu de la Barrière (though the latter took no part in the commission's work).[citation needed] In preparation for the commission's work General de Courcy despatched French troops to occupy Lạng Sơn, That Khe and other border towns in October 1885.[citation needed
]

Demarcation work began in late 1885 and was completed in 1887, the latter the same year that Tonkin was incorporated into the colony of

Convention confirming the new border between Vietnam and China was signed in Peking on 26 June 1887 by French and Chinese representatives.[11][4] A later convention, signed on 20 June 1895, delimited some disputed areas of the frontier.[4] Subsequently 285–341 border markers[a] were erected along the boundary.[2] The border demarcation between the French and the Qing Dynasty was described as being carried out under "incomplete technical and practical conditions and incomplete and unclear and inaccurate texts and maps of many border sections." The border markers were erected not based on a coordinate grid and many suffered damage, were lost through time or removed. Many of the original maps also no longer existed and migration of populations took place that was not in accordance with the de jure borderline. All these factors posed difficulties to border management.[2]

Modern era

French Indochina was

Hồ Chí Minh to declare independence.[14] A long war then broke out as France attempted to reassert control, ending in their defeat and the independence of Vietnam; however the country was split in two, with North Vietnam like China now under Communist rule.[15] In 1957 and 1958 China and North Vietnam confirmed that they both respected the border established via the Tientsin Protocol.[16][17]

During the

skirmishes along the border continued throughout the 1980s.[21][23][24]

In 1990, Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia, ending one of the major points of contention between China and Vietnam, and relations were normalised in November 1991.

Republic of China on Taiwan and continues to claim the territory, as reflected in its official maps.[27]

Border crossings and trade points

The border crossing between Hekou (foreground) and Lao Cai (background)

China and Vietnam signed an agreement on border trade in 1991. In 1992, 21 border trade points (cross border markets and goods import/export but limited through access for people) were opened, of which four also served as border crossings.[28] Vietnamese living in the border region may enter China using a one-day border pass that reduces wait at Chinese customs.[29]

List of border crossings and trade points

The major border crossings are highlighted in bold; from west to east they are:

There are two rail crossings:[4]

Historical maps

Historical maps of the border from west to east in the

  • From the International Map of the World and Operational Navigation Chart, late 20th century - West
    From the International Map of the World and Operational Navigation Chart, late 20th century - West
  • Central
    Central
  • East
    East
  • China–Vietnam border rivers
    China–Vietnam border rivers
  • China–Vietnam border
    China–Vietnam border

Footnotes

  1. ^ Differing figures for the precise number of markers are given in different sources.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Vietnam". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Nguyen, Hong Thao 2009.
  3. ^ China, Vietnam and Laos Sign the Treaty on Definition of the Tri-Junction Point of the National Boundaries[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "International Boundary Study No. 38 – China – Vietnam Boundary" (PDF). US Department of State. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  5. .
  6. ]
  7. ^ Anderson, James A. 2008, pp. 191–192.
  8. ^ David C. Kang, Dat X. Nguyen, Ronan Tse-min Fu, Meredith Shaw. "War, Rebellion, and Intervention under Hierarchy: Vietnam–China Relations, 1365 to 1841." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63.4 (2019): 896–922. online
  9. .
  10. ^ Twitchett, Cambridge History of China, xi. 251; Chere, 188–90.
  11. ^ Lung Chang 1993, pp. 377–8.
  12. ^ Dunnigan, J. F. & Nofi, A. A. (1999). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War. New York: St. Martins Press, pp. 27–38.
  13. ^ Hood, S. J. (1992). Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, p. 16.
  14. ^ Lebra, Joyce C., Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, p. 157, 158, 160
  15. ^ "The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960". The History Place. 1999. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  16. ^ a b c d Nguyen, Hong Thao. "THE CHINA-VIETNAM BORDER DELIMITATION TREATY OF 30 DECEMBER 1999". University of Durham. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Nguyen, Hong Thao (28 April 2009). "A line runs through it: Vietnam and China complete boundary marking process". Vietnam Law Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  18. .
  19. .
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  21. ^ a b c St John, Ronald Bruce. "The Land Boundaries of Indochina: Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam" (PDF). International Boundaries Research Unit, Department of Geography, University of Durham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  22. ^ "A Terrible Conflict – The Cambodian-Vietnamese War". War History Online. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  23. ^ "Chinese invasion of Vietnam". Global Security.org. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
  24. ^ Carlyle A. Thayer, "Security Issues in Southeast Asia: The Third Indochina War", Conference on Security and Arms Control in the North Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, August 1987.
  25. ^
    S2CID 127874275
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  26. ^ "Agreement on Land Border, Agreement on delimitation of Gulf of Tonkin VN-China". Embassy of Vietnam to the United States. 4 October 2002. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2020. (in Vietnamese)
  27. ^ Horton, Chris (8 July 2019). "Taiwan's Status Is a Geopolitical Absurdity". The Atlantic.
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  33. ^ "Vietnam, China open new border gate pair". Nhân Dân. 17 March 2018.
  34. ^ "Quyết định số 136/2009/QĐ-TTg ngày 26/11/2009 của Thủ tướng Chính phủ Việt Nam về việc thành lập Khu kinh tế cửa khẩu Thanh Thủy, tỉnh Hà Giang" (PDF).
  35. ^ "Quân dân Sóc Hà đối phó ra sao với các thủ đoạn gây rối của Trung Quốc sau 1979? – Giáo dục Việt Nam". giaoduc.net.vn. 10 February 2019.
  36. ^ "Baise makes great progress in 70 years". en.gxzf.gov.cn.
  37. ^ "Hoạt động xuất nhập khẩu tại cửa khẩu Trà Lĩnh, Pò Peo giảm mạnh". caobangtv.vn.
  38. ^ "Cao Bằng: Cần đầu tư nâng cấp Đường tỉnh 213". www.mt.gov.vn.
  39. ^ "Cao Bằng: Xe hàng mắc kẹt nhiều km đường vào cửa khẩu Lý Vạn". nongnghiep.vn. December 28, 2018.
  40. ^ "VGP News | Financial aid for construction of Ta Lung-Shuikou 2 Bridge approved – Financial aid for construction of Ta Lung-Shuikou 2 Bridge approved". news.chinhphu.vn. 22 September 2016.
  41. ^ "Mở lại loạt cửa khẩu với Trung Quốc". vnexpress.net.
  42. ^ "Work begins on VND21 trillion Dong Dang – Tra Linh Highway". Nhân Dân. 2020-10-03.
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  44. ^ "【那马边贸互市点管理办事处】电话,地址,价格,营业时间(图) – 宁明县爱车 – 大众点评网". www.dianping.com.
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  46. ^ "北风生新印象-搜狐滚动". roll.sohu.com.
  47. ^ VTV, BAO DIEN TU (April 18, 2014). "Vụ nổ súng gây rối tại cửa khẩu Bắc Phong Sinh: 2 chiến sỹ biên phòng Việt Nam hi sinh". BAO DIEN TU VTV.
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Bibliography


External links