Christianity in the 10th century

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
See also: Christianity in the 9th century and Christianity in the 11th century
For broader coverage of this topic, see Christianity in the Middle Ages.
The consecration of the third Cluny Abbey by Pope Urban II[1]

By the 10th century, Christianity had spread throughout much of Europe and Asia. The

Church in England was becoming well established, with its scholarly monasteries, and the Roman Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church were continuing their separation, ultimately culminating in the Great Schism
.

Pre-scholastic theology

With the division and decline of the

Ottonian Holy Roman Empire
, which succeeded the Carolingian Empire.)

Monasticism

Monastic reform movement

A view of the Abbey of Cluny

From the 6th century onward most of the monasteries in the West were of the

abbots of Cluny
were statesmen on an international level. The monastery of Cluny itself became the grandest, most prestigious and best endowed monastic institution in Europe. Cluny created a large federated order in which the administrators of subsidiary houses served as deputies of the abbot of Cluny and answered to him. Free of lay and episcopal interference, responsible only to the papacy, the Cluniac spirit was a revitalising influence on the Norman church. The height of Cluniac influence was from the second half of the 10th century through the early 12th.

The Cluniac reform of monasteries that began in 910 placed abbots under the direct control of the pope rather than the secular control of feudal lords, thus eliminating a major source of corruption. This sparked a great monastic renewal.[2] Monasteries, convents and cathedrals still operated virtually all schools and libraries and often functioned as credit establishments promoting economic growth.[3][4]

Monastic contributions to western society included the teaching of metallurgy, the introduction of new crops, the invention of musical notation and the creation and preservation of literature.[5]

First Patriarchate of Bulgarian Church

Following two decisive victories over the Byzantines at

Patriarchate of Constantinople recognised the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and acknowledged its patriarchal dignity.[6][7]

The Bulgarian Patriarchate was the first autocephalous Slavic Orthodox Church, preceding the autocephaly of the

Preslav
.

On April 5, 972, Byzantine Emperor

Comitopuli, and the Byzantine Empire. Patriarch German resided consecutively in the medieval Bulgarian cities of Maglen (Almopia) and Voden (Edessa) (both in present-day north-western Greece), and Prespa (in present-day southern North Macedonia). Around 990, the next patriarch, Philip, moved to Ohrid (in present-day south-western North Macedonia
), which became the permanent seat of the Patriarchate.

Spread of Christianity

Poland

Christianization of Poland. A.D. 966., by Jan Matejko, 1888–89 (Royal Castle, Warsaw
)
Main article: Christianization of Poland
See also: Pagan reaction in Poland

The "Baptism of Poland" (

Roman Catholicism had become the dominant religion
in Poland.

Hungary

In the Middle Ages, the

Kingdom of Hungary (which was larger than modern day Hungary) was Christianized between 970 and 1038. Initially the Byzantine Christianity had a significant influence on the Hungarians, but the decisive steps towards the adoption of the new faith were taken by Géza, the head of the Hungarian tribal federation (c. 972–997) who supported Western missionaries. The reception of Christianity was enforced by legislation in the reign of Géza's son, Stephen I
(997–1038).

Stephen promulgated Roman Catholicism as the state religion, and his successors were traditionally known as the

Archbishop of Esztergom was granted extraordinary temporal privileges as prince-primate
(hercegprímás) of Hungary.

Kievan Rus'

Viktor Vasnetsov
Main article: Christianization of Kievan Rus'

The success of the conversion of the Bulgarians facilitated the conversion of other East

Rus', predecessors of Belarusians, Russians, and Ukrainians
.

After the

Slavic peoples and introduce to them Bulgarian books and Church literature in Bulgarian, most notably the Rus' (Ruthenians), predecessors of Belarusians, Russians, and Ukrainians/Rusyns
. By the beginning of the 11th century most of the pagan Slavic world, including Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria and Serbia, had been converted to Christianity.

Between the 8th and the 13th century the area was settled by the

Chersonesos. He was also married to the Byzantine princess Anna Porphyrogeneta, the sister of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II. In 988, the Christian Church in Rus' territorially fell under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
after it was officially adopted as the state religion. The Christianisation of Kievan Rus' firmly allied it with the Byzantine Empire. The Greek learning and book culture was adopted in Kiev and other centres of the country. Churches started to be built on the Byzantine model.

Timeline

10th century Timeline

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France
  2. ^ Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), pp. 88–89
  3. ^ Woods, How the Church Built Western Civilization (2005), p. 40
  4. ^ Le Goff, Medieval Civilization (1964), pp. 80–82
  5. ^ Woods, How the Church Built Western Civilization (2005), pp. 44–48
  6. ISBN 9781434458766
    . Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  7. ISBN 9788884924643
    . Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Adams, Henry. Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, Penguin Classics, 1986, p. 19
  9. ^ Neill, p. 76
  10. ^ Neill, p. 79
  11. ^ Neill, p. 83
  12. ^ Olson, p. 104
  13. ^ Neill, p. 94
  14. ^ "Leif the Lucky". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2016-02-06.

Further reading

External links
The Middle Ages
Preceded by:
Christianity in
the 9th century 		10th
century 		Followed by:
Christianity in
the 11th century
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