Pagoda
A pagoda is a tiered
The oldest and tallest pagodas were built of wood, but most that survived were built of brick or stone. Some pagodas are solid with no interior. Hollow pagodas have no higher floors or rooms, but the interior often contains an altar or a smaller pagoda, as well as a series of staircases for the visitor to climb to see the view from an opening on one side of each tier. Most have between three and 13 tiers (almost always an odd number) and the classic gradual tiered eaves.[2][3]
In some countries, the term may refer to other religious structures. In Vietnam and Cambodia, due to French translation, the English term pagoda is a more generic term referring to a place of worship, although pagoda is not an accurate word to describe a Buddhist vihara. The architectural structure of the stupa has spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms specific to each region. Many Philippine bell towers are highly influenced by pagodas through Chinese workers hired by the Spaniards.
Etymology
One proposed etymology is from a South Chinese pronunciation of the term for an eight-cornered tower, Chinese: 八角塔, and reinforced by the name of a famous pagoda encountered by many early European visitors to China, the "Pázhōu tǎ" (Chinese: 琶洲塔), standing just south of Guangzhou at Whampoa Anchorage.[4] Another proposed etymology is Persian butkada, from but, "idol" and kada, "temple, dwelling."[5]
Yet another etymology is from the Sinhala word dāgaba, derived from Sanskrit dhātugarbha or Pali dhātugabbha: "relic womb/chamber" or "reliquary shrine", i.e. a stupa, by way of Portuguese.[6]
History
The origin of the pagoda can be traced to the
Japan has a total of 22 five-storied timber pagodas constructed before 1850.[10]
China
The earliest styles of Chinese pagodas were square-base and circular-base, with
Symbolism and geomancy
Some believed reverence at pagodas could bring luck to students taking the Chinese civil service
Architecture
Pagodas come in many different sizes,
Wooden pagodas possess certain characteristics thought to resist earthquake damage. These include the friction damping and sliding effect of the complex wooden dougong joints,[20] the structural isolation of floors, the effects of wide eaves analogous to a balancing toy, and the Shinbashira phenomenon that the center column is bolted to the rest of the superstructure.[21]
Pagodas traditionally have an odd number of levels, a notable exception being the eighteenth-century orientalist pagoda designed by Sir William Chambers at Kew Gardens in London.
The pagodas in Himalayas are derived from
Construction materials
Wood
During the
Examples of wooden pagodas:
- White Horse Pagoda at White Horse Temple, Luoyang.
- Futuci Pagoda in Xuzhou, built in the Three Kingdoms period (c. 220–265).
- Many of the pagodas in Northern Weitext.
The literature of subsequent eras also provides evidence of the domination of wooden pagoda construction. The famous Tang dynasty poet, Du Mu, once wrote:
480 Buddhist temples of the Southern Dynasties,
uncountable towers and pagodas stand in the misty rain.
The oldest standing fully wooden pagoda in China today is the
Transition to brick and stone
During the
Brick
The earliest extant brick pagoda is the 40-metre-tall
Stone
The earliest large-scale stone pagoda is a
Brick and stone
One of the earliest brick and stone pagodas was a three-storey construction built in the (first)
Brick and stone went on to dominate
De-emphasis over time
Pagodas, in keeping with the tradition of the White Horse Temple, were generally placed in the center of temples until the Sui and Tang dynasties. During the Tang, the importance of the main hall was elevated and the pagoda was moved beside the hall, or out of the temple compound altogether. In the early Tang, Daoxuan wrote a Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction in which the main hall replaced the pagoda as the center of the temple.
The design of temples was also influenced by the use of traditional Chinese residences as shrines, after they were philanthropically donated by the wealthy or the pious. In such pre-configured spaces, building a central pagoda might not have been either desirable or possible.
In the Song dynasty (960–1279), the Chan (Zen) sect developed a new 'seven part structure' for temples. The seven parts—the Buddha hall, dharma hall, monks' quarters, depository, gate, pure land hall and toilet facilities—completely exclude pagodas, and can be seen to represent the final triumph of the traditional Chinese palace/courtyard system over the original central-pagoda tradition established 1000 years earlier by the White Horse Temple in 67. Although they were built outside of the main temple itself, large pagodas in the tradition of the past were still built. This includes the two Ming dynasty pagodas of Famen Temple and the Chongwen Pagoda in Jingyang of Shaanxi.
A prominent, later example of converting a palace to a temple is Beijing's Yonghe Temple, which was the residence of Yongzheng Emperor before he ascended the throne. It was donated for use as a lamasery after his death in 1735.
Styles of eras
Han dynasty
Examples of Han dynasty era tower architecture predating Buddhist influence and the full-fledged Chinese pagoda can be seen in the four pictures below. Michael Loewe writes that during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) period, multi-storied towers were erected for religious purposes, as astronomical observatories, as watchtowers, or as ornate buildings that were believed to attract the favor of spirits, deities, and immortals.[24]
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Ancient Chinese model of two residential towers, made of earthenware during the Han dynasty, 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD, excavated by archaeologists in 1993.
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Side view of a Han pottery tower model with a mid-floor balcony and a courtyard gatehouse flanked by smaller towers; the dougong support brackets are clearly visible.
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A Western-Han model of a watchtower with human figures on its balconies (including crossbowmen) and a gatehouse and courtyard on the first floor.
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Among a large set of architectural models, three Eastern Han dynasty watchtowers stand in the rear of this display.
Sui and Tang
Pagodas built during the Sui and Tang dynasty usually had a square base, with a few exceptions such as the Daqin Pagoda:
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Four Gates Pagoda, built in 611
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The Daqin Pagoda, built in 640
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The Small Wild Goose Pagoda, built in 709
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Fawang Temple Pagoda, built in early 8th century
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Pagoda of the Baoguang Temple, built between 862 and 888
Dali kingdom
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The Three Pagodas, 9th and 10th centuries
Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan
Pagodas of the Five Dynasties, Northern and Southern Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties incorporated many new styles, with a greater emphasis on hexagonal and octagonal bases for pagodas:
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TheHuqiu Tower, built in 961
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Longhua Pagoda, built in 977
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Luohanyuan Twin Pagodas, built in 982
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Ruiguang Pagoda, built in 1009
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Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built in 1056
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The Liaodi Pagoda, built in 1055
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Pizhi Pagoda, built by 1063
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Haotian Pagoda, built in 1103
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Pagoda of Tianning Temple in Beijing, 1120
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Beisi Pagoda, built in 1153
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TheChengling Pagoda, built in 1189
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Wuying Pagoda, built in 1270
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Pagoda of Bailin Temple, built by 1330
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Photographer unknown, "Flower Pagoda Guangzhou," n.d., Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC
Ming and Qing
Pagodas in the Ming and Qing dynasties generally inherited the styles of previous eras, although there were some minor variations:
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The Flower Pagoda of Liurong Temple, built in 1373
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The Zhenjue Temple, built in 1473
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The Pagoda of Cishou Temple, built in 1576
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TheSarira Stupa of Tayuan Temple, built in 1582
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The Lianhua Pagoda of Lianhua Hills, built in 1612
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The Fragrant Hills Pagoda, built in 1780
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The Square Tower of Songjiang, Shanghai, built in 1884
Notable pagodas
Tiered towers with multiple eaves:
- Dâu Temple, Bắc Ninh, Vietnam, built in 187
- Changu Narayan Temple, Bhaktapur, Nepal, originally built in 4th century CE, rebuilt in 1702
- Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu, Nepal, built in the 5th century
- Trấn Quốc Pagoda, Hanoi, Vietnam, built in 545
- Songyue Pagoda on Mount Song, Henan, China, built in 523
- Mireuksa at Iksan, Korea, built in the early 7th century
- Bunhwangsa at Gyeongju, Korea, built in 634
- Zhengding, Hebei, China, built in 636
- Daqin Pagoda in China, built in 640
- Hwangnyongsa Wooden nine-story pagoda on Hwangnyongsa, Gyeongju, Korea, built in 645
- Pagoda at Hōryū-ji, Ikaruga, Nara, Japan, built in the 7th century, one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world
- Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, made of brick, built in Xi'an, China in 704
- Small Wild Goose Pagoda, built in Xi'an, China in 709
- Seokgatap on Bulguksa, Gyeongju, South Korea, built in 751, made of granite. In 1966, the Mugujeonggwang Great Dharani Sutra, the oldest extant woodblock print, was found with several other treasures in the second story of this pagoda.
- Dabotap on Bulguksa, Gyeongju, Korea, built in 751
- Tiger Hill Pagoda, built in 961 outside of Suzhou, China
- Zhengding, Hebei, China, built in 1045
- Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049, during the Song dynasty
- Liaodi Pagoda of Dingzhou, built in 1055 during the Song dynasty
- Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built in 1056 in Ying County, Shanxi, China
- Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China, 11th century
- Beisi Pagoda at Suzhou, Jiangsu, China, built in 1162
- Liuhe Pagoda (Six Harmonies Pagoda) of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, built in 1165 during the Song dynasty
- Ichijō-ji, Kasai, Hyōgo, Japan, built in 1171
- Vĩnh Phúc, Vietnam, built in the Trần dynasty(about the 13th century)
- Phổ Minh pagoda of Phổ Minh Temple, Vietnam, built in 1305
- Prashar Lake temple, dedicated to the Rishi Prashar, the patron of the Mandi region in India. The temple was constructed by Raja Ban Sen in the 14th century, with the rishi being present in the form of a pindi stone.
- The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, built between 1402 and 1424, a wonder of the medieval world in Nanjing, China.
- Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda in Ping Shan, Hong Kong, built in 1486
- Bajrayogini Temple, Kathmandu, Nepal, built in 16th century by Pratap Malla
- Taleju Temple,a temple in Kathmandu, Nepal, built in 1564
- Gokarneshwor Mahadev temple, Nepal, built in 1582
- Pazhou Pagoda on Whampoa (Huangpu) Island, Guangzhou (Canton), China, built in 1600
- Phước Duyên Pagoda of Thiên Mụ Temple, in Huế, Vietnam, built in 1844 on the order of the Thiệu Trị Emperor
- Palsangjeon, a five-story pagoda at Beopjusa, Korea built in 1605
- Tō-ji, the tallest wooden structure in Kyoto, Japan, built in 1644
- Nyatapola at Bhaktapur, Kathmandu Valleybuilt during 1701–1702
- The Great Pagoda at Kew Gardens, London, UK, built in 1762
- Reading Pagoda of Reading, Pennsylvania, built in 1908
- Kek Lok Si's main pagoda in Penang, Malaysia, exhibits a combination of Chinese, Burmese and Thai Buddhist architecture, built in 1930
- Seven-storey Pagoda in Chinese Garden at Jurong East, Singapore, built in 1975
- Dragon and Tiger Pagodas in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, built in 1976
- The pagoda of Japan Pavilion at Epcot, Florida, built in 1982
- Pagoda of Tianning Temple, the tallest pagoda in the world since its completion in April 2007, stands at 153.7 m in height.
- World Expo '88
- Pagoda Avalokitesvara, Indonesia, tallest pagoda in Indonesia, stands at 45 meters, built in 2004.
- Sun and Moon Pagodas in Guilin, Guangxi, China, twin pagodas on Shan Lake, originally built in the 10th century and reconstructed using historical description on the original foundation in 2001
Stupas called "pagodas":
- Global Vipassana Pagoda, the largest unsupported domed stone structure in the world
- Mingun Pahtodawgyi, a monumental uncompleted stupa began by King Bodawpaya in 1790. If completed, it would be the largest in the world at 150 meters.
- Pha That Luang, the holiest wat, pagoda, and stupa in Laos, in Vientiane
- Phra Pathommachedi the highest pagoda or stupa in Thailand Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Buddhasenshrined within.
- Kyanzitthain 1102, it is a prototype of Burmese stupas.
- Uppatasanti Pagoda, a 325-foot tall landmark in Naypyidaw, Myanmar, built from 2006 to 2009, which houses a Buddha tooth relic
Places called "pagoda" but which are not tiered structures with multiple eaves:
- Vietnamese culture. It was built in 1049, destroyed, and rebuilt in 1954.
Structures that evoke pagoda architecture:
- The Dragon House of Sanssouci Park, an eighteenth-century German attempt at imitating Chinese architecture
- The Panasonic Pagoda, or Pagoda Tower, at the Indy 500, has been transformed several times since it was first built in 1913.[25]
- Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai, built between 1994 and 1999
- tallest buildings in the worldfrom 1998 to 2004
- Taipei 101 in Taiwan, record setter for height (508 m) in 2004 and currently (2021) the world's tenth tallest completed building
Structures not generally thought of as pagodas, but which have some pagoda-like characteristics:
- The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests at the Temple of Heaven
- WongudanAltar in Korea
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The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049
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Five-story pagoda ofMount Haguro, Japan
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Wooden three-story pagoda of Ichijō-ji in Japan, built in 1171
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Yingde pagoda, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, China, from Johan Nieuhof (1618–1672); Jean-Baptiste Le Carpentier (1606 – c. 1670): L'ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine, 1665
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One Pillar Pagoda, Hanoi, Vietnam
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The nine-story Xumi Pagoda, Hebei, China, built in 636
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Nyatapola Temple located in Bhaktapur, Nepal, built in 1701–1702
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Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan
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The Bombardier Pagoda at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
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Shwedagon Pagoda located in Yangon, Myanmar. The whole structure is coated with 60 tons of pure gold
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Pagoda Mumbai
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Peace Pagoda - Sri Lanka
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The Sun and Moon Pagodas lighted at night and reflected in Lake Shanhu in November 2017.
See also
- Architecture of the Song dynasty
- Cetiya
- Chaitya
- Pyatthat
- Kath-Kuni architecture
- Chinese architecture
- Ta – Chinese pagoda
- Gongbei – Chinese Muslim mausoleum with pagoda-style architecture
- Tō– Japanese pagoda
- List of pagodas in Beijing
- Chaoyang North Tower
- Guanghui Temple Huatai Pagoda
Notes
- ^ "Pagoda | History, Design & Construction | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ^ Architecture and Building. W.T. Comstock. 1896. p. 245.
- ^ Steinhardt, 387.
- ^ Chinese Origin of the Term Pagoda: Liang Sicheng's Proposed Etymology Authors: David Robbins Tien Publication: Acta Orientalia, volume 77 (2016), pp 133–144 David Robbins Tien, Gerald Leonard Cohen Publication: Arts, Languages and Philosophy Faculty Research & Creative Works DownloadTien, D. R., & Cohen, G. L. (2017) http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/artlan_phil_facwork. David Robbins Tien. Comments on Etymology, October 2014, Vol.44, no. 1, pp. 2–6.
- Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition. Random House, New York, 1993.
- ^ Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary by Henry Yule & Arthur Coke Burnell, first printed 1896, reprinted by Wordsworth Editions, 1996, p. 291. Online Etymology Dictionary by Douglas Harper, s.v. pagoda, at http://www.etymonline.com/ (Accessed 29 April 2016)
- ^ a b Pagoda at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ISBN 0-07-141751-6.
- ISBN 0-691-09676-7.
- S2CID 135707895.
- ^ Benn, 62.
- ISBN 0-691-09676-7. p. 83
- ISBN 0-691-09676-7. page 83
- ISBN 0-691-09676-7. page 84
- ^ Brook, 7.
- ^ a b Hymes, 30.
- ^ Terry, T. Philip (1914). Terry's Japanese Empire. Houghton Mifflin. p. 257.
- ^ Christel, Pascal (2020). Splendour of Buddhism in Burma: A Journey to the Golden Land. Partridge Publishing Singapore.
- ^ Spacey, John. "Japanese Temple Architecture in 60 Seconds". Japan Talk. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ Tokmakova, Anastasia (24 July 2017). "2,500-year-old Chinese wood joints that make buildings earthquake-proof". Archinect.
- ^ a b Koji NAKAHARA, Toshiharu HISATOKU, Tadashi NAGASE and Yoshinori TAKAHASHI (2000). "EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF ANCIENT FIVE-STORY PAGODA STRUCTURE OF HORYU-JI TEMPLE IN JAPAN" (PDF). No. 1229/11/A. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISBN 90-04-10512-3.
- ^ a b Steinhardt, 383.
- ^ Loewe (1968), 133.
- ^ "Indianapolis 500 Traditions :: Indianapolis 500". 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.
References
- Benn, Charles (2002). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517665-0.
- ISBN 0-520-22154-0
- Fazio, Michael W., Moffett, Marian and Wodehouse, Lawrence. A World History of Architecture. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-141751-6.
- Fu, Xinian. (2002). "The Three Kingdoms, Western and Eastern Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties," in Chinese Architecture, 61–90. Edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09559-7.
- Govinda, A. B. Psycho-cosmic symbolism of the Buddhist stupa. 1976, Emeryville, California. Dharma Publications.
- Hymes, Robert P. (1986). Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30631-0.
- Kieschnick, John. The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. Published 2003. Princeton University Press . ISBN 0-691-09676-7.
- Loewe, Michael. (1968). Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997). Liao Architecture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
External links
- Oriental architecture.com
- Culzean Pagoda (Monkey House) – the only stone built pagoda in Britain
- "Why so few Japanese pagodas have ever fallen down" (The Economist)
- Chinese pagoda gallery (211 pics)
- The Bei-Hai (Beijing), The Flower Pagoda (Guangdong), The Great Gander Pagoda (Xian), The White Pagoda (Liaoyang)
- The Songyue Pagoda at China.org.cn
- Structure of Pagodas, including the underground palace, base, body and steeple, at China.org.cn
- The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum