Chlorophyta

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about a group of green algae. For the genus with the common name 'spider plant', see Chlorophytum.

Chlorophyta
Chlorophytes (A–F, H–L and O)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
(unranked): Archaeplastida
(unranked): Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Reichenbach, 1828, emend. Pascher, 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt, 2004[1][2][3]
Classes[4]
Synonyms[5]
  • Chlorophycophyta Papenfuss 1946
  • Chlorophycota
  • Chlorophytina
  • Chlorophyllophyceae
  • Isokontae
  • Stephanokontae
Green algae on coastal rocks at Shihtiping in Taiwan

Chlorophyta is a

Embryophyta (land plants) emerged.[9][10] In this latter sense the Chlorophyta includes only about 4,300 species.[4] About 90% of all known species live in freshwater.[11]
Like the
plastids
.

With the exception of the three classes Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae in the UTC clade, which show various degrees of multicellularity, all the Chlorophyta lineages are unicellular.[12] Some members of the group form symbiotic relationships with protozoa, sponges, and cnidarians. Others form symbiotic relationships with fungi to form lichens, but the majority of species are free-living. Some conduct sexual reproduction, which is oogamous or isogamous. All members of the clade have motile flagellated swimming cells.[13] While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of land environments. For example, Chlamydomonas nivalis, which causes Watermelon snow, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others, such as Trentepohlia species, live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. Monostroma kuroshiense, an edible green alga cultivated worldwide and most expensive among green algae, belongs to this group.

Ecology

Species of Chlorophyta (treated as what is now considered one of the two main clades of

molluscs
.
pathogenic and can cause the disease protothecosis in humans and animals.[24]

Classifications

"Siphoneae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904
Further information: Wikispecies:Chlorophyta

Characteristics used for the classification of Chlorophyta are: type of

genetic data
.

Phylogeny

Leliaert et al. 2012 proposed the following phylogeny. He marked the "prasinophytes" as paraphyletic, with the remaining Chlorophyta groups as "core chlorophytes". He described all Streptophyta except the land plants as paraphyletic "charophytes".[15]

"Hypothetical ancestral
Chlorophyta

Palmophyllales

Prasinococcales

Nephroselmidophyceae

Streptophyta

Mesostigmatophyceae

Chlorokybophyceae

Klebsormidiophyceae
"
charophytes
"
green flagellate"

A 2020 paper places the "Prasinodermophyta" (i.e.

Prasinodermophyceae + Palmophyllophyceae) as the basal Viridiplantae clade.[26]

Viridiplantae/
Prasinodermophyta

Prasinodermophyceae

Palmophyllophyceae

Prasinococcales
("prasinophyte clade VI")

Palmophyllales

Chlorophyta

Pyramimonadophyceae ("prasinophyte clade I")

Mamiellophyceae ("prasinophyte clade II")

Nephroselmidophyceae
("prasinophyte clade III")

Pycnococcaceae ("prasinophyte clade V")

Chloropicophyceae ("prasinophyte clade VII A/B/C")

Tetraphytina

Pedinophyceae

Trebouxiophyceae

Chlorodendrophyceae
("prasinophyte clade IV")

Streptophyta/
Mesostigmatophyceae

Mesostigma viride

Spirotaenia

Chlorokybophyceae

Charophyta
Green Algae/
Prasinophyta
 s.l.

Leliaert et al. 2012

Simplified phylogeny of the Chlorophyta, according to Leliaert et al. 2012.[15] Note that many algae previously classified in Chlorophyta are placed here in Streptophyta.

Pombert et al. 2005

A possible classification when Chlorophyta refers to one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae is shown below.[27]

Lewis & McCourt 2004

Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995

Classification of the Chlorophyta, treated as all green algae, according to Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995.[7]

In a note added in proof, an alternative classification is presented for the algae of the class Chlorophyceae:

Bold and Wynne 1985

Classification of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta according to Bold and Wynne 1985.[29]

Mattox & Stewart 1984

Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Mattox & Stewart 1984:[28]

Fott 1971

Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Fott 1971.[7]: 483 

Round 1971

Classification of the Chlorophyta and related algae according to Round 1971.[30]

Smith 1938

Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Smith 1938:

  • Order 1.
    Volvocales
  • Family 1. Ulvaceae
  • Family 2
    Schizomeridaceae
  • Order 7.
    Oedogoniales

Research and discoveries

In February 2020, the fossilized remains of green algae, named Proterocladus antiquus were discovered in the northern province of Liaoning, China.[31] At around a billion years old, it is believed to be one of the oldest examples of a multicellular chlorophyte.[32]

References

  1. ^ Reichenbach HG (1828). Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis. p. 23.
  2. S2CID 257830577
    .
  3. S2CID 8060916
    .
  4. ^ a b Guiry MD, Guiry GM (2011). "AlgaeBase : Chlorophyta". World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
  5. ^ Papenfuss GF (1955). "The Classification of the Algae". A century of progress in the natural sciences, 1853-1953. California Academy of Sciences.
  6. PMID 28106912
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-30419-1
    .
  8. ^ "Major Algae Phyla - Table - MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-10-29.
  9. PMID 21652308
    .
  10. PMID 19273476
    .
  11. ISBN 9781316407219
    .
  12. PMID 25324214
    .
  13. PMID 17272304
    .
  14. ^ Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) Algae. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson), San Francisco, CA
  15. ^
    S2CID 17603352. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-26.
  16. PMID 16338765
    .
  17. PMID 19625320
    .
  18. S2CID 40459076
    .
  19. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2016.04.003
    .
  20. PMID 16825655
    .
  21. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.09.090171.000401
    .
  22. S2CID 21151223
    .
  23. PMID 30108563
    .
  24. PMID 11837312
    .
  25. ISBN 9780520045859
    .
  26. PMID 32572216
    .
  27. PMID 15930151
    .
  28. ^ a b c d e Mattox KR, Stewart KD, et al. (The Systematics Association) (1984). "Classification of the green algae: a concept based on comparative cytology.". In Irvine DE, John DM (eds.). The systematics of Green Algae. Vol. 27. London: Academic Press. pp. 29–72.
  29. ISBN 978-0-13-477746-7
    .
  30. doi:10.1080/00071617100650261
    .
  31. ^ McCall R (2020-02-24). "Billion-year-old green algae found in China is the oldest ever discovered". Newsweek. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  32. ^ Sandhya Ramesh (2020-02-25). "Scientists discover world's oldest green algae fossil in China". ThePrint. Retrieved 2020-02-25.

Further reading

Wikispecies has information related to Chlorophyta.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlorophyta.
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