Religion in Scotland
As of the
The
Other religions have established a presence in Scotland, mainly through
Census statistics
The statistics from the
Current religion | 2001[8] | 2011[7][9] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |
Christianity | 3,294,545 | 65.1 | 2,850,199 | 53.8 |
–Church of Scotland | 2,146,251 | 42.4 | 1,717,871 | 32.4 |
–Roman Catholic | 803,732 | 15.9 | 841,053 | 15.9 |
–Other Christian | 344,562 | 6.8 | 291,275 | 5.5 |
Islam | 42,557 | 0.8 | 76,737 | 1.4 |
Hinduism | 5,564 | 0.1 | 16,379 | 0.3 |
Buddhism | 6,830 | 0.1 | 12,795 | 0.2 |
Sikhism | 6,572 | 0.1 | 9,055 | 0.2 |
Judaism | 6,448 | 0.1 | 5,887 | 0.1 |
Other religion | 26,974 | 0.5 | 15,196 | 0.3 |
No religion | 1,394,460 | 27.6 | 1,941,116 | 36.7 |
Religion not stated | 278,061 | 5.5 | 368,039 | 7.0 |
Total population | 5,062,011 | 100.0 | 5,295,403 | 100.0 |
History
Christianity was probably introduced to what is now southern Scotland during the Roman occupation of Britain.
During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominantly
The
From this point there were moves towards reunion, and most of the Free Church rejoined the Church of Scotland in 1929. The schisms left small denominations including the
Christianity
Protestantism
Church of Scotland (Presbyterian)
The British Parliament passed the Church of Scotland Act 1921, recognising the full independence of the church in matters spiritual, and as a result of this and passage of the Church of Scotland (Property and Endowments) Act, 1925, which settled the issue of patronage in the church, the Church of Scotland was able to unite with the
In the second half of the 20th century and afterwards the Church was particularly affected by the general decline in church attendance. Between 1966 and 2006 numbers of communicants in the Church of Scotland dropped from over 1,230,000 to 504,000.[31] Formal membership reduced from 446,000 in 2010 to 398,389 or 7.5% of the total population by year end 2013,[32] dropping to 325,695 by year end 2018 and representing about 6% of the Scottish population.[33] By 2020, membership had fallen further to 297,345 or 5% of the total population.[34] As at December 2021 there were 283,600 members of the Church of Scotland, a fall of 4.6% from 2020. In the ten years period (2011-2021) the number of members has fallen by 34%.[35] As at December 2022, there were 270,300 members of the Church of Scotland, a fall of 4.7% from 2021. In the last ten years, since 2012, the number of members has fallen by 35%.[36]
In 2016, the actual weekly attendance at a Kirk service was estimated to be 136,910.[37]: 16 In the twenty-first century the Church has faced financial issues, with a £5.7 million deficit in 2010. In response the church adopted a "prune to grow" policy, cutting 100 posts and introducing job-shares and unpaid ordained staff.[38] In the 2011 national census, 32% of Scots identified their religion as "Church of Scotland".[39] In 2019, according to the Scottish Household Survey, 20% of Scots self-reported themselves as adherents.[40][41] By 2023, the Church estimated that around 60,000 people worshipped in church on a Sunday, a drop from 88,000 before the Covid pandemic.[42]
Other Presbyterian denominations
After the reunification of the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church, some independent Scottish Presbyterian denominations still remained. These included the Free Church of Scotland (formed of those congregations which refused to unite with the United Presbyterian Church in 1900), the United Free Church of Scotland (formed of congregations which refused to unite with the Church of Scotland in 1929), the Refomed Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland (which broke from the Free Church of Scotland in 1893), the Associated Presbyterian Churches (which emerged as a result of a split in the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland in the 1980s), and the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) (which emerged from a split in the Free Church of Scotland in 2000).[43] In recent years, four congregations of the International Presbyterian Church have also arisen in Scotland, all founded as a result of evangelicals leaving the Church of Scotland over recent issues.[44] In addition, there are two congregations belonging to the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster located in Scotland.[45] Similarly, five former Church of Scotland congregations have partnered together within the 'Didasko Presbytery' (Cornerstone Community Church, Stirling; Edinburgh North Church; Gilcomston Church, Aberdeen; Grace Church, Dundee; and The Tron Church, Glasgow).[46][47][48] [49] Thus, there are 10 Presbyterian denominations represented within Scotland.
At the 2011 census, 3,553 people responded as Other Christian – Presbyterian (i.e. not Church of Scotland), 1,197 as Other Christian – Free Presbyterian, 313 as Other Christian – Evangelical Presbyterian Church, and as few as 12 people as Other Christian – Scottish Presbyterianism. Those identifying with a particular Presbyterian denomination other than the Church of Scotland were:[9]
Denomination | 1994 Sunday church attendance (Scottish Church Census) |
2002 Sunday church attendance (Scottish Church Census) |
2011 People identifying (National census)[9] |
2016 Sunday church attendance (Scottish Church Census)[37]: 18 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Free Church of Scotland | 15,510 | 12,810 | 10,896 | 10,210 |
United Free Church of Scotland | 5,840 | 5,370 | 1,514 | 3,220 |
Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) | Not yet split from FCofS | 1,520 | 830 | |
Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland | 132 | |||
Reformed Presbyterian Church | 57 | |||
Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster | 14 | |||
Presbyterian Church in Ireland | 11 |
Free Church of Scotland
The second largest Presbyterian denomination in Scotland is the Free Church of Scotland with 10,896 people identifying as being of that church at the 2011 census.[9] According to the Free Church, its average weekly attendance at a worship service is around 13,000.[50] According to the 2016 Church Census, Free Church attendance was around 10,000 per week and amounted to 7% of all Presbyterian church attendance in Scotland.[37]: 18 As of 2016 there were 102 Free Church congregations, organised into six presbyteries.[51] A significant proportion of Free Church activity is to be found in the Highlands and Islands.[52]
Scottish Episcopal Church
The Scottish Episcopal Church is the member church of the Anglican Communion in Scotland. It is made up of seven dioceses, each with its own bishop.[53] It dates from the Glorious Revolution in 1689 when the national church was defined as presbyterian instead of episcopal in government. The bishops and those that followed them became the Scottish Episcopal Church.[54]
Scotland's third largest church,[55] the Scottish Episcopal Church has 303 local congregations.[56] In terms of official membership, Episcopalians nowadays constitute well under 1 per cent of the population of Scotland, making them considerably smaller than the Church of Scotland that represents 6% of the Scottish population. The all-age membership of the church in 2018 was 28,647, of whom 19,983 were communicant members. Weekly attendance was 12,430.[57] One year earlier, in 2017, church membership had been 30,909, of whom 22,073 were communicant members.[58] For 2013, the Scottish Episcopal Church reported its numbers as 34,119 members (all ages).[59]
Other Protestant denominations
Other Protestant denominations which entered Scotland, usually from England, before the 20th century included the
Catholicism
During much of the 20th century and beyond, significant numbers of Catholics emigrated to Scotland from Italy,
In February 2013, Cardinal Keith O'Brien resigned as Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh after allegations of sexual misconduct against him.[68] Subsequently, there were several other cases of alleged sexual misconduct involving other priests.[69] O'Brien was replaced as Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh by Leo Cushley.
Orthodoxy
The various branches of Orthodox Christianity (including Russian, Greek, and Coptic) had around 8,900 respondents at the 2011 census.[9]
Non-Trinitarian denominations
Non-Trinitarian denominations such as the Jehovah's Witnesses with 8,543 respondents in the 2011 census and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 4,651[9] are also present in Scotland. However, the LDS Church claims a much higher number of followers with their own 2009 numbers listing 26,536 followers (in 27 wards and 14 branches).[70]
Islam
Islam is the second most followed religion after Christianity in Scotland. The first Muslim student in Scotland was Wazir Beg from Bombay (now Mumbai). He is recorded as being a medical student who studied at the University of Edinburgh between 1858 and 1859.[71] The production of goods and Glasgow's busy port meant that many lascars were employed there. Dundee was at the peak of importing jute; hence, sailors from Bengal were a feature at the port. The 1903 records from the Glasgow Sailors' Home show that nearly a third (5,500) of all boarders were Muslim lascars. Most immigration of Muslims to Scotland is relatively recent. The bulk of Muslims in Scotland come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century, with small numbers of converts.[72] In Scotland Muslims represent 1.4 per cent of the population (76,737). Two important mosques in Scotland are Glasgow Central Mosque and Edinburgh Central Mosque, which took more than six years to complete at a cost of £3.5m[73] and can accommodate over one thousand worshippers in its main hall.[74]
Judaism
Towards the end of the nineteenth century there was an influx of Jews, most from eastern Europe, escaping poverty and persecution. Many were skilled in the tailoring, furniture, and fur trades and congregated in the working class districts of Lowland urban centres, like the
According to the 2001 census, approximately 6,400 Jews lived in Scotland, however by the 2011 census this had fallen to 5,887.[7] Scotland's Jewish population continues to be predominantly urban, with 80 per cent resident in the areas surrounding Glasgow,[77] primarily East Renfrewshire, that area in particular containing 41% of Scotland's Jewish population, despite only containing 1.7% of the overall population. As with Christianity, the practising Jewish population continues to fall, as many younger Jews either become secular or intermarry with other faiths.[citation needed] Scottish Jews have also emigrated in large numbers to the US, England, and the Commonwealth for economic reasons, as with other Scots.[citation needed]
The formally organised Jewish communities in Scotland now include Glasgow Jewish Representative Council, Edinburgh Hebrew congregation and Sukkat Shalom Liberal Community, Aberdeen Synagogue and Jewish Community Centre, and Tayside and Fife Jewish Community. These are all represented by the Scottish Council of Jewish Communities, alongside groups like the Jewish Network of Argyll and the Highlands, Jewish students studying in Scottish universities and colleges, and Jewish people of Israeli origin living in Scotland.
Sikhism
According to the 2001 census, Sikhism represent 0.2% of the Scotland's population (9,055).[78] Maharajah Duleep Singh moved to Scotland in 1854, taking up residence at the Grandtully estate in Perthshire.[79] According to the Scottish Sikh Association, the first Sikhs settled in Glasgow in the early 1920s with the first Gurdwara established on South Portland Street.[80] However, the bulk of Sikhs in Scotland come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century.
Hinduism
According to the 2011 census, Hinduism represents 0.31% of the population of Scotland.[81] The bulk of Scottish Hindus settled there in the second half of the 20th century. At the 2001 Census, 5,600 people identified as Hindu, which equated to 0.1% of the Scottish population.[8] Most Scottish Hindus are of Indian origin, or at least from neighbouring countries such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Many of these came after Idi Amin's expulsion from Uganda in the 1970s, and some also came from South Africa. There are also a few of Indonesian and Afghan origin. In 2006 a temple opened in the West End of Glasgow.[82] However, it was severely damaged by a fire in May 2010.[83] The ISKCON aka "Hare Krishna" also operates out of Lesmahagow in South Lanarkshire. There are also temples in Edinburgh and Dundee with plans announced in 2008 for a temple in Aberdeen.[84]
Buddhism
According to the 2011 census, 0.2% or 12,795 people in Scotland are Buddhist.[78]
Modern Paganism
Bahá'í Faith
Scotland's Baháʼí history began around 1905 when European visitors, Scots among them, met
Irreligion
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
2001 | 1,394,460 | — |
2011 | 1,941,116 | +39.2% |
2022 | — | |
Religious Affiliation was not recorded prior to 2001. |
Ethnicity
The table shows the irreligious populations among ethnic groups and nationalities in Scotland.
Ethnic group | 2011 | |
---|---|---|
Number | % of Ethnic group reported No Religion | |
White | 1,896,346 | 37.30 |
– Scottish | 1,653,997 | 37.20 |
– British | 185,371 | 44.44 |
– Irish | 8,690 | 14.19 |
– Polish | 6,916 | 11.30 |
– Gypsy and Irish Traveller | 1,550 | 36.80 |
– Other White | 39,822 | 39.00 |
Mixed | 8,912 | 44.98 |
Asian | 29,944 | 21.29 |
– Indian |
2,185 | 4.09 |
– Pakistani |
1,248 | 2.53 |
– Bangladeshi |
216 | 5.70 |
– Chinese | 23,121 | 68.60 |
– Other Asian | 3,174 | 15.04 |
African | 2,195 | 7.41 |
Caribbean or Black | 1,986 | 30.37 |
Arab | 718 | 7.67 |
Other Ethnic group | 1,015 | 20.47 |
TOTAL | 1,941,116 | 36.66 |
Religious leaders
- convenes the annual assembly, but does not "lead", the church. Moderators are limited to serving one year in office. The moderator-designate is nominated in October and takes office in the following May. The moderator for 2019-2020 was Colin Sinclair of Palmerston Place Church, Edinburgh. The moderator for 2020-2021 was Martin Fair of St Andrews Parish Church, Arbroath.
- Roman Catholic Church in Scotland: Leo Cushley, Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh (see Bishops' Conference of Scotland, installed 8 September 2013).
- Mark Strange, Diocese of Moray, Ross and Caithness, who has held the role since 27 June 2017.
- Free Church of Scotland: The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland for 2016/17 is the Rev. John Nicholls, a minister at the Smithon Free Church and a former chief executive of the London City Mission.[95]
- Free Church of Scotland (Continuing): The current Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) is the Rev. James I. Gracie who is the minister in Edinburgh.
- Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland: The current Moderator of Synod for the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland is the Rev. D Campbell.
- Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland: The Moderator of the RPCS is the Rev. Gerald Milligan from Stranraer.
Religious issues
Sectarianism
From the 1980s the UK government passed several acts that had a provision concerning sectarian violence. These included the Public Order Act 1986, which introduced offences relating to the incitement of racial hatred, and the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which introduced offences of pursuing a racially aggravated course of conduct that amounts to harassment of a person. The 1998 Act also required courts to take into account where offences are racially motivated, when determining sentence. In the twenty-first century the Scottish Parliament legislated against sectarianism. This included provision for religiously aggravated offences in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003. The Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 strengthened statutory aggravations for racial and religiously motivated crimes. The Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012 criminalised behaviour which is threatening, hateful, or otherwise offensive at a regulated football match including offensive singing or chanting. It also criminalised the communication of threats of serious violence and threats intended to incite religious hatred.[102]
Ecumenism
Relations between Scotland's churches steadily improved during the second half of the twentieth century and there were several initiatives for co-operation, recognition, and union. The Scottish Council of Churches was formed as an ecumenical body in 1924.
The Dunblane consultations, informal meetings at the ecumenical Scottish Church House in Dunblane in 1961–69, attempted to produce modern hymns that retained theological integrity. They resulted in the British "Hymn Explosion" of the 1960s, which produced multiple collections of new hymns.[106] In 1990, the Scottish Churches' Council was dissolved and replaced by Action of Churches Together in Scotland (ACTS), which attempted to bring churches together to set up ecumenical teams in the areas of prisons, hospitals, higher education, and social ministries and inner city projects.[107] At the end of the twentieth century the Scottish Churches Initiative for Union (SCIFU), between the Episcopal Church, the Church of Scotland, the Methodist Church, and the United Reformed Church, put forward an initiative whereby there would have been mutual recognition of all ordinations and that subsequent ordinations would have satisfied episcopal requirements, but this was rejected by the General Assembly in 2003.[105]
Irreligion
Church attendance in all denominations declined after the
In the 2011 census roughly 54% of the population identified with a form of Christianity and 36.7% stated they had no religion,
In 2016 the Scottish Social Attitudes Survey found that 52% of people said they are not religious. The decline was most rapid in the Church of Scotland, from 35% in 1999 to 20%, while the Roman Catholic (15%) and other Christian (11%) affiliations remained steady, In 2017, the Humanist Society Scotland commissioned a survey of Scottish residents 16 years and older, asking the question "Are you religious?" Of the 1,016 respondents, 72.4% responded no, 23.6% said yes, and 4% did not answer.[110]
Church attendance has also declined, with two-thirds of people living in Scotland saying they "never or practically never" attend services, compared with 49% when the survey began.[111] Since 2016, humanists in Scotland have conducted more marriages each year than the Church of Scotland (or any other religious denomination).[6][112]
See also
References
Citations
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- ^ Scotland’s People Annual Report Key findings | 2019 A National Statistics publication for Scotland page 14. Household Characteristics
- ^ Scotland’s People Annual Report: Results from the 2016 Scottish Household Survey Figure 2.5: Religious belonging of adults by year 2009 - 2018 data Scottish Government: National Statistics
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- ^ a b c d "Scotland's Census 2011 – Table KS209SCb" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 26 September 2013..
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Historically Rangers have maintained a staunch Protestant and anti-Catholic tradition which includes a ban on signing Catholic players.
- ^ Laing, Allan (11 July 1989). "Ibrox lands double coup with Johnston". The Glasgow Herald. p. 1. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ Stanco, Sergio (30 August 2017). "Lorenzo Amoruso: Joining Rangers was 'an opportunity I couldn't miss'". Planet Football. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
Amoruso was made captain by Advocaat, becoming the first ever Catholic player to skipper Rangers, a Protestant club
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Sources
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- Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Scotland, the 'Nennian' Recension of the Historia Brittonum and the Libor Bretnach in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297. Four Courts, Dublin, 2000. ISBN 1-85182-516-9
- Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Nechtan son of Derile" in Lynch (2001).
- Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Columba, Adomnán and the Cult of Saints in Scotland" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
- Cross, F.L. and Livingstone, E.A. (eds), Scotland, Christianity in in "The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church", pp. 1471–1473. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997. ISBN 0-19-211655-X
- Foster, Sally M., Picts, Gaels, and Scots: Early Historic Scotland. Batsford, London, 2004. ISBN 0-7134-8874-3
- Hillis, Peter, The Barony of Glasgow, A Window onto Church and People in Nineteenth Century Scotland, Dunedin Academic Press, 2007.
- Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P., "Religious life: early medieval" in Lynch (2001).
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- Pope, Robert (ed.), Religion and National Identity: Wales and Scotland, c.1700–2000 (2001)
- Taylor, Simon, "Seventh-century Iona abbots in Scottish place-names" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
External links
- Church of Scotland
- Congregational Federation
- Roman Catholic Bishops' Conference of Scotland
- Free Church of Scotland
- Scottish Baptist Union
- Scottish Episcopal Church
- Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)
- Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland
- United Free Church of Scotland
- Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Scotland
- Humanist Society of Scotland
- The Scottish Council of Jewish Communities
- The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Scotland
- Jewish Encyclopedia on Scotland
- Scottish Pagan Federation