Christianization of Kievan Rus'
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The Christianization of Kievan Rus' was a long and complicated process that took place in several stages.
Antiquity
Although sometimes solely attributed to Vladimir/Volodymyr, the Christianization of Kievan Rus' was a long and complicated process that began before the state's formation.
Ninth century
Some of the earliest Kievan princes and princesses such as
Byzantine historians, starting with the continuation of
According to
Constantine's account precipitated a long-term dispute over whether the 9th-century Christianization of the Rus' went through two stages. One school of thought postulates that there was only one Christianization: wishing to glorify his ancestor, Constantine simply ascribed to Basil the missionary triumphs of his predecessor, Michael III.[15]
On the other hand,
The date and rationale for the Christianization are also shrouded in controversy.
Tenth century
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Whatever the scope of Photius's efforts to Christianize the Rus', their effect was not lasting. Although they fail to mention the mission of Photius, the authors of the
Either in 945 or 957, the ruling regent,
Although it is usually presumed that Olga was baptized in Constantinople rather than Kiev, there is no explicit mention of the sacrament, so neither version is excluded. Olga is also known to have requested a bishop and priests from Rome.
Sviatoslav's successor,
Conversion of Vladimir
The Conversion of Volodimer[22] is a narrative recorded in several different versions in medieval sources about how Vladimir the Great converted from Slavic paganism to Byzantine Christianity in the 980s.
In traditional historiography, it is known as the Baptism of Volodimer,
Baptism of Kiev
Returning to Kiev in triumph, Vladimir exhorted the residents of his capital to the Dnieper river for baptism. This mass baptism became the iconic inaugural event in the Christianization of the state of Kievan Rus', and is sometimes called the Baptism of Rus'.[citation needed]
At first, Vladimir baptized his twelve sons and many
Then Vladimir sent a message to all residents of Kiev, "rich, and poor, and beggars, and slaves", to come to the river on the following day, lest they risk becoming the "prince's enemies". Large numbers of people came; some even brought infants with them. They were sent into the water while priests, who came from Chersonesos for the occasion, prayed.[25]
To commemorate the event, Vladimir built the first stone church of Kievan Rus', called the Church of the Tithes, where his body and the body of his new wife were to repose. Another church was built on top of the hill where pagan statues stood before.[26]
Aftermath
The baptism of Kiev was followed by similar ceremonies in other urban centres of the country. The
Paganism persisted in the country for a long time, surfacing during the Upper Volga Uprising and other occasional pagan protests. The northeastern part of the country, centred on Rostov, was particularly hostile to the new religion. Novgorod itself faced a pagan uprising as late as 1071, in which Bishop Fedor faced a real threat to his person; Prince Gleb Sviatoslavich broke up the crowd by chopping a sorcerer in half with an axe.[28]
The Christianization of Rus firmly allied it with the
In 1988, the faithful of the Eastern Catholic and Orthodox churches which have roots in the baptism of Kiev celebrated a millennium of Eastern Slavic Christianity. The great celebrations in Moscow changed the character of relationship between the Soviet state and the church. For the first time since 1917, numerous churches and monasteries were returned to the Russian Orthodox Church.[citation needed] In Ukrainian communities around the world, members of various Ukrainian churches also celebrated the Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine.[citation needed]
In 2008 the National Bank of Ukraine issued into circulation commemorative coins "Christianization of Kievan Rus" within "Rebirth of the Christian Spirituality in Ukraine" series.[30]
In 2022, the traditional date of the holiday was granted the status of state public holiday in Ukraine under the title of Statehood Day.
Gallery
Part of a series on the |
Eastern Orthodox Church |
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Overview |
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Vladimir listening to the Orthodox priests, while the papal envoy stands aside in discontent (Ivan Eggink 1822)
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Saint Andrewin the foreground
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Baptism of Olga of Kiev (Sergey Kirillov 1993)
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TheOrekhovo-Borisovo Cathedralwas built in the 21st century to celebrate the millennium of the Baptism of Rus'
See also
- Chersonesus Cathedral
- Christianization of Poland
- Christianity in the 10th century
- Theodore the Varangian and his son John
- Statehood Day (Ukraine)
Notes
- Church Slavonic: Володимѣръ, romanized: Volodiměrъ; Belarusian: Уладзiмiр, romanized: Uladzimir, Russian: Владимир, romanized: Vladimir, Ukrainian: Володимир, romanized: Volodymyr. See Vladimir (name)for details.
- ^ Not to be confused with the present-day city of Kherson, named after it, and founded in 1778 (since 1803 capital of the Kherson Governorate), in present-day mainland Ukraine.
References
- ^ a b Katchanovski et al. 2013, p. 74–75.
- ^ "The Rusian Primary Chronicle". Swarthmore. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ Dvoichenko-Markov, Demetrius de (1979). "The Russian primary chronicle and the Vlachs of Eastern Europe". Byzantion. 49. philpapers.org: 175–187. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ "The Rusian Primary Chronicle". Swarthmore. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ Dvoichenko-Markov, Demetrius de (1979). "The Russian primary chronicle and the Vlachs of Eastern Europe". Byzantion. 49. philpapers.org: 175–187. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ "Vladimir I and Christianization". libretexts. 27 September 2020. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ "Christianization of Russia". advantour. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ Oleg Rapov, Russkaya tserkov v IX–pervoy treti XII veka (The Russian Church from the 9th to the First 3rd of the 12th Century). Moscow, 1988.
- ^ "ЧАСТЬ ВТОРАЯ, ЦЕРКОВНАЯ - ГЛАВА I. ХРИСТИАНСТВО В БЕЛАРУСИ" (in Russian). belapc. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ a b c d Katchanovski et al. 2013, p. 74.
- ISBN 954-528-289-4
- ^ Photii Patriarchae Constantinopolitani Epistulae et Amphilochia. Ed. B. Laourdas, L.G. Westerinck. T.1. Leipzig, 1983. P. 49.
- ^ Theophanes Continuatus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus. Ed. I. Becker. Bonnae, 1838 (CSHB), p. 196.
- ^ heophanes Continuatus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus. Ed. I. Becker. Bonnae, 1838 (CSHB), pp. 342-343.
- ^ A. Avenarius. Christianity in 9th-century Rus. // Beitruge zur byzantinischen Geschichte im 9.-11. Jahrhundert. Prague: V. Vavrinek, 1978. Pp. 301-315.
- ^ Zuckerman, Constantine. Deux etapes de la formation de l'ancien etat russe, dans Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient. Actes du Colloque International tenu au College de France en octobre 1997, ed. M. Kazanski, A. Nersessian et C. Zuckerman (Réalités byzantines 7), Paris 2000, p. 95-120.
- ^ Петрухин В.Я. Начало этнокультурной истории Руси IX-XI вв. Moscow: Gnozis, 1995. P. 220.
- ^ Florja B.N., Litavrin G.G. Christianization of the Nations of Central and South-East Europe and the Conversion of Old Rus. // Byzantinoslavica. 1988. 49. P. 186.
- ^ D. Obolensky. Byzantium and the Slavs: Collected Studies. London, 1971. V.4.
- archbishop of Magdeburg, Adalbert of Prague, before being promoted to this high rank, was sent by Emperor Otto to the country of the Rus (Rusciae) as a simple bishop but was expelled by pagans. The same data is duplicated in the annals of Quedlinburg and Hildesheim, among others.[original research?]
- ISBN 5-7859-0085-8.
- ^ a b Ostrowski 2006, p. 567.
- ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 0.1–286, 7pp.
- ISBN 0-312-36041-X.
- ^ Lavrent (PSRL 1), col. 102.
- ^ Lavrent (PSRL 1), cols. 108-9.
- ^ Novgorodskaia tretiaia letopis, (PSRL 3), 208. On the initial conversion, see Vasilii Tatishchev, Istoriia rossiiskaia, A. I. Andreev, et al., eds. (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1962), vol. 1, pp. 112-113.
- ^ Arsennii Nasonov, ed. Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis: Starshego i mladshego izvodov (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), pp. 191-96.
- ^ Averintsev S. The Baptism of Rus' and the path of Russian culture, in The Christianization of ancient Russia, a millennium: 988-1988, ed. Y. Hamant (Paris, 1992), 139-147
- ^ Commemorative Coins "Christianization of Kievan Rus", National Bank of Ukraine web-site, July 2008
Bibliography
- Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1930). The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930) (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ISBN 9780810878471. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- Ostrowski, Donald (2006). "The Account of Volodimer's Conversion in the "Povest' vremennykh let": A Chiasmus of Stories". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 28 (1–4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 567–580. JSTOR 41036982. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- Ostrowski, Donald; Birnbaum, David J. (7 December 2014). "Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation". pvl.obdurodon.org (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 5 May 2023.