Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands | ||
---|---|---|
State Parliaments 525 / 1,896 | ||
European Parliament | 23 / 96 | |
Heads of State Governments | 6 / 16 | |
Party flag | ||
Website | ||
www | ||
The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (German: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands [ˈkʁɪstlɪç demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʔuˈni̯oːn ˈdɔʏtʃlants]; CDU German pronunciation: [ˌtseːdeːˈʔuː] ⓘ) is a Christian democratic[4][5] and conservative[6][7][8][9] political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right[10][11][12][13][14] in German politics.[15][16]
Friedrich Merz has been federal chairman of the CDU since 31 January 2022.[17] The CDU is the second largest party in the Bundestag, the German federal legislature, with 152 out of 736 seats, having won 18.9% of votes in the 2021 federal election. It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction, also known as the Union, with its Bavarian counterpart, the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). The group's parliamentary leader is also Friedrich Merz.
Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party, the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party, with many former members joining the party, including its first leader Konrad Adenauer. The party also included politicians of other backgrounds, including liberals and conservatives.[18] As a result, the party claims to represent "Christian-social, liberal and conservative" elements.[19] The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook.[20][21] Black is the party's customary and historical electoral colour. Other colours include red for the logo, orange for the flag, and black-red-gold for the corporate design.[22]
Since the election defeat in the 2021 federal election, the CDU is in opposition at federal level. It previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969, 1982 to 1998, and 2005 to 2021. Germany's three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU, more specifically: Helmut Kohl (1982–1998), Angela Merkel (2005–2021), and Konrad Adenauer (1949–1963). The party also currently leads the governments of six of Germany's sixteen states.
The CDU is a member of the
History
Founding period
Immediately following the end of
The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the
The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional (
Adenauer era (1949–1963)
In the beginning, it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of
However, the party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state. Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmaneuvered some of his opponents. He also refused to consider the
Therefore, the CDU was the dominant political party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949. The durable alliance that the party had established with the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP) as the leading tandem of several federal governments, and, implicitly, the strong partnership between Chancellor Adenauer and President Theodor Heuss enabled West Germany to thoroughly rebuild itself in the wake of World War II. Adenauer remained the party's leader until 1963, when former Minister of Economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him.[25] As the Free Democratic Party (FDP) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy, Erhard was forced to resign. Consequently, a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger.
Opposition against social-liberal governments (1969–1982)
The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a
Kohl era (1982–1998)
CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election.
After the
Kohl served as chairman until the party's electoral defeat in 1998, when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble. In the 1998 federal election, the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote, the lowest result for those parties since 1949; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005.
Merkel era (2000–2018)
Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party
In 2005, early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow, winning more than ten state elections, most of which were
Although the CDU/CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections, their "desired partner" the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history, thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition. This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998. CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot, while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck (a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany, who was favoured even by some CDU members) received a number of "faithless" votes from the government camp.
The decisions to
President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption, triggering an early presidential election. This time the CDU supported, reluctantly, nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck. The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election, when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990, only a few seats short of an absolute majority. This was partly due to the CDU's expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups (class, age or gender), partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel.[34] After talks with the Greens had failed, the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD.
Despite their long-cherished slogan of "There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU",
In 2017, the Bundestag voted to legalise same-sex marriage. Merkel had allowed the conscience vote to happen despite her personal objections. While she herself and the majority of the party's representatives voted against the proposal, a number of CDU deputies supported it.[37] In the 2017 election, the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare: With 26.8 percent of party list votes, the CDU received its worst result since 1949, losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag (despite an enlargement of the parliament). After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens, they continued their grand coalition with the SPD. In October 2018, Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December and not seek reelection, but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021.[38]
Post-Merkel (2018–present)
On 7 December 2018, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU. Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkel's ideological successor, though holding more socially conservative positions, such as opposition to same-sex marriage. Kramp-Karrenbauer's election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling, and her personal popularity was initially high.[39] However, she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election, in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29%. Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally.[40][41]
The CSU's Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European People's Party in the 2019 European Parliament election. However, the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDU's Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission; she was elected in July 2019, becoming the first woman to hold the office.[42]
Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020, in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis. The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany (AfD) to prevent the election of a left-wing government, breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right. Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis, which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left, which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable. While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauer's resignation, she stated the decision had "matured some time ago",[43] and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership.[44]
Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021.[45][46] Originally scheduled for April 2020, it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was ultimately held online. Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes. His main opponent Friedrich Merz, was seen as more right-wing, who won 47.2% of vote; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated. Laschet's election was seen as an affirmation of Merkel's leadership and the CDU's centrist orientation.[47]
On 7 October 2021, Armin Laschet, signaled that he would step down after a disastrous general election result, with the CDU suffering its worst general election result since the 1949 West German federal election.[48] A new leadership election was called in December and Friedrich Merz, of the right-wing faction of the CDU, was elected by a large majority of 62,1% of voters, defeating pro-Merkel candidates Norbert Röttgen and Helge Braun.[49] The Congress of the CDU officially elected Merz as new party Chairman on 22 January 2022, and he assumed office on 31 January 2022.[17][50]
Ideology and platform
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in Germany |
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While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right, the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition. The loss of anti-communism as a political theme, secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU.
In her 2005 campaign, Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values. Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the "dominant culture" imply "tolerance and living together".[24] According to party analyst Stephan Eisel, her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the party's core constituency.[51]
The CDU applies the principles of
As a
In terms of foreign policy, the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States. In the European Union, the party opposes the entry of Turkey, preferring instead a privileged partnership. In addition to citing various human rights violations, the CDU also believes that Turkey's unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another.
The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens. The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany.[52]
CDU officially prohibits any cooperation with the AfD, but does not clearly define what that means. In the eastern federal states, however, there is ongoing tolerance or cooperation of CDU at the local and district level with the right-wing radical AfD.[53][54][55] CDU-head Friedrich Merz polarizes with political approaches to the AfD and called the CDU in 2023 one «Alternative with substance».[56] Political observers from abroad say that the CDU's boundaries to the far right are eroding.[57][58]
Organisation
Party congress
The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU. It meets at least every two years, determines the basic lines of CDU policy, approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU.
The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations, the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen. The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions. The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state. The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress, regardless of their number of members.
Federal committee
The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress. For this reason it is often called a small party congress.
Federal executive board and presidium
The CDU federal executive heads the federal party. It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress. The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business. It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany.
Members
Before 1966, membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated. The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year. In 2018, the CDU had 420,240 members.[59]
In 2012, the members' average age was 59 years. 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old.[60] A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male. Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states.[61]
State group | Chairman | Members |
---|---|---|
Baden-Württemberg | Manuel Hagel | 74,669 |
Berlin | Kai Wegner | 12,568 |
Brandenburg | Jan Redmann | 6,797 |
Bremen | Heiko Strohmann | 3,246 |
Hamburg | Dennis Thering | 9,697 |
Hesse | Boris Rhein | 47,789 |
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Franz-Robert Liskow | 6,038 |
Lower Saxony | Sebastian Lechner | 72,813 |
North Rhine-Westphalia | Henrik Wüst
|
165,273 |
Rhineland-Palatinate | Christian Baldauf | 49,856 |
Saarland | Stephan Toscani | 20,651 |
Saxony | Michael Kretschmer | 13,148 |
Saxony-Anhalt | Sven Schulze | 8,410 |
Schleswig-Holstein | Daniel Günther | 26,674 |
Thuringia | Mario Voigt | 12,035 |
Relationship with the CSU
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2013) |
Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) originated after World War II, sharing a concern for the Christian worldview. In the Bundestag, the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU. This faction is called CDU/CSU, or informally the Union. Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties.
The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation, the
The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict. The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976, when the CSU under
The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous
Since its formation, the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU. The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the
Konrad Adenauer Foundation
The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU. It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU. The foundation offers political education, conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects, grants scholarships to gifted individuals, researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification, international understanding and development-policy cooperation. Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money.[63]
Special organizations
Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following:
- Junge Union(JU), the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU.
- Christian Democratic Employees' Association (CDA), an association in the tradition of Christian traded unionism, representing Christian-democratic wage earners.
- Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU (EAK, together with the CSU), representing the Protestant minority in the party.
- Association of Christian Democratic Students (RCDS), the student organisation of the party.
- Lesbian and Gay Members of the Union (LSU), neither an organization within the party (Vereinigung) nor an officially affiliated group (Sondergruppe) there of, as of Dec. 2020 party caucus vote still listed as "other" (Sonstige Gruppen), representing LGBT+ members of the CDU.
Leadership
Leader of the CDU, 1946–present
Leader | Year | |
---|---|---|
1 | Konrad Adenauer | 1946–1966 |
2 | Ludwig Erhard | 1966–1967 |
3 | Kurt Georg Kiesinger | 1967–1971 |
4 | Rainer Barzel | 1971–1973 |
5 | Helmut Kohl | 1973–1998 |
6 | Wolfgang Schäuble | 1998–2000 |
7 | Angela Merkel | 2000–2018 |
8 | Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer | 2018–2021 |
9 | Armin Laschet | 2021–2022 |
10 | Friedrich Merz | 2022–present |
Leader of the CDU/CSU Group in the Bundestag
Leader in the Bundestag | Year | |
---|---|---|
1 | Heinrich von Brentano (First term) |
1949–1955 |
2 | Heinrich Krone | 1955–1961 |
(1) | Heinrich von Brentano (Second term) |
1961–1964 |
3 | Rainer Barzel | 1964–1973 |
4 | Karl Carstens | 1973–1976 |
5 | Helmut Kohl | 1976–1982 |
6 | Alfred Dregger | 1982–1991 |
7 | Wolfgang Schäuble | 1991–2000 |
8 | Friedrich Merz (First term) |
2000–2002 |
9 | Angela Merkel | 2002–2005 |
10 | Volker Kauder | 2005–2018 |
11 | Ralph Brinkhaus | 2018–2022 |
(8) | Friedrich Merz (Second term) |
2022–present |
Federal presidents from the CDU
President of Germany | Time in office |
---|---|
Heinrich Lübke | 1959–1969 |
Karl Carstens | 1979–1984 |
Richard von Weizsäcker | 1984–1994 |
Roman Herzog | 1994–1999 |
Horst Köhler | 2004–2010 |
Christian Wulff | 2010–2012 |
German chancellors from the CDU
Chancellor of Germany | Time in office |
---|---|
Konrad Adenauer | 1949–1963 |
Ludwig Erhard | 1963–1966 |
Kurt Georg Kiesinger | 1966–1969 |
Helmut Kohl | 1982–1998 |
Angela Merkel | 2005–2021 |
Vice-chancellors from the CDU
Vice-Chancellor of Germany | Time in office |
---|---|
Ludwig Erhard | 1957–1963 |
Hans-Christoph Seebohm | 1966 |
Election results
Federal Parliament (Bundestag)
Election | Leader | Constituency | Party list | Seats | +/– | Government | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||||
1949 | Konrad Adenauer | 5,978,636 | 25.2 (#1) | 115 / 402
|
CDU/CSU–FDP–DP | |||
1953 | 9,577,659 | 34.8 (#1) | 10,016,594 | 36.4 (#1) | 197 / 509
|
82 | CDU/CSU–FDP–DP | |
1957 | 11,975,400 | 39.7 (#1) | 11,875,339 | 39.7 (#1) | 222 / 519
|
25 | CDU/CSU–DP | |
1961 | 11,622,995 | 36.3 (#2) | 11,283,901 | 35.8 (#2) | 201 / 521
|
21 | CDU/CSU–FDP | |
1965 | 12,631,319 | 38.9 (#2) | 12,387,562 | 38.0 (#2) | 202 / 518
|
1 | CDU/CSU–FDP (1965–66) | |
CDU/CSU–SPD (1966–69) | ||||||||
1969 | Kurt Georg Kiesinger | 12,137,148 | 37.1 (#2) | 12,079,535 | 36.6 (#2) | 201 / 518
|
1 | Opposition |
1972 | Rainer Barzel | 13,304,813 | 35.7 (#2) | 13,190,837 | 35.2 (#2) | 186 / 518
|
15 | Opposition |
1976 | Helmut Kohl | 14,423,157 | 38.3 (#2) | 14,367,302 | 38.0 (#2) | 201 / 518
|
15 | Opposition |
1980 | 13,467,207 | 35.6 (#2) | 12,989,200 | 34.2 (#2) | 185 / 519
|
16 | Opposition (1980–82) | |
CDU/CSU–FDP (1982–83) | ||||||||
1983 | 15,943,460 | 41.0 (#1) | 14,857,680 | 38.1 (#2) | 202 / 520
|
17 | CDU/CSU–FDP | |
1987 | 14,168,527 | 37.5 (#2) | 13,045,745 | 34.4 (#2) | 185 / 519
|
17 | CDU/CSU–FDP | |
1990 | 17,707,574 | 38.3 (#1) | 17,055,116 | 36.7 (#1) | 268 / 662
|
83 | CDU/CSU–FDP | |
1994 | 17,473,325 | 37.2 (#2) | 16,089,960 | 34.2 (#2) | 244 / 672
|
24 | CDU/CSU–FDP | |
1998 | 15,854,215 | 32.2 (#2) | 14,004,908 | 28.4 (#2) | 198 / 669
|
46 | Opposition | |
2002 | Angela Merkel | 15,336,512 | 32.1 (#2) | 14,167,561 | 29.5 (#2) | 190 / 603
|
8 | Opposition |
2005 | 15,390,950 | 32.6 (#2) | 13,136,740 | 27.8 (#2) | 180 / 614
|
10 | CDU/CSU–SPD | |
2009 | 13,856,674 | 32.0 (#1) | 11,828,277 | 27.3 (#1) | 194 / 622
|
14 | CDU/CSU–FDP | |
2013 | 16,233,642 | 37.2 (#1) | 14,921,877 | 34.1 (#1) | 254 / 630
|
61 | CDU/CSU–SPD | |
2017 | 14,027,804 | 30.2 (#1) | 12,445,832 | 26.8 (#1) | 200 / 709
|
54 | CDU/CSU–SPD | |
2021 | Armin Laschet | 10,445,571 | 22.6 (#2) | 8,770,980 | 19.0 (#2) | 151 / 735
|
49 | Opposition |
European Parliament
Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
---|---|---|---|---|
1979 | 10,883,085 | 39.0 (#2) | 33 / 81
|
|
1984 | 9,308,411 | 37.5 (#1) | 32 / 81
|
1 |
1989 | 8,332,846 | 29.5 (#2) | 24 / 81
|
8 |
1994 | 11,346,073 | 32.0 (#2) | 39 / 99
|
15 |
1999 | 10,628,224 | 39.2 (#1) | 43 / 99
|
4 |
2004 | 9,412,009 | 36.5 (#1) | 40 / 99
|
3 |
2009 | 8,071,391 | 30.6 (#1) | 34 / 99
|
6 |
2014 | 8,807,500 | 30.0 (#1) | 29 / 96
|
5 |
2019 | 8,437,093 | 22.6 (#1) | 23 / 96
|
6 |
State parliaments (Länder)
The CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union in Bavaria.
State parliament | Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baden-Württemberg | 2021 | 1,168,745 | 24.1 (#2) | 42 / 154
|
0 | Greens–CDU |
Berlin | 2023
|
428,100 | 28.2 (#1) | 52 / 147
|
22 | CDU–SPD |
Brandenburg | 2019 | 196,988 | 15.6 (#3) | 15 / 88
|
6 | SPD–CDU–Greens |
Bremen | 2023 | 331,380 | 26.7 (#2) | 24 / 84
|
0 | Opposition |
Hamburg | 2020 | 445,631 | 11.2 (#3) | 15 / 123
|
5 | Opposition |
Hesse | 2023 | 972,595 | 34.6 (#1) | 52 / 133
|
12 | CDU–SPD |
Lower Saxony | 2022 | 1,017,276 | 28.1 (#2) | 47 / 146
|
3 | Opposition |
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 2021 | 121,566 | 13.3 (#3) | 12 / 79
|
4 | Opposition |
North Rhine-Westphalia | 2022 | 2,552,276 | 35.7 (#1) | 76 / 195
|
4 | CDU–Greens |
Rhineland-Palatinate | 2021 | 535,345 | 27.7 (#2) | 31 / 101
|
4 | Opposition |
Saarland
|
2022 | 129,156 | 28.5 (#2) | 19 / 51
|
5 | Opposition |
Saxony
|
2019 | 695,560 | 32.1 (#1) | 45 / 119
|
14 | CDU–Greens–SPD |
Saxony-Anhalt | 2021 | 394,810 | 37.1 (#1) | 40 / 97
|
10 | CDU–SPD–FDP |
Schleswig-Holstein | 2022 | 601,943 | 43.4 (#1) | 34 / 69
|
9 | CDU–Greens |
Thuringia | 2019 | 241,103 | 21.8 (#3) | 21 / 90
|
13 | Opposition |
State | Seats / Total | % | Position/Gov. | Year | Lead Candidate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baden-Württemberg | 71 / 121
|
56.7 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 1976 | Hans Filbinger (Minister‑President 1966–1978) |
Berlin | 65 / 132
|
48.0 (#1) | CDU minority with FDP confidence and supply |
1981 | Richard von Weizsäcker (Governing Mayor 1981–1984) |
Brandenburg | 25 / 89
|
26.5 (#2) | SPD–CDU | 1999 | Jörg Schönbohm (Deputy Minister‑President 1999–2009) |
Bremen | 42 / 100
|
37.1 (#2) | SPD–CDU | 1999 | Hartmut Perschau (Deputy Mayor 1997–2004) |
Hamburg | 63 / 121
|
47.2 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 2004 | Ole von Beust (First Mayor 2001–2010) |
Hesse | 56 / 110
|
48.8 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 2003
|
Roland Koch (Minister‑President 1999–2010) |
Lower Saxony | 87 / 171
|
50.7 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 1982 | Ernst Albrecht (Minister‑President 1976–1990) |
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 29 / 66
|
38.3 (#1) | CDU-FDP | 1990 | Alfred Gomolka (Minister‑President 1990–1992) |
North Rhine-Westphalia | 104 / 200
|
50.5 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 1958 | Karl Arnold† (Minister‑President 1947–1956) |
Rhineland-Palatinate | 57 / 100
|
51.9 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 1983 | Bernhard Vogel (Minister‑President 1976–1988) |
Saarland
|
25 / 50
|
49.1 (#1) | CDU-FDP/DPS | 1975 | Franz-Josef Röder (Minister‑President 1959–1979) |
Saxony
|
77 / 120
|
58.1 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 1994 | Kurt Biedenkopf (Minister‑President 1990–2002) |
Saxony-Anhalt | 48 / 106
|
39.0 (#1) | CDU-FDP | 1990 | Gerd Gies (Minister‑President 1990–1991) |
Schleswig-Holstein | 40 / 73
|
51.9 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 1971 | Gerhard Stoltenberg (Minister‑President 1971–1982) |
Thuringia | 49 / 88
|
51.0 (#1) | CDU absolute majority | 1999 | Bernhard Vogel (Minister‑President 1992–2003) |
See also
- Archive for Christian Democratic Policy
- List of Christian democratic parties
- List of political parties in Germany
- Merkel-Raute, the signature gesture of Angela Merkel which is prominently featured in the CDU's campaign for the 2013 German federal election[64]
- Party finance in Germany
References
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- ^ Bösch (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Two Crises, Two Consolidations? Christian Democracy in Germany. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–78.
- ^ Lappenküper (2004). Gehler; Kaiser (eds.). Between Concentration Movement and People's Party: The Christian Democratic Union in Germany. Vol. 2. Routledge. pp. 21–32.
- ^ Brady, Kate (21 June 2021). "Merkel's conservatives present election manifesto". Deutsche Welle (DW). Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ "'New direction': How Berlin is getting its first conservative-led government in decades". The Local Germany. 25 April 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ISBN 9781787383524.
- ISBN 9783031294792.
- ^ Conradt, David P. (2015), "Christian Democratic Union (CDU)", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 16 December 2015
- S2CID 153758674.
- ^ Boswell, Christina; Dough, Dan (2009). Bale, Tim (ed.). Politicizing migration: opportunity or liability for the centre-right in Germany?. Routledge. p. 21.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Hornsteiner, Margret; Saalfeld, Thomas (2014). Parties and the Party System. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80.
- ^ Detterbeck, Klaus (2014). Multi-Level Party Politics in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105.
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- ISBN 978-0-521-76582-4. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Martin Seeleib-Kaiser; Silke Van Dyk; Martin Roggenkamp (2008). Party Politics and Social Welfare: Comparing Christian and Social Democracy in Austria, Germany and the Netherlands. Edward Elgar. p. 10.
- ^ Sven-Uwe Schmitz (2009). Konservatismus. VS Verlag. p. 142.
- ^ "Germany". Europe Elects. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
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Notes
Further reading
- Bösch, Frank (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Two Crises, Two Consolidations? Christian Democracy in Germany. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–78. )
- Cary, Noel D. (1996). The Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer. Harvard University Press.
- Green, Simon; Turner, Ed, eds. (2015). Understanding the Transformation of Germany's CDU. Routledge.
- Kleinmann, Hans-Otto (1993). Geschichte der CDU: 1945–1982. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 3-421-06541-1.
- Lappenküper, Ulrich (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.). Between Concentration Movement and People's Party: The Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Routledge. pp. 21–32. )
- Mitchell, Maria (2012). The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11841-0.
- Wiliarty, Sarah Elise (2010). The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press.