Christianity and transgender people
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Within
Denominations including the Catholic Church, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Southern Baptist Convention have expressed official opposition to gender transition, sometimes citing Biblical references to God creating humans as "male and female."[2] Other denominations, including the Church of England, Church of Sweden, Episcopal Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and Presbyterian Church (USA), have permitted ordained transgender clergy to serve in congregations.
History
Some commentators, both Catholic and those of other denominations maintain that the
Biblical sources
Surgery and other alterations of the body
With respect to transition-related surgery, and other alterations of the physical body, the Old Testament has specific rules about men's genitalia being intact: men with damaged testicles or severed genitals are forbidden from being admitted to religious assemblies.[17]
The
Gender-specific clothing
The
However, Bible scholar Adam Clarke has noted that "it is very probable that armour is here intended"[25] referring to Deuteronomy 22:5.
There is debate about whether Jesus abolished the Torah law about clothing.
Catholic Church
Documents and declarations
The Catechism of the Catholic Church does not have any text explicitly regarding transgender people. However, it does clearly state that gender is exclusively binary and every person should "acknowledge and accept his sexual identity." It strongly implies that birth anatomy and gender expression are equal and further emphasizes binary heterosexual marriage and family roles.[27][28]
The
On 28 September 2002, the
In September 2015, the Dicastery upheld the refusal of Rafael Zornoza, Bishop of Cádiz and Ceuta, to permit an openly transgender man to be a godfather to his nephew at a baptism.[31]
In June 2019, the Congregation for Catholic Education published a document titled Male and Female He Created Them, instructing Catholic schools on topics regarding gender identity.[32] The document rejected the terms transgender and intersex, and criticized the idea that people could choose or change their gender. They labeled it as a "confused concept of freedom" and "momentary desires". It asserted male and female genitalia were designed for procreation. Transgender advocates responded that people may discover a gender different than their external appearance, as determined by "genetics, hormones, and brain chemistry". They criticized the document as not reflecting the life experiences of transgender people and worried it would encourage discrimination and self-harm.[33]
On 31 October 2023, a document from the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, responding to questions from José Negri, Bishop of Santo Amaro, said that transgender people could be baptised, be godparents at a baptism, and be witnesses at weddings, so long as such situations would not cause scandal.[34][35]
Statements by popes
Pope
In December 2012, during his Christmas address to the Roman Curia, Pope Benedict XVI described the view that one can choose their gender identity, as a "profound falsehood."[38]
While repeatedly denouncing gender theory and gender-affirming surgery,[39][40] in several public statements, Pope Francis, head of the Catholic Church since 2013, has emphasised the need to accompany transgender people.[41][42] On 24 January 2015, he met a Spanish civil servant who stopped attending Mass after his sex change led his parish priest and others to reject him.[43] During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Vatican forged close relations with a group of trans women in Torvaianica, many of whom were from Latin America and working as prostitutes.[44] In August 2020, Francis sent his prayers to Mónica Astorga Cremona, an Argentine Carmelite nun, and the transgender women for which she opened a building complex in Neuquén.[45] Writing in the Toronto Star, columnist Michael Coren described Francis' support as "monumental" and "far more significant than it may seem because the Roman Catholic Church has often been loud and active in opposing the very notion of the trans reality".[46]
In Pope Francis: This Economy Kills (2015), a book edited by Andrea Tornielli and Giacomo Galeazzi [it] reporting extensive interviews with Francis,[47] Francis compared "genetic manipulation" and gender theory to nuclear weapons, calling them "a new sin, that against God the Creator" that "does not recognise the order of creation", whose design "is written in nature".[39] At a meeting of young people in Naples on 21 March 2015, Francis called gender theory "the mistake of the human mind ... creating so much confusion".[48] At a general audience the following month, he said:[49]
I ask myself, if the so-called gender theory is not, at the same time, an expression of frustration and resignation, which seeks to cancel out sexual difference because it no longer knows how to confront it. Yes, we risk taking a step backwards. The removal of difference in fact creates a problem, not a solution. In order to resolve the problems in their relationships, men and women need to speak to one another more, listen to each other more, get to know one another better, love one another more.
— Pope Francis, General audience, 15 April 2015
In an address to Polish bishops in Kraków Cathedral on 27 July 2016, later published by the Vatican, Francis denounced the "ideological colonisation" of children being taught about gender-affirming surgery.[50] During his 2016 pastoral visit to Georgia and Azerbaijan, Francis told a conference of priests and nuns that teaching gender theory in schools was part of a "global war" against marriage.[51] In the press conference aboard the papal flight home on 2 October 2016, he called gender theory "against the realities of nature", warning that schools teaching gender theory "to change people's way of thinking [is] 'ideological colonisation'".[41][51]
At an audience with the Pontifical Academy for Life on 5 October 2017, Francis condemned "the biological and psychical manipulation of sexual difference, which biomedical technology allows us to perceive as completely available to free choice – which it is not!"[40] Francis' comments were criticised by Catholic LGBT organisations, including New Ways Ministry and DignityUSA.[52]
Statements by bishops
In January 2020, Bishop Paprocki of the Diocese of Springfield released a pastoral guide regarding gender identity. Paprocki's guide stated that "a person cannot change his or her gender" and that sex-reassignment surgery is "a type of mutilation and intrinsically evil." He also refers to transgender surgeries for children as "child abuse and genital mutilation" and emphasized that "it is imperative to be clear on the reality of human biology as a gift from God that we cannot change."[53][54][55]
In August 2021, Bishop Burbidge of the Diocese of Arlington released a pastoral letter titled A Catechesis on the Human Person and Gender Ideology. Burbidge's letter calls upon Catholics to show love to transgender people, reminding them of their value and listening to their struggle, while also avoiding showing any "misguided charity and false compassion." He urges Catholics to reject the use of "gender-affirming' terms or pronouns", as it would "be inconsistent" with Church teachings on sex.[56][57]
Old Catholic Church
The Old Catholic Church has been affirming and welcoming to transgender members. Old Catholic and Independent Catholic churches have been accepting of the LGBT community in general.[58] In 2014, one of the first transgender priests was ordained in the Old Catholic Church.[59]
Protestantism
Anglican
In 2000, the Church of England, an Anglican church, permitted transgender priests to continue serving as pastors.[60]In 2005 Sarah Jones became the first openly transgender person ordained by the Church of England as a priest.[61][62][63] Carol Stone was the first transgender priest, having been ordained in 1978 and transitioning in 2000, then continuing her ministry within the church as a woman.[64] In 2006, the Church of Sweden, the national Lutheran church, voted to ordain transgender priests.[65] [66] In 2009, a spokesperson for the Church in Wales, an Anglican church, announced that the church affirms transgender people.[67] In 2014, the Calvary Baptist Church in DC ordained the first known and openly transgender minister within a Baptist church.[68] Calvary Baptist is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA, Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, and Alliance of Baptists.[69]
In 2014, the Anglican church appointed an openly transgender, and lesbian, vicar as a minor canon in Manchester Cathedral.[70] In 2015, the Church of England introduced a proposal to offer naming ceremonies for transgender members.[71] The Diocese of Blackburn in the Church of England has already been using the naming rite.[72] The Secretary General of the Archbishop's Council of the Church of England William "Nye said the Church already had services for people who had been through a 'significant personal transition of one kind or another' which could be used to mark gender change."[73] Couples, where one partner is transgender and recognized as having legally transitioned, may marry in Church of England parishes. "Thus clergy in the Church of England...will not be able to prohibit the use of their church buildings for such marriages."[74] In 2017, the General Synod of the Church of England passed a motion stating, "That this Synod, recognizing the need for transgender people to be welcomed and affirmed in their parish church, call on the House of Bishops to consider whether some nationally commended liturgical materials might be prepared to mark a person's gender transition."[75][76]
In Africa, the Anglican Church of Southern Africa affirmed that transgender people could be "full members".[77]
The
Evangelical
The Southern Baptist Convention has also frequently voiced opposition to the idea of gender transition, and to gender-related alteration of one's body, including surgery and use of hormone therapy.
In 2014, the Southern Baptist Convention approved a resolution at its annual meeting stating that "God's design was the creation of two distinct and complementary sexes, male and female" and that "gender identity is determined by biological sex, not by one's self-perception."[81] Furthermore, the resolution opposes hormone therapy, transition-related procedures, and anything else that would "alter one's bodily identity". The resolution further opposes government efforts to "validate transgender identity as morally praiseworthy".[81] Instead, the resolution asks transgender people to "trust in Christ and to experience renewal in the Gospel".[81]
In 2017, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the largest church within Adventism, issued a statement entitled, "Statement on Transgenderism", that said "our gender identity, as designed by God, is determined by our biological sex at birth" and that "the desire to change or live as a person of another gender may result in biblically inappropriate lifestyle choices."[82]
In 2017, the
Mainline
Within mainline and liberal Protestantism, several denominations including regional bodies within denominations have grown increasingly accepting and supportive of transgender members and rights. Usually, support for the full inclusion of transgender people, including in ordained ministry, has been accompanied by support for the broader LGBT community.[citation needed] The United Church of Christ General Synod called for full inclusion of transgender persons in 2003.[89]
In 2008, the
Transgender people have also gained acceptance in some churches in Africa and Asia. In 2012, the Church of South India opened up the possibility of ordaining transgender priests.[94]
Unitarianism
The Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA), a mainline and historically Christian Non-Trinitarian denomination,[95] has been supportive of transgender people. Although they are no longer exclusively Christian, they officially welcome transgender members and ministers.[96] In 2017, the Unitarian Universalist Association's General Assembly voted to create inclusive wordings for non-binary, genderqueer, gender fluid, agender, intersex, two-spirit, and polygender people. The church has replaced the words "men and women" with the word "people". Of the six sources of the living tradition, the second source of faith, as documented in the bylaws of the denomination, now includes "Words and deeds of prophetic people which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love".[97]
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that transgender people should live as the gender they were assigned at birth and view gender-affirming surgery as mutilation.[98]
Philippine Independent Church
Officially known as the
Denominations that allow transgender clergy
- Alliance of Baptists[102]
- American Baptist Churches USA[103]
- Anglican Church of Australia[104][105]
- Anglican Church of Canada
- Anglican Church of Southern Africa[106]
- Baptist World Alliance
- Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)[107]
- Church in Wales[108]
- Church of Denmark[109]
- Church of England[110][111]
- Church of Norway
- Church of South India[112]
- Church of Sweden[113]
- Cooperative Baptist Fellowship[103]
- Episcopal Church[114]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in America[115]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
- Evangelical Church in Germany[116]
- Evangelical Church of India
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland[117]
- Mar Thoma Syrian Church[118]
- Methodist Church of Great Britain[119]
- Methodist Church of New Zealand[120]
- Old Catholic Church[59]
- Presbyterian Church (USA)[65]
- Unitarian and Free Christian Churches
- Unitarian Universalist Association
- Uniting Church in Australia
- United Church of Canada
- United Church of Christ[65]
- United Methodist Church[121][122]
- Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa (Southern Synod)[123]
- Scottish Episcopal Church
See also
- Michael Banner – English theologian (b. 1961)
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Further reading
- Rogers, Zachary (28 November 2022). "Cambridge dean defends sermon that claimed Jesus had 'trans body'". The National Desk. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
- Thompson, Cath (2016). "Methods". The Magickal Language of the Book of the Law: An English Qaballa Primer. Hadean Press Limited. ISBN 978-1-907881-68-8.
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