Chittagong
Chittagong
চট্টগ্রাম চাটগাঁও | ||
---|---|---|
Postal code 4000, 4100, 42xx | ||
HDI (2019) | 0.654[5] medium | |
Police | Chattogram Metropolitan Police | |
Metro GDP/PPP (2020) | $60 billion (2022)[6] | |
International airport | Shah Amanat International Airport | |
Website | Chittagong City Corporation |
Chittagong (
One of the world's oldest ports with a functional
The
Chittagong accounts for 12% of Bangladesh's GDP, including 40% of industrial output, 80% of
Etymology
The etymology of Chittagong is uncertain.[17] The port city has been known by various names in history, including Chatigaon, Chatigam, Chattagrama, Islamabad, Chattala, Chaityabhumi and Porto Grande De Bengala.[18]
The Bengali word for Chittagong, Chattogram (চট্টগ্রাম), has the suffix "-gram" (গ্রাম) meaning village in
One explanation credits the first Arab traders for shatt ghangh (
History
Stone Age fossils and tools unearthed in the region indicate that Chittagong has been inhabited since Neolithic times.[24] It is an ancient port city, with a recorded history dating back to the 4th century BC.[25] Its harbour was mentioned in Ptolemy's world map in the 2nd century as one of the most impressive ports in the East.[12] The region was part of the ancient Bengali Samatata and Harikela kingdoms. The Chandra dynasty once dominated the area and was followed by the Varman dynasty and Deva dynasty.
Chinese traveller Xuanzang described the area as "a sleeping beauty rising from mist and water" in the 7th century.[26]
Arab Muslim traders frequented Chittagong from the 9th century. In 1154,
Many
Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah of Sonargaon conquered Chittagong in 1340,[28] making it a part of Sultanate of Bengal. It was the principal maritime gateway to the kingdom, which was reputed as one of the wealthiest states in the Indian subcontinent. Medieval Chittagong was a hub for maritime trade with China, Sumatra, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, the Middle East, and East Africa. It was notable for its medieval trades in pearls,[29] silk, muslin, rice, bullion, horses, and gunpowder. The port was also a major shipbuilding hub.
Dhaniya Manikya conquered Chittagong in 1513. Hossain Shah sent his noble commander Gorai Mallik to attack Tripura. Gorai Mallik recaptured the territories lost. But the following year Dhaniya Manikya again conquered Chittagong.[34]
Chittagong featured prominently in the military history of the Bengal Sultanate, including during the
During the 13th and 16th centuries,
Two decades after
Portuguese ships from Goa and
In 1666, the Mughal government of Bengal led by viceroy
In 1685, the British East India Company sent out an expedition under Admiral Nicholson with the instructions to seize and fortify Chittagong on behalf of the English; however, the expedition proved abortive. Two years later, the company's Court of Directors decided to make Chittagong the headquarters of their Bengal trade and sent out a fleet of ten or eleven ships to seize it under Captain Heath. However, after reaching Chittagong in early 1689, the fleet found the city too strongly held and abandoned their attempt at capturing it. The city was possessed by the Nawab of Bengal until 1793 when East India Company took complete control of the former Mughal province of Bengal.[42][43]
The
Railways were introduced in 1865, beginning with the
The Chittagong armoury raid by Bengali revolutionaries in 1930 was a major event in British India's anti-colonial history.
During World War II, Chittagong became a frontline city in the
Many wealthy Chittagonians profited from wartime commerce. The
During the
After the war, the
Geography
Topography
Chittagong lies at 22°20′06″N 91°49′57″E / 22.33500°N 91.83250°E. It straddles the coastal foothills of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in southeastern Bangladesh. The Karnaphuli River runs along the southern banks of the city, including its central business district. The river enters the Bay of Bengal in an estuary located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of downtown Chittagong. Mount Sitakunda is the highest peak in Chittagong District, with an elevation of 351 metres (1,152 ft).[53] Within the city itself, the highest peak is Batali Hill at 85.3 metres (280 ft). Chittagong has many lakes that were created under the Mughal rule. In 1924, an engineering team of the Assam Bengal Railway established the Foy's Lake.[53]
Major sediment outflows from the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers form tidal flats around the city.[54]
Ecological hinterland
The Chittagong Division is known for its rich
Patenga beach in the main seafront of Chittagong, located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) west of the city.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Chittagong has a tropical monsoon climate (Am).[57]
Chittagong is vulnerable to North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones. The deadliest tropical cyclone to strike Chittagong was the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, which killed 138,000 people and left as many as 10 million homeless.[58]
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 33.4 (92.1) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.2 (99.0) |
39.6 (103.3) |
39.5 (103.1) |
37.7 (99.9) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33.9 (93.0) |
36.3 (97.3) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.5 (95.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
39.6 (103.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.0 (78.8) |
28.3 (82.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
30.4 (86.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7.3 (0.29) |
25.0 (0.98) |
55.5 (2.19) |
136.4 (5.37) |
314.0 (12.36) |
591.3 (23.28) |
735.6 (28.96) |
513.9 (20.23) |
239.3 (9.42) |
197.8 (7.79) |
59.5 (2.34) |
14.1 (0.56) |
2,889.7 (113.77) |
Average rainy days | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 17 | 13 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 104 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
73 | 70 | 74 | 77 | 79 | 83 | 85 | 85 | 83 | 81 | 78 | 75 | 79 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 264.1 | 244.3 | 276.4 | 242.7 | 227.2 | 116.7 | 105.1 | 124.4 | 166.7 | 218.2 | 241.3 | 245.5 | 2,472.6 |
Source 1: Bangladesh Meteorological Department[59][60][61] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Sistema de Classificación Bioclimática Mundial (extremes),[62] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[63][a] |
Government
The
The
Military
Chittagong is a strategically important military port on the Bay of Bengal. The
Diplomatic representation
In the 1860s, the American consulate-general in the
Economy
Top publicly traded companies in Chittagong, in 2014[78] | |||||
Jamuna Oil Company | |||||
BSRM | |||||
Padma Oil Company | |||||
PHP | |||||
Meghna Petroleum | |||||
GPH Ispat | |||||
Aramit Cement | |||||
Western Marine Shipyard | |||||
RSRM | |||||
Hakkani Pulp & Paper | |||||
Source: Chittagong Stock Exchange |
A substantial share of Bangladesh's national GDP is attributed to Chittagong. The port city contributes 12%
The
International banks operating in Chittagong include
By 2024, the Chittagong-based
CBDs
- Agrabad
- O R Nizam Road
- Strand Road, Chittagong
- Khatungonj
- Asadgonj
Financial and commodity markets
Trade associations
Industrial areas
- Chittagong Export Processing Zone
- Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Shilpa Nagar, Mirsarai
- Korean Export Processing Zone, Anwara
- Chinese Economic and Industrial Zone, Anwara
- Maheshkhali Economic Zone, Matarbari
- Kalurghat Heavy Industrial Area
Architecture
The Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque is a well-known
The old Circuit House was originally built in the style of
Culture
An inhabitant of Chittagong is called Chittagonian in English.[101] For centuries, the port city has been a melting pot for people from all over the world. Its historic trade networks have left a lasting impact on its language, culture, and cuisine. The Chittagonian language, although identified as a nonstandard dialect of Bengali, is considered to be a separate language by many linguists. The Chittagonian language has many Arabic, Persian, English and Portuguese loanwords.[21] The popular traditional feast of Mezban features the serving of hot beef dish with white rice.[101] Another dish named kala-bhuna of Chittagong, made with traditional spices, mustard oil, and beef through a special cooking style, is also renowned all over Bangladesh. The cultivation of pink pearls is a historic activity in Chittagong. Its Mughal-era name, Islamabad (City of Islam), continues to be used in the old city. The name was given due to the port city's history as a gateway for early Islamic missionaries in Bengal. Notable Islamic architecture in Chittagong can be seen in the historic Bengal Sultanate-era Hammadyar Mosque and the Mughal Fort of Anderkilla. Chittagong is known as the Land of the Twelve Saints[102] due to the prevalence of major Sufi Muslim shrines in the district. Historically, Sufism played an important role in the spread of Islam in the region. Prominent dargahs include the mausoleums of Shah Amanat, Badr Auliya, Miskin Shah, Garibullah Shah and the shrine of Bayazid Bastami among many others. The Bastami shrine hosts a pond of black softshell turtles, a critically endangered species of freshwater turtle.
During the medieval period, many poets thrived in the region when it was part of the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mrauk U. Under the patronage of Sultan
Major cultural organizations in the city include the
Being home to the pioneering rock bands in the country like Souls[106] and LRB,[107] Chittagong is regarded as the "birthplace of Bangladeshi rock music".[108][109][110]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1931 | 53,156 | — |
1941 | 92,301 | +73.6% |
1991 | 1,392,958 | +1409.1% |
2001 | 2,023,489 | +45.3% |
2011 | 2,582,401 | +27.6% |
2022 | 3,227,246 | +25.0% |
sources:citypopulation.de |
At the 2011 Census, Chittagong had a population of more than 2.5 million,[111] and its Metropolitan Area had a population of 4,009,423.[112] By gender, the population was 54.36% male and 45.64% female, and the literacy rate in the city was approximately 72 percent, in 2020.
Muslims, numbering approximately 3.44 million, form the overwhelming majority of the city's population, with the rest being predominantly Hindus, numbering approximately 480,000, and the remaining 2% belonging to other religions, such as Buddhism and Christianity.[21]
Chittagong was a
Like other major urban centres in South Asia, Chittagong has experienced steady growth in itsMedia and communications
Various newspapers, including daily, opposition, and business newspapers, are based in Chittagong. Daily newspapers include
Chittagong has been featured in all aspects of Bangladeshi popular culture, including television, movies, journals, music, and books. Nearly all televisions and radios in Bangladesh have coverage in Chittagong. Renowned
Utilities
The southern zone of the Bangladesh Power Development Board is responsible for supplying electricity to city dwellers.[130][131] The fire services are provided by the Bangladesh Fire Service & Civil Defence department, under the Ministry of Home Affairs.[132] Total Electricity Consumption is approximately 1000 megawatts in the city proper. But in the whole Chittagong urban and city proper, it will be 1300 megawatts plus-minus. Ss power plant will be in production next year and its production power is 1320 megawatts And it creates Chittagong City as the energy production hub of Bangladesh
The water supply and sewage systems are managed by the Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Chittagong WASA).[133][134] Water is primarily drawn from Karnaphuli River and then purified in the Mohra Purification Plant.[135]
Chittagong has extensive
Education and research
The education system of Chittagong is similar to that of
The
The city also hosts several other private universities and medical colleges. The
Research institutes
- Bangladesh Forest Research Institute
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases
- Bangladesh Tea Board
Health
The
Private Medical Colleges:
- University of Science & Technology Chittagong
- BGC TRUST Medical College Chittagong
- Chittagong Ma o Shishu Hospital
- Southern Medical College
- Marine City Medical College
- Army Medical College
- Poly Clinic
- CSCR Hospital
Transport
Transport in Chittagong is similar to that of the capital, Dhaka. large avenues and roads are present throughout the metropolis. There are various bus systems and taxi services, as well as smaller 'baby' or 'CNG' taxis, which are tricycle-structured motor vehicles. Foreign and local ridesharing companies like Uber and Pathao are operating in the city.[151] There are also traditional manual rickshaws, which are very common.
Road
As the population has risen extensively, the Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) has undertaken some transportation initiatives aimed at easing the traffic congestion in Chittagong. Under this plan, the CDA, along with the Chittagong City Corporation, has constructed some flyovers and expanded the existing roads within the city. There are also some other major expressways and flyovers under construction, most notably the Chittagong City Outer Ring Road, which runs along the coast of Chittagong City. This
The N1 (Dhaka-Chittagong Highway), a major arterial national highway, is the only way to access the city by motor vehicle from most other parts of the country. It is considered a crowded and dangerous highway. This highway is also part of AH41 route of the Asian Highway Network. It has been upgraded to 4 lanes.[160] The N106 (Chittagong-Rangamati Highway) is another major national highway that connects the Chittagong Hill Tracts with the Oxygen Square.
Rail
Chittagong can also be accessed by rail. It has a station on the
Air
The
Sports
Chittagong has produced numerous cricketers, footballers, and athletes, who have performed at the national level.
Teams
- Chattogram Challengers – BPL (Cricket)
- Chittagong Abahani Limited – BPL (Football)
- Acme Chattogram – HCT (Field hockey)
Twin towns – sister cities
See also
- Conquest of Chittagong
Notes
Explanatory notes
- ^ Station ID for Chittagong (Patenga) is 41978 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration
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External links
- Official Web Portal of Chittagong
- Chittagong City Corporation
- Chittagong Development Authority
- Chittagong Metropolitan Police
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chittagong". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.