Chiquita
Company type | Private |
---|---|
Industry | Agriculture |
Predecessor | United Brands |
Founded | August 1984 (as Chiquita Brands International) |
Headquarters | Étoy, Switzerland & Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States |
Key people | Carlos López Flores (president) |
Products | Produce (primarily bananas) |
Owner | Cutrale (50%) Safra (50%) |
Number of employees | ~20,000 |
Website | chiquita.com |
Chiquita Brands International S.à.r.l. (
Chiquita is the successor to the United Fruit Company. It was formerly controlled by American businessman Carl Lindner Jr., whose majority ownership of the company ended when Chiquita Brands International exited a prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 19 March 2002. In 2003, the company acquired the German produce distribution company, Atlanta AG. Fresh Express salads was purchased from Performance Food Group in 2005. Chiquita's former headquarters were located in Charlotte, North Carolina.[1]
On 10 March 2014, Chiquita Brands International Inc. and
History
External audio | |
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You may listen to the "Chiquita Banana" jingle sung by Viva America Orchestra in 1946 here on archive.org |
Chiquita Brands International's history began in 1870,
United Fruit Company was founded in 1899, when the Boston Fruit Company and various fruit exporting concerns controlled by Keith merged.[9] In 1903, United Fruit Company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange and became the first company to use refrigeration during open sea transport. In the same year, a US-funded railroad was built in Guatemala to benefit the company.[10] During this period, United Fruit Company was known for its aggressive and exploitative practices in its operations in Central America.[6]
In 1928, workers went on strike in protest against poor pay and working conditions in the company plantations
United Fruit used emotionally charged advertising campaigns to gain support, like "The Great White Fleet," a cruise liner that took American tourists to nations in Central and South America that United Fruit had invested in. Positive corporate image was fostered by commercials, which presented these destinations as exotic, fun excursions. Nevertheless, well planned tourist trips concealed the brutal and corrupt reality that existed on United Fruit's plantations in Latin America. By 1930, the company's fleet had grown to 95 ships.[7]
In 1944, the company premiered the "Chiquita Banana" advertising jingle, which extolled the virtues of the fruit as well as when to eat them and how to store them. The song, which had an infectious calypso beat, began with the words "I'm Chiquita Banana, and I've come to say."[12] The brand name Chiquita was registered as a trademark in 1947.
In 1952, the government of Guatemala began expropriating unused United Fruit Company land to landless peasants.[13] The company responded by intensively lobbying the U.S. government to intervene and mounting a misinformation campaign to portray the Guatemalan government as communist.[14] In 1954, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency deposed the government of Guatemala, elected in 1950, and installed a pro-business military dictatorship.[15]
By 1955, United Fruit Company was processing 2.7 billion pounds (1.2 billion kilograms) of fruit a year. In 1966, the company expanded into Europe.
In 1984, Cincinnati investor Carl Lindner Jr. became the controlling investor in United Brands.[19]
In 1990, the company renamed itself Chiquita Brands International, as it undertook major investments in Costa Rica. However, the company began to see a decline in Honduran operations during the first half of 1990. As a result, Chiquita initiated the "Banana Wars" with rival company Fyffes over the limited banana supply. Chiquita began illegally seizing and destroying Fyffes' shipments, as well as bribing judges to validate detention orders on Fyffes' ships. This culminated in the destruction of ten million dollars worth of produce.[20] Fyffes manager Ernst Otto Stalinski alleged that Chiquita used a falsified arrest warrant in a kidnapping attempt, and he filed suit several times.[20][21][22]
In 1993, the company was hit by European tariffs on the import of Latin American bananas. In 1994, some Chiquita farms were certified by the Rainforest Alliance's Better Banana Project as being
Restructuring
In November 2001, Chiquita filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in order to restructure the company.[7] It emerged from the bankruptcy on 19 March 2002, ending Cincinnati businessman Carl H. Lindner Jr.'s control of the company. Also in 2002, Chiquita joined the Ethical Trading Initiative and was named as a top "green stock" by The Progressive Investor.[7]
In 2003, Chiquita acquired the German produce distribution company, Atlanta AG. It also sold its processed foods division to Seneca Foods that year. In 2004, 100% of Chiquita farms were certified compliant with the SA8000 labor standard and the company earned the "Corporate Citizen of the Americas Award" from a Honduran charity.[7] Fresh Express salads was purchased from Performance Food Group in 2005.[7]
Acquisition
In March 2014, Chiquita Brands International and
A $611 million takeover offer by Cutrale of Brazil and Safra group in August 2014, was rejected outright by Chiquita, with the company refusing to meet with the bidders to discuss the offer. Chiquita said it was pressing on with its merger with Fyffes.[3] However, shortly after Chiquita shareholders rejected the Fyffes merger the Cutrale-Safra offer of $14.50 per share was accepted.[30][31] Yet the North Carolina Economic Development board asserted that if the headquarters was moved away, the company would be due to return N.C. and local incentive money. Former Charlotte City Council member John Lassiter, who heads the board, said the new owners would inherit Chiquita's responsibilities under a 2011 deal that brought the company to the city. The agreement stipulates that it received more than $23 million in incentives from Charlotte and Mecklenburg County for moving its headquarters and hundreds of high-paying jobs from Cincinnati and if it moved again within 10 years it must repay the "clawback" provision. Lassiter said of the matter: "It’s not a question of opinion. It’s 'What does the agreement say?’ I would expect both the city (of Charlotte) to impress its position (on the new owners) and for the (new ownership) to follow expectations under its provisions of the agreement."[32]
Operations
Chiquita Brands International operates in 70 countries and employs approximately 20,000 people as of 2018. The company sells a variety of fresh produce, including bananas, ready-made salads, and health foods.[33] The company's Fresh Express brand has approximately $1 billion of annual sales and a 40% market share in the United States.[7]
On 29 November 2011, the
By 2019, the company's main offices left the United States and relocated to Switzerland.[36][37][38]
Logo
The company mascot "Miss Chiquita", now Chiquita Banana, was created in 1944 by
A commercial in 1947, with a theme song in English ended with the lyrics "si, si" emphasizing for consumers the origin of the bananas as Latin America. Another commercial featured a man of Latin descent with exaggerated stereotypical features. As times changed throughout the 1960s, so did the iconography and publications of Chiquita and their produce, of bananas.[40]
Criticism
Monopolistic practices
In 1976, the
Cincinnati Enquirer charges
On 3 May 1998,
Gallagher had claimed to have obtained over 2,000 voicemails from a Chiquita executive, but in truth he had obtained them by hacking into Chiquita's voicemail system as often as 35 times a day. He had continued hacking into the system despite being explicitly directed not to do so by editors and lawyers. According to McWhirter, he also refused to give straight answers about his source to editors and outside lawyers–facts that aroused the suspicions of McWhirter and other reporters.[43][44][45]
Six weeks after the stories ran, Gannett reached a settlement with Chiquita, averting a lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement, on 28 June 1998, the Enquirer retracted the entire series of stories and published a front-page apology saying it had "become convinced that [the published] accusations and conclusions are untrue and created a false and misleading impression of Chiquita's business practices".[46][47] The Enquirer also agreed to pay a multi-million-dollar settlement. The exact amount was not disclosed, but Chiquita's annual report mentions "a cash settlement in excess of $10 million". Gallagher was fired and prosecuted and the paper's editor, Lawrence K. Beaupre, was transferred to the Gannett's headquarters amid allegations that he ignored the paper's usual procedures on fact-checking.
In an article examining the Chiquita series, Salon.com said the "Chiquita Secrets Revealed" series "presents a damning, carefully documented array of charges, most of them 'untainted' by those purloined executive voice mails."[48]
Payments to foreign terrorist groups
In the 1990s and early 2000s, faced with an unstable political situation in Colombia, Chiquita and several other corporations including the
On 14 March 2007, Chiquita Brands was fined $25 million as part of a settlement with the
On 7 December 2007, the 29th Specialized District Attorney's Office in Medellín, Colombia subpoenaed the Chiquita board to answer questions "concerning charges for conspiracy to commit an aggravated crime and financing illegal armed groups". Nine board members named in the subpoena allegedly personally knew of the illegal operations.[57] One executive for the company penned a note which proclaimed that the payments were the "cost of doing business in Colombia" and also noted the "need to keep this very confidential – people can get killed."[58]
In 2013 and 2014, Chiquita spent $780,000 lobbying against the
On 24 July 2014, a US appeals court threw out a lawsuit against Chiquita by 4,000 Colombians alleging that the corporation was aiding the right-wing paramilitary group responsible for the deaths of family members. The court ruled 2-1 that US federal courts have no jurisdiction over Colombian claims.[60][61]
In 2016, Judge Kenneth Marra of the Southern District of Florida ruled in favor of allowing Colombians to sue former Chiquita Brand International executives for the company's funding of the outlawed right-wing paramilitary organization that murdered their family members. He stated in his decision that “'profits took priority over basic human welfare' in the banana company executives' decision to finance the illegal death squads, despite knowing that this would advance the paramilitaries' murderous campaign."[62] In February 2018, an agreement between Chiquita and the families of the victims had been reached.[63]
Information about who was behind the Chiquita payments to terrorist groups was made available by the National Security Archive, a nongovernmental research organization, in a series of document releases related to Chiquita's operations.[64]
In 2018, Colombia's Office of the Attorney General filed charges against 13 Chiquita Brands International executives and administrators after tracing payments made by a local Chiquita affiliate to the paramilitary group AUC, some of which was used to buy machine guns.[65]
Workers' rights
A recurrent issue in agricultural large-scale production are workers' rights violations, in which Chiquita has been involved as well.[66]
In May 2007, the French non-governmental organization (NGO) Peuples Solidaires (fr) publicly accused the Compañia Bananera Atlántica Limitada (COBAL), a Chiquita subsidiary, of knowingly violating "its workers' basic rights" and endangering their families' health and their own. According to the charge, the banana firm carelessly exposed laborers at the Coyol plantation in Costa Rica to highly toxic pesticides on multiple occasions. Additionally, COBAL was accused of using a private militia to intimidate workers. Finally, Peuples Solidaires claimed that Chiquita ignored some union complaints for more than a year.[67]
Another, more recent case of exploitative working conditions dates from April 2019. The Swiss magazine Beobachter[68] publicised severe labour rights issues on Ecuador's banana plantations, some of which supply Chiquita. These violations involve 12-hour workdays, poverty wages and employment without contracts.
Environmental issues
In 1998, a coalition of social activist groups, led by the European Banana Action Network (EUROBAN), targeted the
Chiquita responded to the activism with changes in corporate management and new patterns of global competition, according to J. Gary Taylor and Patricia Scharlin. Chiquita partnered with the
Chiquita has more recently been involved in the hazardous use of pesticides: The Danish media and research centre Danwatch, who specialise in investigative journalism, published a report[70] on pesticide use on banana plantations in Ecuador, some of which supply Chiquita. They found aerial spraying of pesticides without warnings to workers, and the handling of pesticides without proper protections or equipment. Among the pesticides sprayed is Paraquat, a highly hazardous pesticide forbidden in Switzerland and the EU.[71] When approached for comment, Chiquita would neither confirm nor deny the allegations, but reportedly began an internal investigation, the results of which have not been made public.[72]
In popular culture
- Gabriel García Márquez alludes to the event in his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by describing a military suppression that resulted in the death of 3,000 plantation workers in the fictional town of Macondo. While García Márquez has stated that the deaths in his novel are potential overestimations, the actual number of deaths has never been confirmed. Estimates gathered from oral histories to primary sources vary widely, from 47 to upwards of 1,000 casualties.[73]
See also
- Grand Nain
- Paramilitarism in Colombia
- Union of Banana Exporting Countries
- United Fruit Company
- 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
References
- ^ a b c Portillo, Ely (30 November 2011). "Chiquita relocating headquarters to Charlotte". The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Chiquita Brands International, Inc. And Fyffes Plc To Combine To Create Leading Global Produce Company". Chiquita Brands International, Inc. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ a b "Brazilian takeover offer rejected by US banana giant Chiquita". Charlotte Star. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- ^ "Chiquita - Investor Relations - Financial Release". Investors.chiquita.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ "Chiquita - Investor Relations - Financial Release". Phx.corporate-ir.net. 20 June 2007. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-133-48593-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "The Chiquita Story". Chiquita Brands International. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
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- ^ "Banana Massacre | History Channel on Foxtel". History Channel. 19 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
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- ^ The United Nations Library on Transnational Corporations, Volume 15, Transnational Corporations: Market Structure and Industrial Performance, editors Claudio R. Frischtak and Richard S. Newfarmer, general editor John H. Dunning, London and New York: Routledge Publishing (published on behalf of the United Nations), 1994.
- ^ Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime, edited by Lawrence M. Salinger, PhD, Thousand Oaks, California, U.S.A., London, UK, New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005.
- ^ "Prettying Up Chiquita". Time. 3 September 1973. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Cincinnati Enquirer's Major Series Breaks Open U.S. Multinational's Wall-to-Wall Skullduggery in the Chiquita Banana Republic of Honduras". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 11 May 1998. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ Stalinski v. Bakoczy, 41 F. Supp. 2d 755 (S.D. Ohio 1998)
- ^ Stalinski v. Honduras, Case 11.887, Inter-Am. C.H.R., Report No. 74/05, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.124, doc. 5 Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (2005)
- ^ "Banana Wars Come to an End". Forbes. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Fyffes shares soar as investors go bananas for Chiquita deal". The Irish Times. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ Jarvis, Paul (10 March 2014). "Chiquita to Buy Fyffes Creating Biggest Banana Supplier". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Fyffes' shares soar on Chiquita merger deal". RTÉ News. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Chiquita Financial Release" (Press release). Chiquita. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Chiquita buys Fyffes to create world's biggest banana supplier". Reuters. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Chiquita To Buy Irish Fruit and Produce Distributor Fyffes in All stock Deal". The New York Times. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ "Chiquita OKs $681M sale to Brazil bidders". Usatoday.com. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ Ghous Zaman (27 October 2014). "Chiquita Brands International Inc (NYSE:CQB) Shareholders Reject Fyffes Merger". Bidnessetc.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ Frazier, Eric (27 October 2014). "NC jobs board chief: If Chiquita jobs move, new owners must repay incentives". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ "Meet Chiquita". Chiquita Brands International. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ Dalesio, Emery P. (29 November 2011). "Chiquita moving corporate HQ to Charlotte". News & Record. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ^ "CQB 2012 Annual Report". Phx.corporate-ir.net. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ Br, Contact information for Chiquita; SWITZERL, s International S. A. R. L. Address TULLIERE 16 ETOY1163. "Chiquita Brands International S.A.R.L., TULLIERE 16 ETOY1163 SWITZERLAND | Supplier Report — Panjiva". panjiva.com.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Chiquita officially opens new Europe HQ". www.fruitnet.com.
- ^ "Contact us | Ask your question to our team ¦ Chiquita".
- ^ a b "Stickers With A-Peel. Chiquita Banana Design Contest & A Little Brand History". Orderan Blog. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ Iqbal, Maria (28 September 2016). "Bodies, Brands and Bananas; gender and race in the marketing of Chiquita Bananas". Prandium: The Journal of Historical Studies at University of Toronto Mississauga. 4 (1). Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- Europa. 14 February 1978. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ^ mindfully.org. "Chiquita SECRETS Revealed". Mindfully.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2003. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ ISSN 0746-8210– via Google Books.
- ^ McWhirter, Cameron (May–June 2008). "Saved by the Shield". Columbia Journalism Review. Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
- ^ Frantz, Douglas (17 July 1998). "Chiquita Still Under Cloud After Newspaper's Retreat". The New York Times.
- ^ Harry M. Whipple; Lawrence K. Beaupre (1 July 1998). "An Apology to Chiquita". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. A1.
- ^ Zuckerman, Laurence (29 June 1998). "Paper Forced to Apologize For Articles About Chiquita". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ "Salon Media Circus | Rotten banana". Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Kennard, Matt (27 January 2017). "Chiquita Made a Killing From Colombia's Civil War". Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ |"Chiquita to pay fine for deals with militants". Los Angeles Times. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ a b c Cohen, Steven (10 April 2015). "The Supreme Court Needs to Decide: Can Victims Sue Chiquita For Sponsoring Terrorism?". The New Republic. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Evans, Michael (7 April 2011). "The Chiquita Papers". Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ "Chiquita to plead guilty to ties with terrorists". 14 March 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
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- ^ Matt Apuzzo, Associated Press writer, Chiquita to Pay $25M Fine in Terror Case Archived 31 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, ABC News, 15 March 2007
- ^ "Chiquita Sues to Block Release of Files on Colombia Terrorist Payments". National Security Archive. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
- ^ Colectivodeabogados.org Archived 13 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Extraditions Cut Short Jose Alvear Restrepo Lawyers' Collective, 25 May 2008
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- ^ Mak, Tim (3 June 2014). "Chiquita Is Blocking a 9/11 Victims' Bill". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
- ^ Appeals Court Rejects Lawsuit Against Chiquita for Colombia Paramilitary Murders. Democracy Now! 25 July 2014.
- ^ Court tosses out cases against Chiquita over Colombia killings. Al Jazeera America. 24 July 2014.
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- ^ "Chiquita settles with families of U.S. victims of Colombia's FARC". Reuters. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ Michael Evans, ed. (24 April 2017). "The New Chiquita Papers: Secret Testimony and Internal Records Identify Banana Executives who Bankrolled Terror in Colombia". National Security Archive. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Chiquita Brands faces new death squad charges in Colombia". Associated Press. 31 August 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ^ Public Eye. "Agricultural Commodity Traders in Switzerland Report" (PDF). Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ peuples-solidaires.org Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, "Chiquita Indegestible Bananas", Peuples Solidaires, From 7 May to 30 June 2007
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- ^ Public Eye (April 2019). "Highly hazardous profits. How Syngenta makes billions by selling toxic pesticides" (PDF). Retrieved 1 August 2019.
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- ^ "La Masacre de las bananeras en cien anos de soledad cuando el realismo magico le gano a la historia oficial". colombiainforma.info. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
Further reading
- Bender, Nicholas (May–June 2001). "Banana report". Columbia Journalism Review.
- Frantz, Douglas (17 July 1998). "After apology, issues raised in Chiquita articles remain". The New York Times. pp. A1, A14.
- Frantz, Douglas (17 July 1998). "Mysteries behind story's publication". The New York Times. p. A14.
- Stein, Nicholas (September–October 1998). "Banana peel". Columbia Journalism Review.
- Mike Gallagher & Cameron McWhirter, "Chiquita Secrets Revealed," Cincinnati Enquirer, 3 May 1998.
- "The Business and Human Rights Management Report—Chiquita Brands International", Ethical Corporate Magazine, Nov. 2004.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (2005). Bananas and Business: The United Fruit Company in Colombia: 1899-2000. New York: ISBN 978-0-8147-9934-5.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (July 2008). "Multinational Corporations, Totalitarian Regimes, and Economic Nationalism: United Fruit Company in Central America, 1899-1975". Business History. 50 (4): 433–454. S2CID 153433143.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (November 2005). "Banana Wars Maneuvers". Harvard Business Review. 83 (11): 22–24. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012.
- Bucheli, Marcelo; Geoffrey Jones (2005). "The Octopus and the Generals". Harvard Business School Case (9–805–146). Archived from the original on 11 July 2018.
- Bucheli, Marcelo; link (2006). "The United Fruit Company in Latin America: Business Strategies in a Changing Environment". In Jones, Geoffrey; Wadhwani, R. Daniel (eds.). Entrepreneurship and Global Capitalism. Vol. 2. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar. pp. 342–383. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.
- Bucheli, Marcelo (Summer 2004). "Enforcing Business Contracts in South America: The United Fruit Company and the Colombian Banana Planters in the Twentieth-Century". Business History Review. 78 (2). The Business History Review, Vol. 78, No. 2: 181–212. S2CID 154456058. Archived from the originalon 7 December 2008.
- Bucheli, Marcelo; Read, Ian (2006). "Banana Boats and Baby Food: The Banana in U.S. History". In Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr (eds.). From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500-2000. Durham: ISBN 978-0-8223-3766-9.
- Bucheli, Marcelo; link (2003). "United Fruit Company in Latin America". In Moberg, Mark; Striffler, Steve (eds.). Banana Wars: Power, Production, and History in the Americas. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3196-4.
- Bucheli, Marcelo; link (2006). "United Fruit Company". In Geisst, Charles (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Business History. London: Facts on File (published 2005). ISBN 978-0-8160-4350-7.
- Bucheli, Marcelo; link (2004). "United Fruit Company". In McCusker, John (ed.). History of World Trade Since 1450. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 9780312569723.
- Koeppel, Dan (2008). Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed The World =Plume. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Taylor, Gary; Patricia Sharlin (2004). Smart Alliance: How a Global Corporation and Environmental Activists Transformed a Tarnished Brand. New Haven: ISBN 9780300102338.
- "The Importance of Corporate Responsibility", Economist Intelligence Unit, January 2005.
- "Chiquita Brands: A Turnaround That Is Here to Stay", Winslow Environmental News, January 2004.
- "The banana giant that found its gentle side", Financial Times, December 2002
- '"Chiquita Wins Raves for Outstanding Sustainability Reporting", Greenbiz.com, 3 April 2003
- Media
- "Why The Banana Business of Chiquita And Dole Is at Risk". CNBC. 21 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.