Chinatown, Chicago
Chinatown, Chicago | |
---|---|
Neighborhood | |
Armour Square | |
First settled | 1912 |
Population | |
• Estimate (2010) | 16,325 |
ZIP code | 60616 |
Chinatown is a
Chinatown is sometimes confused with an area on the city's
History
Initial migration and "old" Chinatown
Looking to escape the anti-Chinese violence that had broken out on the west coast, the first Chinese people arrived in Chicago after 1869 when the First transcontinental railroad was completed.[4] Aside from ethnic violence, governments on the west coast had begun to systematically target Chinese people, such as a 1870 San Francisco ordinance that taxed laundrymen who used horseless wagons for their deliveries.[5] This discrimination on the west coast, in tandem with poor economic conditions at the time, led to intense Chinese migration to other areas of the United States.[6] Further aiding this rapid migration was the fact that many Chinese people lost their jobs after the completion of the transcontinental railroad, as they had made up 90% of the workforce for the Central Pacific Railroad.[5]
At first, Chinese people in Chicago were largely welcomed by their fellow Chicagoans of all races. As early immigrant Moy Dong Chow would later state, "the Chicagoans found us a peculiar people to be sure, but they liked to mix with us."[7] The willingness of Chinese Chicagoans to accept Christian missions in Chinatown also helped to ease tensions between the two groups. By 1909, there were two Christian missions in old Chinatown, and eight other missions dedicated to serving ethnic Chinese by 1909.[8]
This acceptance led to a prospering early Chinese community in Chicago. By the late 1800s, 25% of Chicago's approximately 600 Chinese residents settled along Clark Street between Van Buren and Harrison Streets in Chicago's Loop.[9] In the mid-1870s, the Kim Kee Company opened a store selling imported Chinese goods and ingredients, and in the basement of the same building stood a Chinese-owned restaurant.[10] In 1889, 16 Chinese-owned businesses were located along the two-block stretch, including eight grocery stores, two butcher shops and a restaurant.[11] Other businesses operated in the early Chinatown included gambling houses, headquarters of family associations, and Christian mission houses.[12] Further, grocery stores in Chinatown could double as a cultural center, where people would gamble, consume rice wine, and smoke cigars.[13] Laundry services were also quite important to the average working Chinese man in the original Chinatown, with 198 Chinese laundries by 1883.[14] However, by 1897, white Chicagoans had begun to open laundry businesses as well. Many white laundrymen offered their services cheaper than the Chinese laundrymen, causing the leaders of Chinatown to declare "war" on the "cheap foreign labor" that was hurting Chinese laundry businesses in the area.[15] By 1903, white Chicagoans also became highly interested in the increasingly popular "fad" of chop suey restaurants in Chinatown, with the cuisine developing a "mysterious" aura among whites. This helped lead to the opening of more restaurants on Clark Street.[16]
By the turn of the century, numerous powerful clans and family associations rose up among the Chinese population in Chicago. The first and most powerful was the Moy clan, who were the de facto leaders of the Chinese people in Chicago, and, even from this earlier period of migration, the Moy Family Association came to be the largest association in the city. From 1898 to 1940, there were over six thousand immigrant files in Chicago, and over one thousand of these files contained the name "Moy".[17] Sam Moy was the first "mayor" of Chinatown, and he acted as an interpreter and interacted with city officials on behalf of the area.[18] Besides the Moy clan, other major clans in early Chinatown were the Wong and Chin clans.[19] The prevalence of just a few surnames reflects the phenomenon of chain migration and the continuing propensity of transnational ties that existed early on within Chinatown.[20]
Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Chinese Americans arrived in Chicago in droves and were vehemently supported by the city's Chinese residents, largely due to the preexisting clan associations who sought to take care of their kinsmen.[21] The importance of clan ties for finding success in Chinatown continued for decades, with many clans financing businesses through fellow members of their family association or strictly hiring kinsmen to work in their businesses.[22] The Chinese population more than doubled from 1890 to 1900, with many of these new migrants residing in the original Chinatown. In terms of ties to mainland China, the large majority of the early Chinese people in Chicago were from Taishan, such as influential merchants Chin Foin and Moy Dong Chow.[23]
Old Chinatown, like other highly-populated Chinatowns in cities across the country, was a major site of the Tong Wars, and there were several high profile incidents related to these wars throughout early Chinatown's history. In 1909, a large shootout broke out between different Tongs, leading to mass arrests.[24] Later, in 1911 Lee Yip Wing and Moy Dong Tong were shot for failing to comply with demands by the Hip Sing Tong.[25] The Tong Wars would continue for the next several decades, with Chicago and Chinatown constantly preparing for another outbreak of violence. For example, in 1930 extra police details were sent to Chinatown after a truce was called off between the warring parties.[26]
Relocation South
While Chinese people in Chicago had been relatively welcomed by the locals in the past, the renewal of the
In response to this, the move to the new South Side Chinatown was led by the On Leong Merchants Association who, in 1912, had a building constructed along Cermak Road (then 22nd Street) that could house 15 stores, 30 apartments and the Association's headquarters. While the building's design was typical of the period, it also featured Chinese accents such as tile trim adorned with dragons.[36] The total cost of the building was $200,000.[36] In addition, the On Leong Merchants Association purchased a series of ten year leases to develop the surrounding area.[37] Thus, starting in 1912, the area near Wentworth Avenue and Cermak Road was officially proclaimed the "New Chinatown".[34] Even in the first year of this move south, Chinese people in the new Chinatown faced significant discrimination from the established Italian community in Armor Square, causing them to restrict the new Chinatown to just one square block at 22nd Street and Princeton Avenue.[38] This discrimination was a continuation of tensions that were present before the move south, when non-Chinese residents fearing a "yellow invasion" sought to block Chinese people buying property in Armour Square.[35]
The new Chinatown would come to hold over one-third of Chicago's two thousand strong Chinese population soon after its founding.[39] Politically, many in new Chinatown were united in their strong support of the Republic of China. In 1919, a visit to Chinatown by Wang Chen Wei, the right hand man of the Republic’s first president Sun Yat-sen, produced a large parade with many Republican banners flying.[40] As new Chinatown grew significantly, the old Chinatown was left largely empty of ethnic Chinese inhabitants. According to one contemporary journalist, by 1927 there were a hundred "for rent" signs on the windows of the old Chinatown, with only two Chinese businesses remaining.[18]
In the 1920s, Chinese community leaders secured approximately 50 ten-year leases on properties in the newly developing Chinatown.
Economically, by the 1930s, a large portion of Chinese businesses in the new Chinatown were large grocery stores stocking imported goods.[49] Through transnational associations, these initial Chinese-owned stores substantiated a strong link between Chicago's Chinatown, other Chinatowns in the United States, and even East Asia itself. For example, the Moy-owned Hip Lung Yee Kee company on Wentworth Avenue facilitated communication between associations in San Francisco, Chicago, and Hong Kong.[50] The grocery stores in Chinatown at this time also had a very important role locally. They employed over six hundred Chinese locals, and they functioned as hotels and banks as well.[51] Otherwise, Chinese restaurants were supremely important to the economy of Chinatown in this period. By 1930, there were at least eleven restaurants located in the new Chinatown.[52] Often, these restaurants were places of fine dining, and, because of this, they also acted as gathering places to connect Chinatown’s elites with the elites of Chicago in general. For example, Mong Long Fo's restaurant was the site of a publicized meeting between two members of the Moy clan and three of Chicago's white elite.[53] Overall, however, the economic situation for many Chinese people in the new Chinatown remained the same as in the old Chinatown. The majority of Chinatown's residents were poorly-educated immigrants who made their livings through low-skill, manual labor or through restaurant-related work.[54] In turn, the wealthy merchant families still wielded immense power in the area, with the Moys wielding the most.[54]
Numerous important buildings and structures in Chinatown arose in the area during this early period. The
Post-World War II Chinatown
Before World War II, Chicago's Chinatown remained a largely insulated enclave, with little of the racial mixing seen in cities such as New York City.[54] The residents only grew closer together from the war as they collectively united against fascism.[54] However, this unity increasingly became frayed in the years that followed. The influx of refugees and educated Chinese people into Chicago dramatically changed the importance of Chinatown to Chicago's Chinese residents. Instead of living and working in Chinatown, many newcomers decided to move to the suburbs. Further, as Chinese immigration came to be more accepted following the passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, young, educated Chinese Americans began to take a greater role in Chinatown, clashing with the old family associations.[37]
In an effort to improve connectivity between Chinese residents throughout the city, construction began on the Chinatown Gateway in 1975, meant to act as a symbol of unity and encourage greater cultural exchange between Chinese communities.[37] During the late 1980s, a group of Chinatown business leaders bought 32 acres (130,000 m2) of property north of Archer Avenue from the Santa Fe Railway and built Chinatown Square, a two-level mall consisting of restaurants, beauty salons and law offices, flanked by 21 new townhouses. Additional residential construction, such as the Santa Fe Gardens, a 600-unit village of townhouses, condominiums and single-family homes was developed on formerly industrial land to the north.[55] Perhaps the most outstanding feature of the new addition was the creation of Ping Tom Memorial Park in 1999; located on the bank of the Chicago River, the park features a Chinese-style pavilion that many consider to be the most beautiful in the Midwest.[56]
Commerce
Chinatown, Chicago | ||
---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin Zhījiāgē Huá Bù | | |
Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Jyjiage Hwabuh | |
Wade–Giles | Chih1chia1ke1 Hua2 Pu4 | |
Tongyong Pinyin | Jhihjiage Húa Bù | |
Yale Romanization | Jrjyake Hwabu | |
IPA | [ʈʂɻ̩́tɕjákɤ́ xwǎ pû] | |
Yue: Cantonese | ||
Jyutping | Zi1gaa1go1 Waa4 Fau6 | |
IPA | Cantonese pronunciation: [tɕíːkáːkɔ̂ː wȁːfɐ̀u] | |
Southern Min | ||
Hokkien POJ | Chi-cha-ko Hôa-bú |
Chicago's Chinatown is home to a number of banks,
Demographics
In 1990, about 10,000 Chinese people lived in Chinatown's business district and the area south of 26th Street; several Italian Americans still remained in the neighborhood.[57]
As of 2013[update], about 8,000 people lived within Chinatown itself, and 90% were ethnic Chinese.[58] As of that year, many of the residents were elderly.[59]
In 2010, about 16,325 people lived within Chinatown.
Landmarks and attractions
- history of Chinese immigrants in United States
- Chinatown Square, Shopping area opened in 1993. Decorated with sculptures of animals in the Chinese zodiac
- Wentworth Avenue, with shopping, restaurants, and landmarks, including the Chinatown Gate
- Chicago Landmarkon December 1, 1993. It was the On Leong Merchants Association Building.
- Chinese American Museum of Chicago, conducts research and exhibits objects and pictures relating to the history of Chinese people in the American Midwest. The museum experienced a fire on September 19, 2008, and was temporarily closed. Thanks to strong community support, it reopened in the fall of 2010 with improved facilities.
- Ping Tom Memorial Park, Opened in 1999 with Chinese gardens on the northern edge of Chinatown along the Chicago River
- Chicago Fire Department Engine 8 Company firehouse, firehouse used in the 1991 Ron Howard film Backdraft
- Chinatown Gate, which spans Wentworth Avenue at the intersection of Cermak Road, designed by Peter Fung
- Moy Association Building, built in 1928 and added onto in 1932.
Government and infrastructure
The United States Postal Service operates the Chinatown Post Office at 2345 South Wentworth Avenue.[60]
Education
Primary and secondary schools
Residents are zoned to schools in the
Haines, which had its current facility built in 1994,
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago supports the St. Therese Chinese Catholic School (traditional Chinese: 聖德力天主教學校; simplified Chinese: 圣德力天主教学校; pinyin: Shèng Délì Tiānzhǔjiào Xuéxiào), a K-8 private Catholic school,[67] which has one of its two campuses in Chinatown. It was established in 1941.[68] In 1990, almost all of the students were ethnic Chinese.[65]
The Pui Tak Christian School (培德基督教學校; 培德基督教学校; pui4 dak1 gei1 duk1 gaau3 hok6 haau6; Péidé Jīdūjiào Xuéxiào) is a private pre-kindergarten to 8th grade school.[69]
Public libraries
The Chicago Public Library operates the Chinatown Library at 2100 South Wentworth Avenue.[70]
Culture
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016) |
A 1942 article from the Chicago Tribune stated that the strong family ties among the residents of Chinatown meant that there was little juvenile delinquency present in the community.[71]
Chicago Chinatown celebrates the founding of the
Chicago Chinatown also celebrates the National Day of the People's Republic of China with members of the PRC consulate.[54]
Transportation
The
Several forms of
Annual events
- Chinatown 5K
- Chinese New Year Festival
- Dragon Boat Races
See also
- Chinese People in Chicago
References
- ^ a b Laffey, Mary Lu (June 26, 2009). "Chinatown: A 'hidden jewel' worth seeking". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "U.S. Census website". census.gov. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
- ^ "Chinatown". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
- ^ Ho 2005, p. 9.
- ^ Chinese Chicago: Race, Transnational Migration, and Community since 1870. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. loc 692.
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- ^ "There Are No Elsie Sigels in Chicago's Chinese Missions: Ten Chinese Mission in City". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 27, 1909.
- ^ a b Kiang 2008
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- ^ "War of the Washtubs". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 19, 1897.
- ^ "Chop Suey Fad Grows: Chicago's Appetite Is Becoming Cultivated to Chinese Dish of Mystery". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 19, 1903.
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- ^ a b Kelly, John (February 6, 1927). "Last of Chicago's Chinatown Treks South to New Location". Chicago Daily Tribune.
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- ^ "Chicago has Renewal of Chinatown War". San Francisco Chronicle. December 21, 1909.
- ^ "Killed in Tong War.: One Dead and Another Critically Wounded in Chicago's Chinatown". The Washington Post. August 31, 1911.
- ^ "Extra Police in Chinatown To Avert Tong War". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 13, 1930.
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- ^ a b Solzman 2008
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- ^ Bronson, Chiu & Ho 2011, p. 9
- ^ Moy 1995, p 382
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- ^ Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f "Earliest South Side Chinatown: A Forgotten On Leong Building, ca. 1912". Chinese-American Museum of Chicago. July 14, 2005. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
- ^ JSTOR 24720000– via JSTOR.
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- ^ a b c d Leroux, Charles (January 6, 2002). "Still Standing: Living links to a rich history of commerce and culture". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- ^ Ho 2005, p. 58.
- ^ "Our Building". Chinese Christian Union Church. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ Bronson, Chiu & Ho 2011, p 32-3
- ^ "Pui Tak Building (formerly On Leong Building), 2216 S Wentworth Avenue". Chinese-American Museum of Chicago. August 7, 2005. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ Bronson, Chiu & Ho 2011, p 32
- ^ Herrmann, Andrew (November 17, 1995). "Chinese Church Gives Landmark A Rebuilt Image". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ "On Leong Merchants Association Building". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
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- ^ "Society Invades Chinatown". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 29, 1921.
- ^ a b c d e f g Arenson, Ling (2009). "Beyond a Common Ethnicity and Culture: Chicagoland's Chinese American Communities since 1945": 65–86 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Olivo, Antonio; Avila, Oscar (July 18, 2004). "Chinatown's new reach expands its old borders". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- ^ Bronson, Chiu & Ho 2011, p 51
- ^ Laureman, Connie (July 15, 1990). "Changing Chinatown". Chicago Tribune. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
- ^ Lee, Sophia (September 19, 2013). "Changing neighborhood, changing perceptions". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
- ^ Lee, Sophia (September 19, 2013). "Changing neighborhood, changing perceptions". Chicago Tribune. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
- ^ "Post Office Location - CHINATOWN." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on April 17, 2009.
- ^ "Near North West Central Elementary Schools". Archived June 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Chicago Public Schools. Retrieved on April 7, 2009.
- ^ "West/Central/South High Schools". Archived March 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Chicago Public Schools. Retrieved on April 7, 2009.
- ^ "History of John C. Haines". John C. Haines School. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Ahmed-Ullah, Noreen S. (July 1, 2001). "School strives to expel racism". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
- ^ a b Laureman, Connie (July 15, 1990). "Changing Chinatown". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
- ^ Ahmed-Ullah, Noreen S. (July 1, 2001). "School strives to expel racism". Chicago Tribune. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
- ^ "St. Therese Chinese Catholic School". Archived June 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. St. Therese Chinese Catholic Mission. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ "Our History". St. Therese School. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
- ^ "Pui Tak Christian School". Archived June 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ "Chinatown Library". Archived November 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Chicago Public Library. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ "Few Bad Boys in Chinatown-Credit Family". Chicago Tribune. October 25, 1942. p. Part 3, Metropolitan Section, p. 1. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016. - Image of the page Archived December 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine - Continued on page 6 as "Love of Family Keeps Chinese Boys from Jail Archived 2016-12-24 at the Wayback Machine" - Page image Archived December 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "How to get here". Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- ^ Planning and Development (May 18, 2009). "Monthly Ridership Report - April 2009" (PDF). Chicago Transit Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
- ^ "Cermak-Chinatown - Station Timetable" (PDF). Chicago Transit Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
- ^ "Central Map System". Chicago Transit Authority. Archived from the original on March 6, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
Further reading
- Bronson, Bennet; Chiu, Joe; Ho, Chuimei (2011). Chinatown in Chicago, A Visitor's Guide to its History and Architecture. Chinese American Museum of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-9840455-0-1.
- Ho, Chuimei (August 17, 2005). "Seeking a New World". In Ho, Chuimei; Moy, Soo Lon (eds.). Chinese in Chicago: 1870–1945. ISBN 0-7385-3444-7.
- Ho, Chuimei (August 17, 2005). "The Rise of Chinatown". In Ho, Chuimei; Moy, Soo Lon (eds.). Chinese in Chicago: 1870–1945. ISBN 0-7385-3444-7.
- Moy, Susan Lee (1995). "The Chinese in Chicago: The First Hundred Years". In Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A (eds.). Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait. ISBN 978-0-8028-7053-7.
- Kiang, Harry (1992). Chicago's Chinatown (1st ed.). Lincolnwood, Ill: Institute of China Studies.
- Kiang, Harry (November 15, 2008). "Chinatown". In Keating, Ann Durkin (ed.). Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide. ISBN 978-0-226-42883-3.
- Sinkevitch, Alice (April 12, 2004). AIA guide to Chicago. Harvest Books. ISBN 0-15-602908-1.
- Solzman, David M. (November 15, 2008). "Armour Square". In Keating, Ann Durkin (ed.). Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide. ISBN 978-0-226-42883-3.
- Eltagour, Marwa (May 13, 2016). "Here's why Chicago's Chinatown is booming, even as others across the U.S. fade". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
External links
- Chicago Chinese American Historical Society
- Chinese–American Museum of Chicago
- Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce
- John C. Haines Elementary School Archived February 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine - K-8 school of Chicago's Chinatown
- Explore Chicago Collections