Chinese Eastern Railway

The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (Chinese: 中國東省鐵路, Russian: Китайско-Восточная железная дорога, or КВЖД, Kitaysko-Vostochnaya Zheleznaya Doroga or KVZhD), is the historical name for a railway system in Northeast China (also known as Manchuria).

The

• the western branch, now the
  Harbin–Manzhouli Railway
• the eastern branch, now the
  Harbin–Suifenhe Railway
• the southern branch, now part of the
  Beijing–Harbin Railway

which intersected in

v t e Trans-Manchurian Railway
Trains being marshalled at Zabaykalsk, near the Chinese border.
Legend
km 6,305 Karymskaya Trans-Siberian Railway Tarskaya Adrinanovka Sedlovoy Buryatskaya Mogoytuy Ostrechnaya Aga Step 6,444 Olovyannaya Onon River Yasnaya Birka Bezrechnaya 6,509 Khadabulak Sherlovaya Birka 6,543 Borzya branch to Choibalsan, Mongolia 6,590 Kharanor 6,609 Dauriya Bilyutuy Urulyunguy 6,661 Zabaykalsk 6,662 Russia China border 6,678 Manzhouli Hargant 6,864 Hailar Haiman Mianduhe Yilick Ede Xinganling 7,074 Boketu Balin Zhalantun 7,343 Anganxi 7,454 Daqing Songhua River 7,613 Harbin 7,855 Changchun Siping 8,160 Shenyang 8,402 Jinzhou 8,586 Shanhaiguan Tangshan 8,868 Tianjin 9,001 Beijing
Source[5]

The Chinese Eastern Railway, a single-track line, provided a shortcut for the world's longest railroad, the Trans-Siberian Railway, from near the Siberian city of Chita, across northern Manchuria via Harbin to the Russian port of Vladivostok. This route drastically reduced the travel distance required along the originally proposed main northern route to Vladivostok, which lay completely on Russian soil but was not completed until a decade after the Manchurian "shortcut".

In 1896

In 1898, construction of a 550-mile (880 km)

The Chinese Eastern Railway became important in international relations. After the first Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, Russia gained the right to build the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria. They had a large army and occupied Northern Manchuria, which was of some concern to the Japanese. Russia wanted the railway badly. It loaned money to China and promised to use the proposed railway to help defend China against Japan, in the secret Li–Lobanov Treaty of 1896. Construction started in 1898 and was completed in 1903.^[6]

In 1900 during the

During the Russian Civil War (1917–1924) the Russian part of the CER came under the administration of the White Army. From the 1919 Karakhan Manifesto to 1927, diplomats of the Soviet Union would promise to revoke concessions in China, but the Soviets secretly kept tsarist concessions such as the Chinese Eastern Railway, as well as consulates, barracks, and Orthodox churches. This led Chiang Kai-Shek — who pushed foreign powers such as Britain to return some of their concessions from 1925 to 1927 — to turn against his former Soviet ally in 1927, seizing Soviet legations.^[9] The Soviets would later fight an armed conflict to keep control over the northern CER in the Sino-Soviet conflict of 1929.^[10][11] while Japan maintained control of the southern spur line.

After the establishment of Manchukuo it was known as the North Manchuria Railway until 23 March 1935, when the USSR sold its rights to the railway to the Manchukuo government;^[3] it was then merged into the Manchukuo National Railway and converted to standard gauge in four hours on 31 August.^[12]

From August 1945, the CER again came under the joint control of the USSR and China. After World War II the Soviet government insisted on occupying the Liaodong Peninsula but allowed joint control over the Southern branch with China; all this together received the name of the "Chinese Changchun Railway" (Russian: Кита́йская Чанчу́ньская желе́зная доро́га).

In 1952, the Soviet Union transferred (free of charge) all of its rights to the Chinese Changchun Railway to the People's Republic of China.^[13][11]

• 
  Railway in Manzhouli
• 
  Chinese Eastern Railway Workmen at Meal, ca. 1903–1919
• 
  Sungari River in Harbin

  during the Russo-Japanese War (1905)
• 
  The Lüshun train station, built during the period of Russian control
• 
  A 1900 postcard depicting a train on the Chinese Eastern Railway
• 
  A CER executive car at the Russian Railway Museum

Flags

The flag of the Chinese Eastern Railway is a combination of Chinese and Russian flags. It changed several times with the political changes of both owners. The first CER flag (1897–1915) was a combination of the triangular version of the flag of the Qing dynasty and the flag of Russia, with East Provinces Railway of Great Qing (大清東省鐵路) in Chinese. The 1915–1925 flag replaced the flag of the Qing dynasty with a triangular version of the five-colored flag, with East Provinces Railway Company of China (中國東省鐵路公司) in Chinese. The flag was changed again in 1925 and 1932, with the flag of the Soviet Union and the flag of Manchukuo added.^[14]

Fleet

The only train that covers the entire route is the train #19/20 "Vostok" (translated as "East") Moscow — Beijing.^[15] The trip from Moscow to Beijing takes 146 hours (6 days, 2 hours). The journey in the opposite direction lasts 143 hours (5 days, 23 hours).

There is also a train #653/654 Zabaikalsk — Manzhouli which one can use to cross the

See also

• Harbin–Manzhouli railway
• Harbin Russians
• Harbin–Suifenhe railway
• Kaiping Tramway and Imperial Railways of North China
• St.Petersburg
• Russian gauge
• Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations
• History of Sino-Russian relations

References

Further reading

• Chia-pin, Liang. “History of the Chinese Eastern Railway: A Chinese Version.” Pacific Affairs 3#2 (1930), pp. 188–211, online in English translation
• Deane, Frederick. "The Chinese Eastern Railway." Foreign Affairs 3#1 (1924), pp. 147–52, online
• Elleman, Bruce A. "The Soviet Union's Secret Diplomacy Concerning the Chinese Eastern Railway, 1924–1925." Journal of Asian Studies 53.2 (1994): 459–486.
• Kantorovich, A. J. “The Sale of the Chinese Eastern Railway.” Pacific Affairs 8#4 (1935) pp. 397–408, online
• Moustafine, Mara. Secrets and Spies: The Harbin Files. A Vintage Book. Random House Australia Pty Ltd.
• Sedwick, F.R. (R.F.A.) (1909). The Russo-Japanese War. New York: The Macmillan Company.
• Urbansky, Sören (2008). Kolonialer Wettstreit: Russland, China, Japan und die Ostchinesische Eisenbahn (in German). Frankfurt/New York: Campus Publishers.
• Walker, Michael (2017). The 1929 Sino-Soviet War.
• Wang, Chin-Chun. "The Chinese Eastern Railway." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 122.1 (1925): 57–69. online
• Wang, C. C. “The Sale of the Chinese Eastern Railway.” Foreign Affairs 12#1 (1933), pp. 57–70, online

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese Eastern Railway.

Archival collections

• Guide to the Photograph Album of the Chinese Eastern Railway. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
• Views of the Chinese Eastern Railway This album contains 42 photographic prints depicting depots, railroad shops and yards, rolling stock, car interiors, tracks, health resorts, and other views along the line. Captions for the photographs are in Russian, Mandarin, and English.

Other

• Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone
• History of the line
• “The Chinese Eastern Railway – A Glimpse of History” by Peter Crush. Hong Kong Railway Society web pages: under “English, Members Corner, Feature Articles”. Retrieved January 2009