Chronicle of Monemvasia
The Chronicle of Monemvasia (
Versions
The first manuscript of the Chronicle was published in 1749 by Joseph Pasinus (or Giuseppe Passini) and his colleagues, Rivautella and Berta, at the
Order of the texts
There is currently no consensus among modern scholars regarding the chronological order of the four Chronicle manuscripts. Lambros argues that the text discovered at the Iberikon monastery is the earliest version.
Authorship
The author (or authors) of the Chronicle of Monemvasia is unknown. One hypothesis by J. Koder states that
Dates of composition
Scholars are also divergent in their views regarding the exact composition dates of the four Chronicle manuscripts. Paul Lemerle argues that the original text was first written in 932 AD when it was used in the Scholion of Arethas.[6] However, Spyridon Lambros believes that the Iberikon text was composed between 806 and 1083, whereas the Turin and Koutloumousion texts were written sometime during the end of the 13th century.[7] N. A. Bees disputes Lambros’s assessment and believes the entire Chronicle was developed between 1340 and the 16th century.[8] S. Kougeas dates the composition of the text to after the reign of Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963–969)[9] whereas Michael Whitby states that the Chronicle was first composed in the Peloponnese in circa 1000 AD.[10] I. Dujčev dates the Chronicle to 963–1018 AD,[6] and Florin Curta dates the writing of the text to either the late 10th century or the early 11th century.[2]
Narrative
According to the Iberikon manuscript of the Chronicle, the Avars/Slavs conquered
Derivative works
Most of the narrative in the Chronicle is derived from works by
Reliability
The historical validity of the Chronicle of Monemvasia is still a subject of academic dispute.[15] Peter Charanis, for example, describes the Chronicle as "absolutely trustworthy".[16] Kenneth Setton, however, disagrees with Charanis and argues that the Chronicle is a "medley of some fact and some fiction".[14] Stilpon P. Kyriakides finds that the Chronicle contains an ecclesiastical bias and that the conquest of Greece by the Avars/Slavs is a myth.[17] Ilias Anagnostakis and Anthony Kaldellis analyzed the text and found several misrepresentations and errors;[18] Kaldellis has also called the Chronicle highly and notoriously unreliable.[19]
Exaggerations and errors
There are a number of errors and exaggerations in the Chronicle of Monemvasia. For example, the city of Monemvasia was not built after the barbarians invaded Greece. In actuality, the city was constructed approximately four to five years (circa 582–583) before the advent of the Avars and Slavs.
From an archaeological viewpoint, the Chronicle of Monemvasia overstates the impact of the Avaro-Slavic invasions of Greece.
See also
- Miracles of Saint Demetrius, dealing with the Avaro-Slavic incursions in the Balkans and their attacks on Thessalonica
References
- ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 445.
- ^ a b c d e f Curta 2001, p. 67.
- ^ a b c d Charanis 1950, pp. 141–142; Setton 1950, p. 515.
- ^ Charanis 1950, p. 142; Setton 1950, p. 516.
- ^ Charanis 1950, pp. 143, 516.
- ^ a b c d Kazhdan 1991, p. 445.
- ^ Charanis 1950, p. 142.
- ^ Charanis 1950, p. 143.
- ^ Charanis 1950, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Whitby 1988, p. 125.
- ^ a b c d e Charanis 1950, pp. 147–148.
- ^ a b Geanakoplos 1984, pp. 274–275.
- ^ Setton 1950, p. 517; Curta 2001, p. 67.
- ^ a b c d Setton 1950, p. 517.
- ^ Gregory 2010, p. 169.
- ^ Charanis 1950, p. 163; Kazhdan 1991, p. 445.
- ^ Kyriakides 1947, pp. 93–97; Kazhdan 1991, p. 445.
- ^ Anagnostakis & Kaldellis 2014, pp. 105–135
- ^ Kaldellis 2019, pp. 178, 314
- ^ Haldon 1990, p. 44, Footnote #10.
- ^ Whitby 1988, p. 125; Martyn 2004, Refer to Book 1, Section 26 (pp. 148–149).
- ^ Constantelos 1970, pp. 23–35.
- ^ Ruggieri 1991, p. 254: "It should be remembered that the Chronicle of Monemvasia mentions the rebuilding of churches in the Peloponnese area under Nicephorus. Despite this evidence, there is no substantial architectural record of rebuilding."
- ^ a b c Mee, Patrick & Forbes 1997, pp. 90–91.
Sources
- Anagnostakis, Ilias; Kaldellis, Anthony (2014). "The Textual Sources for the Peloponnese, A.D. 582–959: Their Creative Engagement with Ancient Literature". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 54 (1): 105–135. ISSN 2159-3159.
- Charanis, Peter (1950). "The Chronicle of Monemvasia and the Question of the Slavonic Settlements in Greece". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 5. Washington, District of Columbia: 139–166. JSTOR 1291076.
- Constantelos, Demetrios J. (1970). "Canon 62 of the Synod in Trullo and the Slavic Problem". Byzantina. 2: 23–35.
- ISBN 9781139428880.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
- Geanakoplos, Deno John (1984). Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9788473396905.
- Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium (Second ed.). West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9781405184717.
- Haldon, John F. (1990). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31917-1.
- Kaldellis, Anthony (2019). Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98651-0.
- Martyn, John R. C. (2004). The Letters of Gregory the Great. Toronto, Canada: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 9780888442901.
- Mee, Christopher; Patrick, Michael Atherton; Forbes, Hamish Alexander (1997). A Rough and Rocky Place: The Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece: Results of the Methana Survey Project, sponsored by the British School at Athens and the University of Liverpool. Liverpool, United Kingdom: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9780853237419.
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Kyriakides, Stilpon P. (1947). ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΑΙ ΜΕΛΕΤΑΙ VI: ΟΙ ΣΛΑΒΟΙ ΕΝ ΠΕΛΟΠΟΝΝΗΣΩ [Byzantine Studies VI: The Slavs in the Peloponnese]. Thessaloniki, Greece: Etaireia Makedonikon Spoudon.
- Ruggieri, Vincenzo (1991). Byzantine Religious Architecture (582–867): Its History and Structural Elements. Pontificium Institutum Studiorum Orientalium. ISBN 88-7210-284-7.
- Setton, Kenneth M. (October 1950). "The Bulgars in the Balkans and the Occupation of Corinth in the Seventh Century". Speculum. 25 (4): 502–543.
- Whitby, Michael (1988). The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822945-3.