Chiropractic treatment techniques

In this system, hands are used to manipulate, massage or otherwise influence the spine and related tissues.^[9] It is the most common and primary intervention used in chiropractic care.^[10]

Diversified technique

Diversified technique is a non-proprietary and eclectic approach to

Atlas Orthogonal Technique is an upper cervical chiropractic treatment technique created by Frederick M. Vogel and Roy W. Sweat in 1979, focused on the alignment of the atlas (see gif on right, atlas highlighted in pink). It is a non-invasive technique which uses a percussion instrument in attempts to adjust the atlas based off the angles of the bones that articulate in the upper cervical vertebrae.^[17] These angles are measured from specific X-rays and found to be a vertebral subluxation. It is based on the teachings of B. J. Palmer, who advocated the Hole-In-One version of spinal adjustment. It is primarily used by straight chiropractors, as it is focused on the correct alignment of the atlas as to allow for minimal obstruction for the nerves channeled through the atlas and down the spinal cord.^[18][19] Referring to the origins of upper cervical techniques, Dan Murphy, DC, DABCO, wrote: "Over the past 100 years, the practice of chiropractic has branched into dozens of specialty techniques. However, historically, for a third of this time, from the 1930s into the 1960s, the predominant practice of chiropractic involved primarily the upper cervical spine."^[20]

Extremity manipulating/adjusting

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Activator methods

The Activator Method Chiropractic Technique (AMCT) is a chiropractic treatment method and device created by Arlan Fuhr as an alternative to manual manipulation of the spine or extremity joints. The device is categorized as a mechanical force manual assisted (MFMA) instrument which is generally regarded as a softer chiropractic treatment technique.

The activator is a small handheld spring-loaded instrument which delivers a small impulse to the spine. It was found to give off no more than 0.3 J of kinetic energy in a 3-millisecond pulse. The aim is to produce enough force to move the vertebrae but not enough to cause injury.^[21]

The AMCT involves having the patient lie in a prone position and comparing the functional leg lengths. Often one leg will seem to be shorter than the other. The chiropractor then carries out a series of muscle tests such as having the patient move their arms in a certain position in order to activate the muscles attached to specific vertebrae. If the leg lengths are not the same, that is taken as a sign that the problem is located at that vertebra. The chiropractor treats problems found in this way moving progressively along the spine in the direction from the feet towards the head.^[21]

Although prone "functional leg length" is a widely used chiropractic tool, it is not a recognized anthropometric technique, since legs are often of unequal length, and measurements in the prone position are not entirely valid estimates of standing X-ray differences.^[22] Measurements in the standing position are far more reliable.^[23] Another confounding factor is that simply moving the two legs held together and leaning them imperceptibly to one side or the other produces different results.^[24] Fuhr claims that properly trained doctors show good interexaminer reliability.^[21]

In 2003, the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners found that 69.9% of chiropractors used the technique, and 23.9% of patients received it.^[25] The majority of U.S. chiropractic schools and some schools in other countries teach the AMCT method, and an estimated 45,000 chiropractors worldwide use AMCT or some part of the technique.^[21]

There have been a number of studies of AMCT, including case reports, clinical studies and controlled trials, but there are still unanswered questions. A few low-quality studies have suggested that the activator may be as effective as manual adjustment in treatment of back pain.^[21] A single high-quality study has suggested that activator-assisted manipulation directed by leg-length testing was significantly inferior to manual spinal manipulation guided by palpation and was more similar to the use of paracetamol for the treatment of low back pain.^[26]

Graston technique

Graston Technique (GT) is a

Several examples of Graston treatment have been used in contact sports where scars and contusions are common.[30] However, the Graston Technique has not been rigorously scientifically tested and its evidence basis and assumptions are considered questionable at best. There are no high quality clinical trials that validate the efficacy of the Graston Techniques.^[31]

Koren Specific Technique

Koren specific technique (KST) is a technique developed by Tedd Koren around 2004.^[32][33] While the technique is associated with chiropractic techniques, Koren has variously described it as an "analysis protocol" or "healthcare protocol".^[33] KST may use their hands, or they may use an electric device known as an "ArthroStim" for assessment and adjustments.^[34] KST can use different postures.^[32] The insurers Aetna,^[34] NHS Leeds West CCG,^[35] North Dakota Department of Human Services,^[36] and The Ohio State University^[37] cover other chiropractic techniques but exclude KST from coverage because they consider it to be "experimental and investigational."^{[34][35][36][37]} Aetna's policy states there is a lack of efficacy regarding this method.^[34]

Gonstead technique

The Gonstead technique is a chiropractic method that was developed by Clarence Gonstead in 1923.^[38] The technique focuses on hands-on adjustment and is claimed to expand "standard diversified technique" by removing rotation from the adjusting thrust and implementing additional instrumentation including X-rays, Gonstead Radiographic Parallel, a measuring device to undertake specific biomechanical analysis of the X-ray, and the development of Nervo-Scope,^[39] a device said to detect the level of neurophysiologic activity due to the existence of vertebral subluxation based on changes in skin temperature.^[40] Heat detector devices are unreliable and lack scientific evidence.^[40] The technique gained popularity in the 1960s.^[41] About 28.9% of patients^[specify] have been treated with the Gonstead technique.^[42]

Torque release technique

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Trigenics Technique

Trigenics is a neurological-based manual or instrument-assisted assessment and treatment system^[43] developed and patented by Allan Oolo Austin.^[44] The technique is relatively infrequently used by chiropractors compared to other chiropractic techniques such as Diversified, trigger point therapy and Activator.^[45]

Effectiveness

Neuromusculoskeletal disorders

Treatment is usually for neck or low back pain and related disorders.^[46]

For acute low back pain, low quality evidence has suggested no difference between real and sham spine manipulation,^[47] and moderate quality evidence has suggested no difference between spine manipulation and other commonly used treatments, such as medication and physical therapy.^[47][48][49]

National guidelines vary; some recommend the therapy for those who do not improve with other treatment.^[50] It may be effective for lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy,^[51][52] as effective as mobilization for neck pain,^[53] some forms of headache,^[54][55] and some extremity joint conditions.^[56][57] A 2011 Cochrane review found strong evidence that suggests there is no clinically meaningful difference between spinal manipulation therapy and other treatments for reducing pain and improving function for chronic low back pain.^[58] A 2008 review found that with the possible exception of lower back pain, chiropractic manipulation has not been shown to be effective for any medical condition.^[2][59]

Non-musculoskeletal disorders

The use of spinal manipulation for non-musculoskeletal is controversial. It has not been shown to be effective for asthma, headache, hypertension, or

Spinal manipulation is generally regarded as cost-effective treatment of musculoskeletal conditions when used alone or in combination with other treatment approaches.[62] Evidence supports the cost-effectiveness of using spinal manipulation for the treatment of sub-acute or chronic low back pain whereas the results for acute low back pain were inconsistent.^[63]

Safety

All treatments need a thorough medical history, diagnosis and plan of management. Chiropractors must rule out

While safety has been debated,[3] and serious injuries and deaths can occur and may be under-reported,^[4] these are generally rare and spinal manipulation is relatively safe^[47] when employed skillfully and appropriately.^[5]

Adverse events are believed to be under-reported^[65] and appear to be more common following high velocity/low amplitude manipulation than mobilization.^[66] Mild, frequent and temporary adverse events occur in spinal manipulation which include temporary increase in pain, tenderness and stiffness.^[3] These effects generally are reduced within 24–48 hours ^[67] Serious injuries and fatal consequences, especially from spinal manipulation in the upper cervical region, can occur,^[68] but are regarded as rare when spinal manipulation is employed skillfully and appropriately.^[64]

Weak to moderately strong evidence supports causation (as opposed to statistical association) between