Christianity in the Middle East
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The
The next largest Christian group in the Middle East are the once
Armenians are present in the Middle East, and their largest community, estimated to have 200,000 members, is located in Iran.[32] The number of Armenians in Turkey is disputed and a wide range of estimates is given as a result. More Armenian communities reside in Lebanon, Jordan and to a lesser degree in other Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq, Israel, Egypt and formerly also Syria (until Syrian Civil War). The Armenian genocide which was committed by the Ottoman government both during and after World War I, drastically reduced the once sizeable Armenian population.[33]
Greeks, who had once inhabited large parts of the western Middle East and Asia Minor, declined in number after the Arab conquests, then suffered another decline after the Turkish conquests, and all but vanished from Turkey as a result of the Greek genocide and the expulsions which followed World War I. Today, the largest Middle Eastern Greek community resides in Cyprus and numbers around 793,000.[13] Cypriot Greeks constitute the only Christian majority state in the Middle East, although Lebanon was founded with a Christian majority in the first half of the 20th century.
Smaller Christian groups in the Middle East include
Christians are
History
Evangelization and early history
Christianity by country |
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Christianity portal |
From
Politically, the Middle East of the first four Christian centuries was divided between the
Legendary accounts are of the evangelization of the East by
Eusebius (EH 6:20) also mentions the appointment of a bishop and the holding of a
Christianity came to
The
In 314, the
Christianity in
Schisms
The first major disagreement that led to a fracturing of the church was the so-called
Some of the Alexandrian victors at Ephesus, however, began to push their anti-Nestorian agenda too far, of whom
The name
Muslim conquests
The Arab
After the conquests, Muslims initially remained a ruling minority within the conquered territories in the Middle East and North Africa. By the 12th century the non-Muslim population had become a minority.
In the period prior to the establishment of Abbasid rule in AD 750, many pastoral Kurds moved into upper Mesopotamia, taking advantage of an unstable situation.
Ottoman Empire
The
The Ottomans reinforced their eastern frontier with what they "considered a loyal Sunni Kurd element". They settled the Kurds in these regions in return for their support in their campaigns against the Persians. In 1583
According to Adoona, "in the end, the independence of the Assyrian tribes was destroyed not directly by the Turks but by their Kurdish neighbours under Turkish auspices."[58]
Under European colonial rule
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Persecution of Christians in Middle East
In spite of the fact that every country in the Middle East has at least a small number of worshippers of Christ from a Muslim background,
The
More recently, the
Kurdish tribes in Turkey, Syria, and Iran have conducted regular raids against their Christian neighbors and even paramilitary assaults during World War I.
Christians today
Bahrain
Bahrain's second largest religion is Christianity forming a minority of 14.5% of Bahrain.
The names of several of Muharraq Island's villages today reflect this Christian legacy, with Al Dair meaning "the monastery" or "the parish." In 410 AD, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain.[71] Alees Samaan, the former Bahraini ambassador to the United Kingdom is a native Christian.[citation needed]
Egypt
Most Christians in Egypt are
Many Copts are internationally renowned. Some of the most well known Copts include
Iraq
Christianity has a long history in Iraq, with the early conversions of the indigenous
By one estimate, there was about 1.5 million largely Assyrian Christians in Iraq by 2003, or 7% of the population, but with the fall of Saddam Hussein Christians began to leave Iraq in large numbers, and the population shrank to less than 500,000 today.[61]
Assyrian Christians still made up the majority population in northern Iraq until the massacres conducted by
The Iraqi Christian population is also declining due to lower birth rates and higher death rates than their Muslim compatriots. Since the 2003 invasion, Iraqi Christians suffer from lack of security. Many lived in the capital Baghdad and in Mosul prior to the
Assyrians are distinct from other
In his recent PhD thesis
Iran
Iran's Christian minority numbers some 300,000–370,000. Most are ethnic
Christianity has a long history in Iran, dating back to
The most famous contemporary Christian of Iranian origin is probably the American tennis player Andre Agassi, who is ethnically Armenian-Assyrian. The "Armenian Monastic Ensemble", which includes several of the nation's most ancient Christian Armenian churches and monasteries, are inscribed on the UNESCO world heritage list.
Israel
Some 80% of Christians residing permanently in Israel are Arabs, numbering at least 180,400 as of 2019.
In recent years, the Christian population in Israel has increased significantly by presence of foreign workers from a number of countries (predominantly the Philippines and Romania).[citation needed] Numerous churches have opened in Tel Aviv, in particular.[88]
Nine churches are officially recognized under Israel's
Arab Christians are one of the most educated groups in Israel.
Jordan
In Jordan, Christians constitute 6% of the population as of 2017 according to the Jordanian government.[90][91] This percentage represents a sharp decrease from a figure of 18% in the early 20th century. This drop is largely due to an influx of Muslim Arabs from the Hijaz after the First World War. Almost 50% of Jordanian Christians belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church, 45% are Catholics,[92] with a small minority adhering to Protestantism. A part of Jordanian Christians have Palestinian roots since 1948. Christians are well integrated in the Jordanian society and have a high level of freedom. Nearly all Christians belong to the middle or upper classes.[citation needed] Moreover, Christians enjoy more economic and social opportunity in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan than elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa. They have a disproportionately large representation in the Jordanian parliament (10% of the Parliament) and hold important government portfolios, ambassadorial appointments abroad, and positions of high military rank. A survey by a Western embassy found that half of Jordan's prominent business families were Christians. Christians run about a third of Jordan's economy.[93]
Jordanian Christians are allowed by the public and private sectors to leave work to attend Divine Liturgy or Mass on Sundays. All Christian religious ceremonies are publicly celebrated. Christians have established good relations with the royal family and the various Jordanian government officials and they have their own ecclesiastic courts for matters of personal status.
Most native Christians in Jordan identify themselves as Arab, though there are also non-Arab
Lebanon
Many
The
) have larger Christian communities, yet these do not constitute a majority.The capital Beirut also has a larger Christian population than Bsharri (in the city proper), though most belong to the Orthodox confession.
Turkey
Christianity has a long history in
and many others. Two out of the five centers (Patriarchates) of the ancient Pentarchy are in Turkey: Constantinople (Istanbul) and Antioch (Antakya). The Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople still today has his residence in Istanbul. Antioch was also the place where the followers of Jesus were called "Christians" for the first time in history, as well as being the site of one of the earliest and oldest surviving churches, established by Saint Peter himself. For a thousand years, the Hagia Sophia was the largest church in the world.The Greeks of western Anatolia and Georgians of the Black Sea region have histories dating from the 20th and 10th centuries BC respectively, and were also Christianized during the first few centuries AD. Similarly the Assyrian and Armenian peoples have an ancient history in southeastern Anatolia, dating back to 2000 BC and 600 BC respectively; both of these peoples were Christianized between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD.
These ancient Christian ethnic groups were drastically reduced by
The percentage of Christians in Turkey fell from 19 percent in 1914 or 3 million (thought to be an undercount by one-third omitting 600,000 Armenians, 500,000 Greeks and 400,000 Assyrians) to 2.5 percent in 1927 in a population of 14 million,
Palestine
About 173,000 Arab
Over the last years, unlike the increase trend in the Christian population of Israel, the number of Christians in the Palestinian Authority has declined severely. The decline of Christianity in the Palestinian Authority is largely attributed to poor birth rates, compared with the dominant Muslim population. The updated number of Arab Christians in the Palestinian Authority is under 75,000.[8]
Gaza Strip
Since the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in 2007, anti-Christian attitudes have been on the increase. Unlike in the Palestinian National Authority, the Hamas administration does not include Christians. From about 2,000[24]–3,000[108] Christians before Hamas takeover, as few as one thousand remain in the Gaza Strip under Hamas Administration.
Syria
In Syria, Christians formed just under 15% of the population (about 1.2 million people) according to the 1960 census, but no newer census has been taken. Current estimates suggest that they now comprise about 3% of the population,
Syrian Christians are largely Arab Christians in the bulk of the country, though some may identify as Arabized Greeks (Melkites and Orthodox Church of Antioch) and ethnic Arameans (among Jacobites). In the big cities there are many ethnic Armenians and in the northeastern Al-Hasakah Governorate the majority of the Christians are ethnic Assyrians.
Emigration
Many millions of Middle Eastern Christians currently live in the diaspora, elsewhere in the world. These include such countries as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, the United States and Venezuela among them. There are also many Middle Eastern Christians in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, France (due to its historical connections with Lebanon, Egypt, Syria), and to a lesser extent, Ireland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Russia, and the Netherlands.
The largest number of Middle Eastern Christians residing in the diaspora is that of Lebanese Christians, who have migrated out of Lebanon for security and economic reasons since WWI. Many fled Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War. The countries with significant Lebanese Christians include such countries as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Germany, Greece, France, Mexico, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela among them.
Assyrian Christians currently reside in diaspora with large communities in the US, Canada, Australia and Europe, reaching more than a million outside of the Middle East. Much of these is attributed to the massive Assyrian Christian exodus from northern Iraq following the 2003 invasion and the consequent
Among the Arab Christians, about a million Palestinian Christians reside in the diaspora, largely in the Americas, where their communities have been established since the late 19th century and peaked following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. More emigrated from Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.
The majority of self-identifying
Churches
Coptic Christians
Coptic churches are mainly divided into:
- Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
- Coptic Catholic Church
- Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)
Assyrian/Chaldean and Syriac/Aramean Christians
Many Christians in the Middle East are Semitic followers of Syriac Christianity, are ethnically and linguistically distinct from Arabs, and divided into:
- Chaldo-Assyriansto avoid division on theological lines.
- Nestorian Church) 1st century AD – Mainly found among the ethnic Assyriansof Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria.
- Ancient Church of the East since the 20th century – An offshoot of the Assyrian Church of the East. Mainly found in Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria
- Assyrian Evangelical Church – Made up of ethnic Assyrian converts to Protestantism, since the 20th century. Mainly found in Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria
- Assyrian Pentecostal Church – Made up of ethnic Assyrian converts to Protestantism, since the 20th century. Mainly found in Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria
- Syrian Malabar Nasranis.
- Syriac Catholic Church since the 18th century. Mainly in Syria and Iraq.
- Maronite Church, in union with Rome, since the 5th century AD (mainly living in Lebanon and with large diaspora)
Melkite/Greek Christians
Christians, belonging mostly to
- Eastern Orthodox Church
- Church of Antioch
- Church of Jerusalem
- Church of Alexandria
- Catholic Church
All of them are mainly found in countries like Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt and to a lesser degree in Turkey, Iraq, Libya, and Sudan.
Armenian Christians
There is also the
Armenia, historically, was the first state to accept Christianity. There are small numbers of Russian Orthodox and Assyrian Christians in Armenia also. Armenian Christians are also to be found in Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt and the Gulf states as expats.
Kurdish Christians
The Kurdish-Speaking Church of Christ (The Kurdzman Church of Christ) is an Evangelical church with mainly Kurdish adherents.
Anglicans
The
Turkish Christians
Expatriate Christians
Notable Middle Eastern Christians
Notable Christians of Middle Eastern ancestry in Middle East and Diaspora:
- Armeniandescent)
- Alees Samaan, the Bahraini ambassador to the United Kingdom.
- Vera Baboun, first female Mayor of Bethlehem (Palestinian Roman Catholic Christian)[111]
- Maronite)
- Coptic OrthodoxChristian)
- Melkite Greek CatholicChristian)
- Greek OrthodoxChristian).
- Tariq Aziz, former Iraqi (Baath party) foreign minister and deputy prime minister (Chaldean Catholic Christian, an ethnic Assyrian)
- CatholicChristian).
- Syriac)[citation needed][dubious].
- Edward Said, prominent Palestinian intellectual and writer (Greek Orthodox Christian background).
- Greek OrthodoxChristian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- Melkite Greek CatholicChristian).
- AnglicanArab Christian).
- ProtestantChristian).
- CatholicArab Christian).
- Greek Catholic Christian).[112]
- Roman Catholicfrom Sunni Islam)
- AnglicanChristian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- Arab Christian)
- Salim Jubran, member of the Israeli Supreme Court (MaroniteChristian)
- Greek Orthodoxbackground, but declines to comment on personal religion).
- Hani Naser, musician, producer (son of Jordanian Christian immigrants).
- Greek OrthodoxChristian).
- MaroniteChristian).
- Melkite Greek Catholicnun. Founder of L'Ensemble de la Paix (Ensemble of Peace) and Founder-President of L'Instituit International de Chant Sacré (International Institute of Sacred Chant) in Paris.
- MaroniteChristian).
- MaroniteChristian).
- MaroniteChristians).
- MaroniteChristian).
- Greek CatholicArab Christian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- MaroniteChristian).
- Greek OrthodoxChristian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- MaroniteChristian).
- Greek OrthodoxArab Christian).
- Mosab Hassan Yousef, author of Son of Hamas, American of Palestinian descent (Protestant Arab Christian, converted from Islam).
- Vartan Gregorian, American academic and president of Carnegie Corporation of New York (Iranian-Armenian descent).
- Alex Agase, American – Top level American Football (gridiron) player (Assyrian).
- Lou Agase, American – Top level American Football (gridiron) player (Assyrian).
- Syrian, Greek Orthodox).
- Rosie Malek-Yonan, American actress, author, director, public figure and activist. (Assyrian descent).
- Adam Benjamin, Jr., Indiana Congressman (Assyrian).
- Anna Eshoo, California Congressman (Assyrian).
- John Nimrod, Illinois Senator (Assyrian).
- Aril Brikha, techno/nouse music artist (Assyrian).
- Linda George, singer (Assyrian).
- Sargon Gabriel, singer (Assyrian).
- Klodia Hanna, Miss Iraq 2006 (Assyrian).
- Christian Demirtaş, German footballer (Assyrian).
- Daniel Unal, Turkish footballer – playing for FC Basle in Switzerland (Assyrian Christian).
- Maronite Christian); was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[113]
- Greek Orthodox Arab Christian); won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[114]
- Greek Orthodox ).[115]
- Maronite Christian).[116]
- Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).[114]
- Nobel Prize in Medicine.[117]
- Michel Temer, former president of Brazil.
- Julia Sawalha, British actress.
- Nadia Sawalha, British actress.
- Nabil Sawalha, Jordanian actor.
- Daoud Kuttab, Palestinian journalist with American citizenship.
See also
- Persecution of Christians by ISIL
- Arab Christians
- Syriac Christianity
- Christian Rūm or Rum Millet
- Antiochian Greek Christians
- Tantur Ecumenical Institute
- Middle East Council of Churches
References
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Today, between 10–12 million native Christians remain in the Middle East, concentrated mainly in Egypt, the Levant (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and the Palestine territories), and Iraq. Their numbers, however, continue to dwindle due to a variety of factors, both internal and external.
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Today, Christians number between 12 million and 14 million in the Arab countries of the Middle East, although the exact population remains obscure given its politicization.
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The best available census and survey data indicate that Christians now number roughly 5% of the Egyptian population, or about 4 million people.
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Copts constitute 5.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.6%–5.5%) of the population, while Muslims account for the remaining majority at 94.9%. Given that the current total Egyptian population is estimated to be 83,806,767, 21 the number of Copts in Egypt is then 4,274,145 (95% CI: 3,855,111–4,609,372).
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The Coptic Church experienced a religious revival beginning in the 1950s, and currently claims some seven million members inside of Egypt.
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The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of Churches.
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The U.S. government estimates the population at 99.4 million (July 2018 estimate). Most experts and media sources state that approximately 90 percent of the population is officially designated as Sunni Muslims and approximately 10 percent is recognized as Christian (estimates range from 5 to 10 percent). Approximately 90 percent of Christians belong to the Coptic Orthodox Church, according to Christian leaders.
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The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.
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Further reading
- ISBN 9781604975833.
- Corbon, Jean (1998). "The Churches of the Middle East: Their Origins and Identity, from their Roots in the Past to their Openness to the Present". Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 92–110. ISBN 978-0-19-829388-0.
- Farag, Lois (2011). "The Middle East". Christianities in Asia. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 233–254. ISBN 9781444392609.
- Healey, John F. (2010). "The Church Across the Border: The Church of the East and its Chaldean Branch". Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 41–55. ISBN 9781135193713.
- Holland, Tom. "Persecution of Christians in the Middle East is a crime against humanity." The Guardian. Sunday 22 December 2013.
- ISBN 9780873956000.
- Loosley, Emma (2010). "Peter, Paul and James of Jerusalem: The Doctrinal and Political Evolution of the Eastern and Oriental Churches". Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 1–12. ISBN 9781135193713.
- McCallum, Fiona (2010). "The Maronites in Lebanon: An historical and political perspective". Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 25–40. ISBN 9781135193713.
- O’Mahony, Anthony (2006). "Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East". The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536. ISBN 9780521811132.
- O’Mahony, Anthony (2010). "Between Rome and Antioch: The Syrian Catholic Church in the modern Middle East". Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 120–137. ISBN 9781135193713.
- Panchenko, Constantin A. (2021). Orthodoxy and Islam in the Middle East: The Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries. Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Publications. ISBN 9781942699330.
- Pacini, Andrea (2005). "Christianity: Christianity in the Middle East." In Jones, Lindsay. The Encyclopedia of Religion 3. 2nd ed.
- Roussos, Sotiris (2009). "Diaspora Politics, Ethnicity and the Orthodox Church in the Near East". Journal of Eastern Christian Studies. 61 (1–2): 137–148. .
- Roussos, Sotiris (2010). "Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the Middle East". Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 107–119. ISBN 9781135193713.
- Roussos, Sotiris (2014). "Globalization Processes and Christians in the Middle East: A Comparative Analysis". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. 5 (2): 111–130. S2CID 154336287.
- Rassam, Suha (2005). Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day. Leominster: Gracewing Publishing. ISBN 9780852446331.
- Schmidinger, Thomas (2019). "Christians in Iraq". Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq. London: Transnational Press. pp. 113–124. ISBN 9781912997152.
- Winkler, Dietmar W. (2013). "Christianity in the Middle East: Some historical remarks and preliminary demographic figures". Syriac Christianity in the Middle East and India: Contributions and Challenges. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 107–125. ISBN 9781463235864.
- Whooley, John (2010). "The Armenian Church in the contemporary Middle East". Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 78–106. ISBN 9781135193713.