China–Vietnam border
The China–Vietnam border is the international boundary between China and Vietnam, consisting of a 1,297 km (806 mi) terrestrial border stretching from the tripoint with Laos in the west to the Gulf of Tonkin coast in the east, and a maritime border in the Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea.[1]
While disputes over the terrestrial border have been settled with the signing of a land boundary treaty between the two countries, the maritime border is currently undefined due to disputes over the ownership of territorial waters and islands, including the
Description
The terrestrial border begins in the west at the China-Laos-Vietnam tripoint at the
History
Ancient
The border region has a long history. China under the
Colonial period
In the 19th century
Demarcation work began in late 1885 and was completed in 1887, the latter the same year that Tonkin was incorporated into the colony of
Modern era
French Indochina was
During the
In 1990, Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia, ending one of the major points of contention between China and Vietnam, and relations were normalised in November 1991.
Border crossings and trade points
China and Vietnam signed an agreement on border trade in 1991. In 1992, 21 border trade points (cross border markets and goods import/export but limited through access for people) were opened, of which four also served as border crossings.[28] Vietnamese living in the border region may enter China using a one-day border pass that reduces wait at Chinese customs.[29]
- List of border crossings and trade points
The major border crossings are highlighted in bold; from west to east they are:
- Longfu (Pu'er, Yunnan, China) – A Pa Chải (Mường Nhé, Điện Biên, Vietnam) (trade point)[30]
- Yakoushuitang (Lüchun, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China) – U Ma Tu Khoòng (Mường Tè, Lai Châu, Vietnam)[31]
- Jinshuihe (Jinping, Yunnan, China) – Ma Lù Thàng (Phong Thổ, Lai Châu, Vietnam)[32]
- Beishan (Hekou, Yunnan, China) – Kim Thành (Lào Cai, Lào Cai, Vietnam)
- Hekou (Yunnan, China) – Lào Cai (Lào Cai, Vietnam)
- Qiaotou (Maguan, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China) – Mường Khuơng (Si Ma Cai, Lào Cai, Vietnam) (trade point)
- Dulong (Maguan, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China) – Xín Mần (Xín Mần, Hà Giang, Vietnam)[33]
- Tianbao (Malipo, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China) – Thanh Thủy (Vị Xuyên, Hà Giang, Vietnam)[34]
- Tianpeng (Funing, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China) – Săm Pun (Mèo Vạc, Hà Giang, Vietnam)[35]
- Pingmeng (Baise, Guangxi, China) – Sóc Giang (Hà Quảng, Cao Bằng, Vietnam)[36]
- Longbang (Baise, Guangxi, China) – Trà Lĩnh (Trùng Khánh, Cao Bằng, Vietnam)
- Yuexu (Guangxi, China) – Pò Peo (Trùng Khánh, Cao Bằng, Vietnam)[37][38]
- Shuolong (Daxin, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China) – Lý Vạn (Hạ Lang, Cao Bằng, Vietnam)[39]
- Shuikou (Longzhou, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China) – Tà Lùng (Quảng Hòa, Cao Bằng, Vietnam)[40]
- Jianggang (Longzhou, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China) – Nà Nưa (Tràng Định, Lạng Sơn, Vietnam)
- Ping'er Guan (Pingxiang, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China) – Bình Nghi (Tràng Định, Lạng Sơn, Vietnam)
- Yingyang (Pingxiang, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China) – Na Hình (Văn Lãng, Lạng Sơn, Vietnam)[41]
- Puzhai (Pingxiang, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China) – Tân Thanh (Văn Lãng, Lạng Sơn, Vietnam) (trade point)[42]
- Youyi Guan (Pingxiang, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China) – Hữu Nghị (Đồng Đăng, Cao Lộc, Lạng Sơn, Vietnam) (Also called the "Friendship Pass") (trade point)
- Beishan (Ningming, Guangxi, China) – Co Sâu (Cao Lộc, Lạng Sơn, Vietnam) (trade point)
- Aidian (Ningming, Guangxi, China) – Chi Ma (Lộc Bình, Lạng Sơn, Vietnam)[43]
- Banbang (Ningming, Guangxi, China) – Bản Chắt (Đình Lập, Lạng Sơn, Vietnam)[44] (trade point)
- Dongzhong (Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China) – Hoành Mô (Bình Liêu, Quảng Ninh, Vietnam)[45]
- Lihuo (Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China) – Bắc Phong Sinh (Hải Hà, Quảng Ninh, Vietnam)[46][47]
- Tansan (Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China) – Pò Hèn (Móng Cái, Quảng Ninh, Vietnam)[48]
- Dongxing (Dongxing, Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China) – Móng Cái (Móng Cái, Quảng Ninh, Vietnam) (trade point)
There are two rail crossings:[4]
- Kunming–Hekou railway.[49]
- Đồng Đăng – Pingxiang – Where standard-gauge trains can cross the border on the Nanning-Hanoi line.[50]
Historical maps
Historical maps of the border from west to east in the
-
From the International Map of the World and Operational Navigation Chart, late 20th century - West
-
Central
-
East
-
China–Vietnam border rivers
-
China–Vietnam border
Footnotes
- ^ Differing figures for the precise number of markers are given in different sources.
See also
- Vietnam's Vietnam
- Little Vietnam
- French Indochina
- Franco-Vietnamese relations
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam
- Les Vietnamiens à Paris
- China–Vietnam relations
- United States–Vietnam relations
References
- ^ a b "Vietnam". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ a b c Nguyen, Hong Thao 2009.
- ^ China, Vietnam and Laos Sign the Treaty on Definition of the Tri-Junction Point of the National Boundaries[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "International Boundary Study No. 38 – China – Vietnam Boundary" (PDF). US Department of State. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ISBN 978-1590333686.
- Từ điển Bách khoa toàn thư Việt Nam (in Vietnamese).[permanent dead link]
- ^ Anderson, James A. 2008, pp. 191–192.
- ^ David C. Kang, Dat X. Nguyen, Ronan Tse-min Fu, Meredith Shaw. "War, Rebellion, and Intervention under Hierarchy: Vietnam–China Relations, 1365 to 1841." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63.4 (2019): 896–922. online
- ISBN 978-1316531310.
- ^ Twitchett, Cambridge History of China, xi. 251; Chere, 188–90.
- ^ Lung Chang 1993, pp. 377–8.
- ^ Dunnigan, J. F. & Nofi, A. A. (1999). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War. New York: St. Martins Press, pp. 27–38.
- ^ Hood, S. J. (1992). Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, p. 16.
- ^ Lebra, Joyce C., Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, p. 157, 158, 160
- ^ "The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960". The History Place. 1999. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d Nguyen, Hong Thao. "THE CHINA-VIETNAM BORDER DELIMITATION TREATY OF 30 DECEMBER 1999". University of Durham. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ a b c Nguyen, Hong Thao (28 April 2009). "A line runs through it: Vietnam and China complete boundary marking process". Vietnam Law Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ISBN 978-0847690138.
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- ^ a b c St John, Ronald Bruce. "The Land Boundaries of Indochina: Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam" (PDF). International Boundaries Research Unit, Department of Geography, University of Durham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ "A Terrible Conflict – The Cambodian-Vietnamese War". War History Online. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ "Chinese invasion of Vietnam". Global Security.org. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ^ Carlyle A. Thayer, "Security Issues in Southeast Asia: The Third Indochina War", Conference on Security and Arms Control in the North Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, August 1987.
- ^ S2CID 127874275.
- ^ "Agreement on Land Border, Agreement on delimitation of Gulf of Tonkin VN-China". Embassy of Vietnam to the United States. 4 October 2002. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2020. (in Vietnamese)
- ^ Horton, Chris (8 July 2019). "Taiwan's Status Is a Geopolitical Absurdity". The Atlantic.
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- ISBN 978-7-5161-4883-9.
- ^ "Khánh thành chợ mậu dịch biên giới U Ma Tu Khoòng - Bình Hà". baolaichau.vn.
- ^ "Sức hút Khu kinh tế Cửa khẩu Ma Lù Thàng". baolaichau.vn.
- ^ "Vietnam, China open new border gate pair". Nhân Dân. 17 March 2018.
- ^ "Quyết định số 136/2009/QĐ-TTg ngày 26/11/2009 của Thủ tướng Chính phủ Việt Nam về việc thành lập Khu kinh tế cửa khẩu Thanh Thủy, tỉnh Hà Giang" (PDF).
- ^ "Quân dân Sóc Hà đối phó ra sao với các thủ đoạn gây rối của Trung Quốc sau 1979? – Giáo dục Việt Nam". giaoduc.net.vn. 10 February 2019.
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- ^ "VGP News | Financial aid for construction of Ta Lung-Shuikou 2 Bridge approved – Financial aid for construction of Ta Lung-Shuikou 2 Bridge approved". news.chinhphu.vn. 22 September 2016.
- ^ "Mở lại loạt cửa khẩu với Trung Quốc". vnexpress.net.
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- ^ "中越两国共同维修改造峒中—横模口岸桥--人民网广西频道--人民网". gx.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
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- ^ VTV, BAO DIEN TU (April 18, 2014). "Vụ nổ súng gây rối tại cửa khẩu Bắc Phong Sinh: 2 chiến sỹ biên phòng Việt Nam hi sinh". BAO DIEN TU VTV.
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- ^ "Vietnam and Cambodia rail news roundup".[permanent dead link]
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Bibliography
- Anderson, James A. (2008). 'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War in Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period. New York. ISBN 9780230611719.)
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Lung Chang (1993). Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng [越南與中法戰爭] [Vietnam and the Sino-French War]. Taipei.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Nguyen, Hong Thao (2009). A line runs through it: Vietnam and China complete boundary marking process. Hanoi.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)