Religion in Portugal
Portugal is a secular state and its constitution guarantees freedom of religion.
Overview
According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the population of Portugal is Catholic, though in 2001 only about 19% attended
Portugal is one of the most religious countries in Europe, most Portuguese believe with certainty in the existence of God and religion is important in their lives.[4][5] According to the Pew Research Center Portugal is the 9th most religious country out of 34 European countries, 40% of Portuguese Catholics pray daily,[6] and 36% say religion is very important in their lives.[7]
Although Church and State are formally separated since 1911, the Roman Catholic precepts continue to have a significant bearing in Portuguese society and culture. The educational and health care systems were for a long time the Church's preserve, and in many cases, whenever a building, bridge, or highway was opened, it received a blessing from the clergy. The Catholic Church in Portugal is also afforded certain rights and privileges in the country's law.[8]
Demographics
According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the population aged 15 and older is Catholic, a figure very similar to that recorded in the 2011 Census, when 81.0% selected Catholicism as their religion. About 5% adhere to other forms of Christianity, with 2.1% being Protestant, 0.7% Jehovah's Witnesses, 0.7% Orthodox, and 1% members of other Christian churches. Just over 1% indicated belonging to non-Christian religions, with 0.4% being Muslim, 0.2% Hindu, 0.2% Buddhist and 0.3% members of other religions. 14% indicated not having any religion.[9]
Religion | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|
Christianity | 7,444,786 | 84.77% |
- Catholicism | 7,043,016 | 80.20% |
- Protestantism | 186,832 | 2.13% |
- Jehovah's Witnesses | 63,609 | 0.72% |
- Orthodoxy | 60,381 | 0.69% |
- Other Christian | 90,948 | 1.04% |
Non-Christian religions | 99,984 | 1.14% |
- Islam | 36,480 | 0.42% |
- Hinduism | 19,471 | 0.22% |
- Buddhism | 16,757 | 0.19% |
- Judaism | 2,910 | 0.03% |
- Other non-Christian | 24,366 | 0.28% |
No religion | 1,237,130 | 14.09% |
Note: Question asked to the population aged 15 and older |
Census data show some regional differences. Catholicism is strongest in the Azores (91.6%), Madeira (90.9%) and the North region (88.1%). On the other hand, the Algarve (65.9%) and the Lisbon region (67.5%) have the lowest percentages. It is also in the regions of Lisbon and the Algarve that the highest proportions of members of other Christian churches, of other religions and of people without religious affiliation are found. Members of other Christian religions make up more than 10% of the Algarve's population. In the Lisbon metropolitan area and in the Algarve, more than 2% of the population follow non-Christian religions and the percentage of the non-religious population varies between around 6% in the Azores and Madeira and 23.1% in Lisbon.[9]
Region / Subregion | Total | Christianity | - Catholicism | - Other Christian | Non-Christian religions | No religion | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | ||
North | 3,080,860 | 2,800,199 | 90.9% | 2,713,422 | 88.1% | 86,777 | 2.8% | 13,901 | 0.5% | 266,760 | 8.7% |
- Alto Minho | 200,719 | 186,700 | 93.0% | 182,778 | 91.1% | 3,922 | 2.0% | 843 | 0.4% | 13,176 | 6.6% |
- Cávado | 354,448 | 326,382 | 92.1% | 316,353 | 89.3% | 10,029 | 2.8% | 1,407 | 0.4% | 26,659 | 7.5% |
- Ave | 359,786 | 337,864 | 93.9% | 331,712 | 92.2% | 6,152 | 1.7% | 1,065 | 0.3% | 20,857 | 5.8% |
- Porto Metropolitan Area | 1,482,881 | 1,298,978 | 87.6% | 1,242,176 | 83.8% | 56,802 | 3.8% | 9,051 | 0.6% | 174,852 | 11.8% |
- Alto Tâmega | 75,014 | 71,298 | 95.0% | 70,322 | 93.7% | 976 | 1.3% | 176 | 0.2% | 3,540 | 4.7% |
- Tâmega e Sousa | 351,334 | 336,254 | 95.7% | 331,688 | 94.4% | 4,566 | 1.3% | 665 | 0.2% | 14,415 | 4.1% |
- Douro | 161,898 | 153,218 | 94.6% | 150,764 | 93.1% | 2,454 | 1.5% | 405 | 0.3% | 8,275 | 5.1% |
-Terras de Trás-os-Montes | 94,780 | 89,505 | 94.4% | 87,629 | 92.5% | 1,876 | 2.0% | 289 | 0.3% | 4,986 | 5.3% |
Central | 1,913,725 | 1,701,383 | 88.9% | 1,629,396 | 85.1% | 71,987 | 3.8% | 11,839 | 0.6% | 200,503 | 10.5% |
- Oeste | 309,434 | 260,346 | 84.1% | 243,082 | 78.6% | 17,264 | 5.6% | 3,190 | 1.0% | 45,898 | 14.8% |
- Região de Aveiro | 312,848 | 280,256 | 89.6% | 266,890 | 85.3% | 13,366 | 4.3% | 1,661 | 0.5% | 30,931 | 9.9% |
- Região de Coimbra | 376,608 | 329,606 | 87.5% | 316,240 | 84.0% | 13,366 | 3.5% | 2,195 | 0.6% | 44,807 | 11.9% |
- Região de Leiria | 244,620 | 217,214 | 88.8% | 206,914 | 84.6% | 10,300 | 4.2% | 1,774 | 0.7% | 25,632 | 10.5% |
- Viseu Dão Lafões | 217,504 | 202,062 | 92.9% | 196,121 | 90.2% | 5,941 | 2.7% | 754 | 0.3% | 14,688 | 6.8% |
- Beira Baixa | 70,760 | 63,935 | 90.4% | 62,030 | 87.7% | 1,905 | 2.7% | 474 | 0.7% | 6,351 | 9.0% |
- Médio Tejo | 196,410 | 175,806 | 89.5% | 169,509 | 86.3% | 6,297 | 3.2% | 1,008 | 0.5% | 19,596 | 10.0% |
- Beiras e Serra da Estrela | 185,541 | 172,158 | 92.8% | 168,610 | 90.9% | 3,548 | 1.9% | 783 | 0.4% | 12,600 | 6.8% |
Lisbon Metropolitan Area | 2,390,959 | 1,782,739 | 74.6% | 1,614,932 | 67.5% | 167,807 | 7.0% | 56,059 | 2.3% | 552,161 | 23.1% |
Alentejo | 595,238 | 479,001 | 80.5% | 453,268 | 76.1% | 25,733 | 4.3% | 8,872 | 1.5% | 107,365 | 18.0% |
- Alentejo Litoral | 80,845 | 53,887 | 66.7% | 50,200 | 62.1% | 3,687 | 4.6% | 4,566 | 5.6% | 22,392 | 27.7% |
- Baixo Alentejo | 94,460 | 72,811 | 77.1% | 69,003 | 73.0% | 3,808 | 4.0% | 900 | 1.0% | 20,749 | 22.0% |
- Lezíria do Tejo | 199,892 | 166,491 | 83.3% | 154,743 | 77.4% | 11,748 | 5.9% | 2,339 | 1.2% | 31,062 | 15.5% |
- Alto Alentejo | 90,105 | 79,351 | 88.1% | 76,731 | 85.2% | 2,620 | 2.9% | 321 | 0.4% | 10,433 | 11.6% |
- Alentejo Central | 129,936 | 106,461 | 81.9% | 102,591 | 79.0% | 3,870 | 3.0% | 746 | 0.6% | 22,729 | 17.5% |
Algarve | 390,103 | 297,366 | 76.2% | 257,046 | 65.9% | 40,320 | 10.3% | 7,951 | 2.0% | 84,786 | 21.7% |
Azores | 195,788 | 183,186 | 93.6% | 179,395 | 91.6% | 3,791 | 1.9% | 521 | 0.3% | 12,081 | 6.2% |
Madeira | 215,227 | 200,912 | 93.3% | 195,557 | 90.9% | 5,355 | 2.5% | 841 | 0.4% | 13,474 | 6.3% |
Note: Question asked to the population aged 15 and older |
In 124 of the 308 municipalities, over 90% of the population indicated being Catholic in the 2021 Census. The municipalities with the highest percentages are Mesão Frio (97.0%), Ribeira de Pena (96.5%), Resende (96.4%) and Baião (96.3%) in the North region, and Vila Franca do Campo (96.3%) in the Azores. The least Catholic municipalities are located in the Algarve and on the Alentejo coast with Lagos (55.2%), Vila do Bispo (56.1%), Sines (56.2%), Aljezur (56.3%) and Odemira (56.7%) with the lowest percentages . The municipalities with the highest proportions of members of other Christian denominations are Lagos (14.3%), Albufeira (13.2%), Portimão (12.7%), Loulé (11.3%) and São Brás de Alportel (11.0%), all in the Algarve. The municipalities with the highest proportion of followers of non-Christian religions are Odemira (16.5%), Albufeira (4.1%), Lisbon (3.9%), Odivelas (3.4%) and Amadora (3.2%), in the Alentejo, Algarve and Lisbon regions. With regard to the non-religious population, the highest percentages are registered in parts of the Alentejo and the Algarve with Sines (35.5%), Vila do Bispo (33.7%), Grândola (31.7%), Aljezur (31.5%) and Aljustrel (31.4%) recording the highest percentages. In 15 municipalities more than a quarter of the population is not religious. On the other hand, in 74 municipalities this percentage is less than 5%.[9]
There is a very considerable difference in terms of religious composition between the inhabitants with Portuguese nationality and the foreign population residing in the country, which makes up 5.2% of the total population. 82.6% of residents of Portuguese nationality are Catholic, while only 36.4% of foreigners identify with the Catholic Church. Just over 3% of Portuguese nationals belong to other Christian denominations, a percentage that approaches 30% among foreign residents. Only 0.6% of residents of Portuguese nationality reported belonging to non-Christian religions, with this percentage being 12.3% among foreigners. As for the population without religious affiliation, the percentage is 13.7% among residents born in Portugal and 21.5% among residents born abroad.[10]
Statistics Portugal made available, in November 2023, an anonymized microdata file for public use with a sample of 5% of the responses to the 2021 Census. The question on religion had a very high response rate, of 97.5%.These data show that the percentage of Catholics is higher among women (83.1%) than men (76.8%). On the other hand, the percentage of unaffiliated it is higher among men (17.8%) than women (10.9%). There are no relevant differences between genders regarding the affiliation to other Christian denominations and to non-Christian religions.[11]
Religion | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
Catholicism | 76.8% | 83.1% |
Other Christian | 4.0% | 5.1% |
Non-Christian religions | 1.4% | 0.9% |
No religion | 17.8% | 10.9% |
The same microdata file shows that older generations are more religious. The percentage of Catholics varies between 66.9% among the population aged 25-34 and 91.7% among those over 75 years old. It is among younger people that the highest percentages of members of other Christian churches and other religions are found.[11]
Religion | 15-24 | 25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | 65-74 | 75+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catholicism | 70.9% | 66.9% | 74.4% | 81.0% | 85.4% | 88.3% | 91.7% |
Other Christian | 5.2% | 6.2% | 6.2% | 4.9% | 3.9% | 3.2% | 2.6% |
Non-Christian religions | 1.3% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
No religion | 22.5% | 24.1% | 17.5% | 13.2% | 10.2% | 8.0% | 5.5% |
The sample of responses to the Census shows that it is among the population with basic levels of education (1st, 2nd and 3rd cycles of education) that the highest percentage of Catholics is found (86.6%). On the other hand, the lowest percentage of members of the Catholic Church is found among residents with post-secondary education (68.2%). It is at this level of education that the highest percentage of adherents of other Christian churches is found (8.6%). Regarding the unaffiliated, the biggest percentage is found among the population with higher levels of education (23.0%).[11]
Religion | No formal education | Basic education | Upper secondary | Post secondary | Higher education |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catholicism | 83.5% | 86.6% | 73.5% | 68.2% | 71.6% |
Other Christian | 5.9% | 3.7% | 6.4% | 8.6% | 4.1% |
Non-Christian religions | 2.3% | 0.7% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.3% |
No religion | 8.3% | 9.0% | 18.4% | 21.9% | 23.0% |
Catholicism is strongest in the rural areas of the country, where 87.0% of residents claimed to belong to this denomination. In urban areas, the percentage of Catholics is 75.9%. In the urban areas there are higher percentages of members of other Christian denominations, of other religions and non-religious people.[11]
Religion | Rural areas | Urban areas |
---|---|---|
Catholicism | 87.0% | 75.9% |
Other Christian | 2.9% | 5.6% |
Non-Christian religions | 0.6% | 1.5% |
No religion | 9.5% | 16.9% |
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2012) |
As in most provinces of the
Jewish populations have existed in the area, going back to the Roman era or even before that, and are directly related to
The
in the fifth century.Early Visigoths followed the
Braga had an important role in the Christianization of the whole Iberian Peninsula. The first known bishop of Braga, Paternus, lived during the end of the fourth century, although
Christianity saw its importance diminish in southern Portugal during
Under
Although relations between the Portuguese State and the Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable, their relative power fluctuated. In the
Until the 15th century, some Jews occupied prominent places in Portuguese political and economical life. For example,
In the 18th century, anti-Church sentiment became strong. The
Estado Novo
Under the
Salazar's state claimed to base itself on the principles of traditional Roman Catholicism, with an emphasis on order, discipline, and authority. Class relations were supposedly based on harmony rather than the
In 1940, a Concordat governing Church–State relations was signed between Portugal and the Vatican. The Church was to be "separate" from the State but to enjoy a special position. The Concordat of 1940 reversed many of the anticlerical policies adopted during the First Republic, and the Catholic Church was given exclusive control over religious instruction in the public schools. Only Catholic clergy could serve as chaplains in the armed forces. Divorce, which had been legalized by the republic, was made illegal for those married in a Church service, but remained legal with respect to civil marriage. The Church was given formal "juridical personality," enabling it to incorporate and hold property. [citation needed]
Under Salazar, critics believe that Church and State in Portugal maintained a comfortable and mutually reinforcing relationship. While assisting the Church in many ways, however, Salazar insisted that it stay out of politics — unless it praised his regime. Dissent and criticism were forbidden; those clergy who stepped out of line — an occasional parish priest and once the
Changes after the Revolution of 1974
In the
In addition to constitutional changes, Portugal became a more secular society. The practice of religion has since declined. The number of men becoming priests fell, as did charitable offerings and attendance at Mass. By the early 1990s, most Portuguese still considered themselves Roman Catholic in a vaguely cultural and religious sense, but only about one-third of them attended Mass regularly. Indifference to religion was most likely among men and young people. Regular churchgoers were most often women and young children.[citation needed]
The Church no longer had its former social influence. During the 19th century and on into the Salazar regime, the Church was one of the most powerful institutions in the country — along with the Army and the social and economic elite. In fact, military, economic, governmental, and religious influences in Portugal were closely intertwined and interrelated, often literally so. Traditionally, the first son of elite families inherited land, the second went into the army, and the third became a bishop. By the early 1990s, however, the Roman Catholic Church no longer enjoyed this pre-eminence but had fallen to seventh or eighth place in power among Portuguese interest groups. [citation needed]
By the 1980s, the Church seldom tried to influence how Portuguese voted, knowing such attempts would probably backfire. During the height of the revolutionary turmoil in the mid-1970s, the Church urged its communicants to vote for centrist and conservative candidates and to repudiate communists, especially in northern Portugal, but after that the Church refrained from such an overt political role. [citation needed]
The Church was not able to prevent the enactment of the constitution of 1976, which separated Church and State, nor could it block legislation liberalizing divorce or abortion, issues it regarded as moral and within the realm of its responsibility.
Religious practices
The practice of religion in Portugal has shown striking regional differences. Even in the early 1990s, 60 to 70 percent of the population in the traditionally Catholic North regularly attended religious services, compared with 10 to 15 percent in the historically anti-clerical
The traditional importance of Catholicism in the lives of the Portuguese is evident in the physical organization of almost every village in Portugal. The village churches are usually in prominent locations, either on the main square or on a hilltop overlooking the village. Many of the churches and chapels were built in the 16th century at the height of Portugal's colonial expansion, and were often decorated with wood and gold leaf from the conquests. In recent decades, however, they were often in disrepair, for there were not enough priests to tend them. Many were used only rarely to honor the patron saints of the villages. [citation needed]
Much of the country's religious life has traditionally taken place outside the formal structure and official domain of the Roman Catholic Church. This is especially true in rural areas where the celebration of saints' days and religious festivals is popular. The most famous religious event in Portugal has been the claimed apparition of the
Women tended to practice their religion more than men did, as evidenced by
Other aspects of Portuguese folk religion were not approved by the official Church, including
As people became better educated and moved to the city, they lost some of these folk beliefs. But in the city and among educated persons alike, superstition could still be found, even in the early 1990s. Sorcerers, palm readers, and readers of cards had shops, particularly in poorer neighborhoods, but not exclusively so. In short, a strong undercurrent of superstition still remained in Portugal. The formal Church disapproved of superstitious practices but was powerless to do much about them. [citation needed]
In contrast to that of Spain, Roman Catholicism in Portugal was softer and less intense. The widespread use of folk practices and the humanization of religion made for a loving though remote God, in contrast to the harshness of the Spanish vision. In Portugal, unlike Spain, God and his saints were imagined as forgiving and serene. In Spain, the expressions depicted on the faces of saints and martyrs were painful and anguished; in Portugal they were complacent, calm, and pleasant.[14]
Other Christians
Protestantism
For most of Portugal's history, few non–Roman Catholics lived in the country; those who did could not practice their religion freely. They had been kept out of the country for three centuries by the Inquisition. However, the
The oldest Portuguese-speaking Protestant denomination is the Igreja Evangélica Presbiteriana de Portugal (Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Portugal), tracing its origins back to the work of a Scottish missionary on Madeira in the early 19th century.[15][16]
By the early 1990s, only some 50,000 to 60,000
These restrictions were lifted after the Revolution of 1974. The constitution of 1976 guarantees all religions the right to practice their faith. Non–Roman Catholic groups came to be recognized as legal entities with the right to assemble. Portuguese who were both not Roman Catholics and were conscientious objectors had the right to apply for alternative military service. The Roman Catholic Church, however, still sought to place barriers in the way of missionary activities.[citation needed]
Eastern Orthodoxy
The Eastern Orthodox Church is present in small numbers in Portugal, mostly through diaspora from Eastern European countries with a native Eastern Orthodox population. Some are organised through local jurisdictions of their mother churches, most often headed from Spain or other neighbouring countries. These include:
- The Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Spain and Portugal , part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and based in Madrid. It was established in 2003 from part of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of France.
- The Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe, based in Paris, has one missionary parish in Portugal.[17]
- The Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of Western and Southern Europe, based in Paris, has an auxiliary bishop in Spain and Portugal.
- The Eparchy of Central and Western Europe of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (with seat in Berlin), has one parish in Portugal.
- The Michael (Donskoff), also has one parish in Portugal.
- The Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe, based in Paris.
There is also a non-canonical jurisdiction, the
Other religions
Baháʼí Faith
The first visitor of the
Sikhism
Many Sikhs started to emigrate to Portugal since the 1990's from Punjab, India for work in the agricultural, tourism and manufacturing sector. Many Sikhs have opened up Indian restaurants around Portugal. The Indian Embassy of Portugal has estimated there to be 35,000 Sikhs. Many of whom are currently unrecognised in the official census data due to lack of residency documentation.[23]
Most Sikhs can be found in Lisbon, Porto and Albufeira where there are Gurdwaras (Sikh Place of Worship).
Hinduism
From the mid-1990s on there was an influx of Hindus of Nepalese origin in Portugal as a result of labour migration originated from that South Asian country. It is also possible to find in the Metropolitan Areas of all the regions several Hare Krishna communities, consisting mainly of non-Portuguese Europeans, Brazilians, US citizens and a few Portuguese. Besides this, there is a Hindu community of approximately 19,471 Hindus actually in Portugal,[9] which largely traces its origins to Indians who emigrated from the former Portuguese colonies of Lusophone Africa, particularly from Mozambique, and from the former colony of Goa and other possessions in Portuguese India. [9]
Hindus in Portugal are, according to the Indian Embassy in Lisbon, mainly Gujaratis (Gujarati is taught at the Hindu Community Cultural Centre in Lisbon), Punjabis and Goans. The majority of the Hindus live in the Lisbon and Porto Metropolitan areas.
Judaism
The
Islam
Portugal's
In 2015, Lisbon was chosen to be the global seat of the
Buddhism
There is also a small population of between 50,000 and 80,000
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
There is a small population of Latter Day saints living in Portugal. The Church reports 45,576 members and 67 congregations.[29] The Church also completed and dedicated its first temple in Portugal in 2019.
Irreligion
There are between 420,960 and 947,160 (4 to 9% of total population)
According to the 2021 Census, there were 1,237,130 (14.09%) people who specifically stated they were without religion.
Freedom of religion
In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.[32]
See also
- Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
- Cult of the Holy Spirit
- Dissolution of the monasteries in Portugal
- Fifth Empire
- History of Roman Catholicism in Portugal
- Sebastianism
- Hinduism in Portugal
- Protestantism in Portugal
References
- ^ "Census - Final results: Portugal - 2021". Statistics Portugal. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20020711232529/http://www.ecclesia.pt/rpd/totais.htm also possibly a decrease since then https://www.dn.pt/portugal/norte/interior/missas-dominicais-perderam-23-mil-fieis-desde-2001-2376179.html
- ^ "Portugal está mais secularizado do que a Espanha". Diário Ateísta. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
- ^ Portugueses são mais cristãos e vão mais à igreja do que o resto da Europa ocidental
- ^ Portugal é dos países onde mais pessoas garantem que Deus existe
- ^ Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded Pew Research Center.
- ^ How do European countries differ in religious commitment? Use our interactive map to find out. Pew Research.
- ^ "Concordat (2004) : Text | Concordat Watch - Portugal".
- ^ a b c d e f g Statistics Portugal. "Resident population with 15 and more years old (No.) by Place of residence (at the Census 2021 moment) and Religion". tabulador.ine.pt. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
- ^ Statistics Portugal (2022-12-19). "Publication "Census - What the Census tell us about the population of foreign nationals residing in Portugal"". Statistics Portugal. Retrieved 2022-12-19.
- ^ a b c d "Instituto Nacional de Estatística – Portugal (Statistics Portugal) - Census 2021 (5% sample on individuals and dwellings)". Public use data files.
- ^ Santi Beati
- ^ Leonard Foley, SAINT OF THE DAY (Cincinnati: St. Anthony Press, 2003) 47,8.
- ^ "Portugal - Religious Practices".
- ^ http://www.igreja-presbiteriana.org IEPP website
- ^ World Council of Churches' website
- ^ "Espagne et Portugal". dioceseserbe.org. Diocèse d’Europe occidentale de l'Église orthodoxe serbe. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
- ^ "Русская Церковь создала новые структуры за рубежом – что это значит". www.pravmir.ru (in Russian). 31 December 2018. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
- ^ a b Moreira, Rute (2001-01-13). "Comunidade Baháʼí em Portugal". Correio da Manhã. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- ISBN 978-1-890688-11-0.
- ^ Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. "The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". p. 109.
- ^ "QuickLists: Most Baha'i Nations (2010)". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ "Portugal Fact Sheet". Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal).
Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available.
- ^ "Muslim Population By Country 2020". World Population Review.
- ISBN 0-275-97608-4. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ "Historic agreement establishes Global Seat of Ismaili Imamat in Portugal". The Ismaili News. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
- ^ "Sumedhārāma Buddhist Monastery". 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
- ^ "Bacalhôa Buddha Eden". bacalhoa.pt. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ "Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership".
- ^ Zuckerman (2005). "The Largest Atheist / Agnostic Populations". www.adherents.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 1999. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "7 HIV-AIDS Virtual Congress". www.aidscongress.net. 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
- ^ Freedom House website, Portugal page, retrieved 2023-08-08
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.