Chiyou
Chiyou | ||
---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin chīyóu | | |
Wade–Giles | Chʻih1-yu2 | |
IPA | [ʈʂʰí.jǒʊ] | |
Yue: Cantonese | ||
Jyutping | ci1 jau4 | |
Middle Chinese | ||
Middle Chinese | /t͡ɕʰɨ ɦɨu/ | |
Old Chinese | ||
Zhengzhang | /*tʰjɯ ɢʷɯ/ |
Chiyou (
For some
According to legend, Chiyou had a bronze head with a distinct metal forehead.[7] He had four eyes and six arms, wielding terrible sharp weapons in every hand, similar to a description of fangxiangshi.[8] In some sources, Chiyou had certain features associated with various mythological bovines: his head was that of a bull with two horns, although the body was human, and his hindquarters were those of a bear.[8] He is said to have been unbelievably fierce, and to have had 81 brothers and many followers.[8] Historical sources often described him as 'bold leader',[4] as well as 'brave'.[9] Some sources have asserted that the figure 81 should rather be associated with 81 clans in his kingdom.[10] Chiyou knows the constellations and the ancients spells for calling upon the weather. For example, he called upon a fog to surround Huangdi and his soldiers during the Battle of Zhuolu.
Tribe
Chiyou is regarded as a leader of the Nine Li tribe (九黎,
Some sources from later dynasties, such as the Guoyu book, considered Chiyou's Li tribe to be related to the ancient San miao tribe (三苗).[11] In the ancient Zhuolu Town is a statue of Chiyou commemorating him as the original ancestor of the Miao people.[12] The place is regarded as the birthplace of the San miao / Miao people,[12] the Hmong being a subgroup of the Miao. In various sources, the "nine Li" tribe is called the "Jiuli" kingdom,[10] Jiuli meaning "nine Li". Modern Han Chinese scholar Weng Dujian considers Jiuli and San Miao to be Man southerners.[13] Chiyou has also been counted as part of the Dongyi.[7]
Allusions and legends
Legend has it that in ancient times, the Miao people lived on the edge of the Yellow River, with a total of "eighty-one" villages. Their leader was called Chi You. Chi You got rid of the "lop-eared witch" who harmed the Miao people, so that the people could live and work in peace and contentment. Later, The three demon children of the witch invited Red Dragon and Huang Long (i.e. Emperor Yan and Huang Emperor) to take revenge. Chi You led the Miao people to fight bravely and defeated Red Dragon and Huang Long many times.[14]
The story of
Epic battles
When the
During the Battle of Zhuolu, Chiyou breathed out a thick fog and obscured the sunlight.[15] The battle dragged on for days while the emperor's side was in danger.[8] Only after the Yellow Emperor invented the south-pointing chariot, did he find his way out of the battlefield.[8][15] Chiyou then conjured up a heavy storm. The Yellow Emperor then called upon the drought demon Nüba (女魃), who blew away the storm clouds and cleared the battlefield.[15] Chiyou and his army could not hold up, and were later killed by the Yellow Emperor.[1][8] After this defeat, the Yellow Emperor is said to become the ancestor of all Huaxia.[8] His followers were forced to live in the mountains and leave their Li kingdom.[12] After Chiyou's death, it is said that it rained blood for some time.
Legacy
According to the
In one mythical episode, after Chiyou had claimed he could not be conquered,[2] the goddess Nuwa dropped a stone tablet on him from Mount Tai. The stone failed to crush Chiyou, who managed to escape. From then on, the 5-finger-shaped stone tablet, inscribed "Mount Tai shigandang" (泰山石敢當) became a spiritual weapon to ward off evil and disasters.[2][16]
According to notes by the Qing dynasty painter Luo Ping: "Yellow Emperor ordered his men to have Chiyou beheaded... seeing that Chiyou's head was separated from his body, later sages had his image engraved on sacrificial vessels as a warning to those that would covet power and wealth."[17]
The
Chiyou remains as a figure of worship today.
In popular culture
- Ch'ih-yu (conceptualized as a dragon) is one of the characters in the background story in The Settlers III.
- Chi You is a name for an Aragami creature in the PlayStation Portable game, God Eater.
- The comic book Heavenly Executioner Chiwoo is partly based on the legends about Chiyou.
- The main antagonist of the Shenmuesaga, Lan Di is one of the leaders of a group called the Chi You Men, who seek to awake the power of the god Chi You.
- A series of KOMSCO feature Chiyou, referred to as the Chiwoo Cheonwang series.[19]
- Chi You appears as an antagonist in the TMNT/Ghostbusters miniseries of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles IDW comics continuity. Herein he is a godling or immortal creature who is engaged with others of his kind—including the Rat King and Kitsune—in a "game" for dominion over mankind.
- There is a vapingcommunity known as the Chi You.
- He is reoccurring demon in the Megami Tensei video game series.
- Chi You appears as sub-boss enemy in the video game La-Mulana.
- Chi You's clan became a group of priestess/assassin combo in Kingdom, where Qiang Lei was once part of.
- In the 1997 South Korean cartoon Mythology of Heaven by Lee Hyun-se, Chiyou appears as the protagonist in book two.
- The descendants of Chi You formed a warrior order named Saulabi in the novel of The God of High School.
- He is one of the kings represented by the members of the K-pop boy group Kingdom, as one of them is named "Chiwoo". His story is told in the album History of Kingdom: Part II. Chiwoo.
- He appears as a man-eating evil deity in the manga Record of Ragnarok.
- Chiyou appears in Marvel Comics as the archenemy of the Chinese superhero Sword Master. In the comics, Chiyou is depicted as an evil monstrous god who was defeated and sealed away along with his demonic army by the Yellow Emperor and the descendants of the Three Sovereigns. In the present day, Chiyou's seals have weakened, allowing his demonic minions to escape and to find a way revive their master, prompting Fu Xi's descendant Lin Lie to take of the fabled Sword of Fu Xi to stop Chiyou's release.
- In the mobile game Arknights, Superintendent Ch'en of the Lungmen Guard Department wields a "dragon-slaying" sword named Chi You.
- Appears as the primary antagonist of Assassin's Creed: Jade.
- In the video game Flame Emperor, and its darktyping reflecting Chiyu's role as an adversary to the Yellow Emperor, in line with his antagonistic depiction in modern media.
See also
- Zhuolu County
- Mogwai
- Ox-Head and Horse-Face
- Ox in Chinese mythology
References
- ^ ISBN 962-8792-80-6.
- ^ ISBN 962-432-503-0.
- ISBN 978-1-4351-0121-0.
- ^ a b Luo Mi (罗泌). Lushi. 后记四:蚩尤传.
- White Hmong: Txiv Yawg /tsi ʝaɨ/
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7864-4951-4.
- ^ ISBN 962-8792-80-6.
- ^ ISBN 962-8885-24-3. p 11-13.
- ^ 司马, 迁. 史记. 五帝本纪.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7864-4951-4.
- ^ (國語·楚語下)
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5. pg 239.
- ISBN 978-0-8223-2444-7.
- ^ "What is Chi You? Why did Huangdi want to kill him to death?". Yahoo News (in Chinese). 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
- ^ a b c Big5.china.com.cn. "Big5.china.com.cn." 黃帝大戰蚩尤與指南車. Retrieved on 2010-08-22.
- ISBN 962-432-502-2. p 208-209.
- ISBN 978-981-229-020-5.
- ISBN 9780231138031.
- ^ Bullion, J. M. (2018-10-24). "South Korean Chiwoo Cheonwang Series Silver Bullion Medallions from KOMSCO". CoinWeek. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
Bibliography
- Michael J. Puett, The Ambivalence of Creation: Debates Concerning Innovation and Artifice in Early China. 2001