Chur

Coordinates: 46°51′N 9°32′E / 46.850°N 9.533°E / 46.850; 9.533
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Chur
Chur, looking upstream, to the west
Chur, looking upstream, to the west
Flag of Chur
Coat of arms of Chur
Location of Chur
Map
Mayor
Stadtpräsident (list)
Urs Marti FDP/PRD
(as of February 2014)
 • ParliamentGemeinderat
with 21 members
Area
 • Total28.09 km2 (10.85 sq mi)
Elevation
(Postplatz)
592 m (1,942 ft)
Highest elevation
(Tschaggo)
2,223 m (7,293 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Rhein (Halbmil))
551 m (1,808 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2018)[2]
 • Total35,373
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
DemonymGerman: Churer(in)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)
Postal code(s)
7000 Chur, 7026 Maladers, 7074 Malix (partly)
SFOS number3901
LocalitiesAltstadt, Sand, Kasernenquartier, Industriegebiet, Loestrasse-Lürlibad, Haldenstein, Maladers, Masans, Rheinquartier
Surrounded byArosa, Churwalden, Tschiertschen-Praden, Domat/Ems, Felsberg, Malix, Trimmis, Untervaz, Pfäfers
Twin townsBad Homburg (Germany), Cabourg (France), Mayrhofen (Austria), Mondorf-les-Bains (Luxembourg), Terracina (Italy)
Websitechur.ch
SFSO statistics

Chur (German:

town of the Swiss canton of the Grisons and lies in the Grisonian Rhine Valley, where the Rhine turns towards the north, in the northern part of the canton. The city, on the right bank of the Rhine, is reputedly the oldest town in Switzerland.[3]

The official language of Chur is

are significantly spoken in the city as a result of the trilingual identity of the canton.

On 1 January 2020 the former municipality of Maladers merged into Chur and on 1 January 2021 Haldenstein also merged.[4]

History

Matthäus Merian
Watercolour drawing of Chur by Francis Nicholson (1753-1844)
Chur c. 1870. Etching by Heinrich Müller
View of Chur

Archaeological evidence of settlement at the site, in the Eastern Alps, goes back as far as the Pfyn culture[5] (3900-3500 BC),[6] making Chur one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland. Remains and objects from the Bronze and Iron Ages have also been found in the eastern sector of the centre of the current city. These include Bronze Age Urnfield and Laugen-Melaun settlements from 1300 to 800 BC and Iron Age settlements from the 5th to 3rd centuries BC.

The Roman Empire conquered the area that then came to be known as the Roman province of

Raetia prima.[7]

In the 4th century Chur became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north of the Alps. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to an alleged British king, St Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio[8] in AD 451. The bishop soon acquired great temporal powers, especially after 831 when his dominions were made dependent on the Empire alone.[9]

After the invasion of the

Emperor Otto I granted the town the right to collect tolls in 952 and appointed his vassal Hartpert as bishop of Chur in 958, giving the bishopric further privileges. In 1170 the bishop became a prince-bishop and kept total control over the road between Chur and Chiavenna
.

In the 13th century the town had some 1,300 inhabitants and was surrounded by a line of walls. In the 14th century at least six fires damaged or destroyed the monasteries of St Luzi and St Nicolai and St Martin's church and twice destroyed much of the town. The Gotteshausbund (League of the House of God) was formed in 1367 in Chur to resist the rising power of the Bishopric of Chur and the House of Habsburg. Chur was the chief town of the League and one of the places the League’s assemblies met regularly. A burgmeister (mayor) of Chur is first mentioned in 1413. The bishop's residence was attacked by the inhabitants in 1418 and 1422, when a series of concessions were wrung out of him.

On 27 April 1464 most of the town was destroyed in a fire, which only the bishop's estates and St Luzi monastery survived. With the bishop’s power waning as he came increasingly under the influence of the nearby Habsburg County of Tyrol, the citizens sent a delegation to Emperor Frederick III. The Emperor reconfirmed the historic rights of Chur and also granted them extensive new rights which freed the city from the bishop's power. In 1465 the citizens wrote a constitution that granted all governmental power to Chur's guilds. All government positions were restricted to guild members, allowing the guilds to regulate all aspects of life in Chur. Since guild membership had become the only route to political power, local patricians and nobles quickly became guild members, often joining the winemakers guild.[14]

The Chur-led League of the House of God allied with the

Vogt Heinrich Ammann in the Lower Engadin, in Prättigau and near Balzers. Troops from Chur also took part in the 1512 invasion of the Valtellina and the Second Musso War
in 1530–31.

Aerial view from 300 m by Walter Mittelholzer (1925)

In 1523 Johannes (Dorfmann) Comander was appointed

parish priest of St Martin's Church and began preaching the new faith of the Protestant Reformation. It spread rapidly and by 1525 the bishop had fled the city and Protestant services were taking place in the churches of St Martin and St Regula.[15] The Ilanz articles of 1524 and 1526 allowed each resident of the Three Leagues to choose their religion and sharply reduced the political and secular power of the Bishop of Chur and all monasteries in League territory.[16] By 1527 all of Chur except the bishop's estates had adopted the Reformation. On 1 January 1529 Abbot Theodore Schlegel was publicly beheaded. Bishop Thomas Planta, a friend of St Charles Borromeo, tried, but without success, to suppress Protestantism. He died, probably poisoned, on 5 May 1565.[17]

During the 16th century the German language started to prevail over Romansh. In 1479 about 300 houses and stalls burned in another fire. Nearly a century later, on 23 July 1574, a fire destroyed 174 houses and 114 stalls, or about half the city. Two years later, on 21 October 1576, another 53 houses were burned. Two years after the 1576 fire, the perpetrator, Hauptmann Stör, was executed.[13]

After the

Burgergemeinde was replaced by an Einwohnergemeinde.[9]
When Graubünden became a canton in 1803, Chur was chosen as its capital.

Chur's

Nazi regime.[18]

Geography and climate

Topography

Chur from its highest point, called Fürhörnli, looking upstream
View of Chur from Versam

Chur has an area (as of the 2004/09 survey) of 54.33 km2 (20.98 sq mi).[19] About 17.6% is used for agricultural purposes and 52.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 26.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and 3.9% is unproductive land. Over the past two decades (1979/85–2004/09) the amount of land that is settled has increased by 86 ha (210 acres) and the agricultural land has decreased by 87 ha (210 acres).[20]

Chur is situated at a height of 1,949 ft (594 m)

Schanfigg and about a mile above its junction with the Rhine, almost entirely surrounded by the Alps, overshadowed by the Mittenberg (northeast) and Pizoggel (southwest), hills that guard the entrance to the deep-cut valley Schanfigg.[9]

The altitude in the city area varies from 600 meters (2,000 ft)

above sea level
.

The water of Chur's spring is exported and sold as Passugger mineral water.

Climate

Chur has an

precipitation. The wettest month was August, with an average of 112 mm (4.4 in) of precipitation over an average of 11.2 days. The driest month of the year was February with an average of 47 mm (1.9 in) of precipitation over 6.6 days.[21]

Climate data for Chur (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4)
7.0
(44.6)
11.9
(53.4)
16.1
(61.0)
20.3
(68.5)
23.6
(74.5)
25.3
(77.5)
24.8
(76.6)
20.3
(68.5)
16.1
(61.0)
10.2
(50.4)
5.7
(42.3)
15.5
(59.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8)
2.1
(35.8)
6.3
(43.3)
10.2
(50.4)
14.4
(57.9)
17.7
(63.9)
19.3
(66.7)
18.9
(66.0)
14.9
(58.8)
10.8
(51.4)
5.6
(42.1)
1.9
(35.4)
10.3
(50.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2)
−1.4
(29.5)
1.9
(35.4)
5.1
(41.2)
9.3
(48.7)
12.6
(54.7)
14.3
(57.7)
14.3
(57.7)
10.6
(51.1)
6.8
(44.2)
2.4
(36.3)
−1.0
(30.2)
6.1
(43.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54
(2.1)
40
(1.6)
53
(2.1)
50
(2.0)
70
(2.8)
93
(3.7)
101
(4.0)
119
(4.7)
77
(3.0)
67
(2.6)
69
(2.7)
58
(2.3)
852
(33.5)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 20
(7.9)
18
(7.1)
6
(2.4)
1
(0.4)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1
(0.4)
6
(2.4)
17
(6.7)
69
(27)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.8 6.5 7.1 7.1 9.7 11.4 11.3 11.5 8.6 7.7 8.3 8.0 105.0
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 4.1 3.2 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 3.3 14.1
Average
relative humidity
(%)
74 69 64 61 64 67 68 71 74 74 75 75 70
Mean monthly sunshine hours 97 112 145 159 174 190 208 192 158 132 93 82 1,740
Percent possible sunshine 49 53 54 53 49 52 57 59 58 54 46 45 53
Source: MeteoSwiss[21]

Politics

Coat of arms

Blazon: Argent, a city gate gules with three merlons, within which a capricorn rampant sable, langued and viriled of the second.

Administrative divisions

Government

The City Council (Stadtrat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Chur and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of only three councilors (German: Stadtrat/ Stadträtin), each presiding over a department. In the mandate period 2021–2024 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Urs Marti. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Municipal Council (parliament) are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Chur allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The current mandate period is from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2024. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Proporz. The mayor is elected as such by public election by means of a system of Majorz, while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate.[22]

As of 2020, Chur's City Council is made up of one representative of the FDP (

FDP.The Liberals, who is also the mayor), one of the SP (Social Democratic Party), and one new member of The Centre (former CVP/PDC and BDP/PBD), giving the right parties a new majority of two out of three seats. The last regular election was held on 27 September 2020.[22]

Stadtrat of Chur[22]
City Councillor
(Stadtrat/ Stadträtin)
Party Head of Department (Leitung des Departementes, since) of elected since
Urs Marti[CC 1]   FDP Finanzen Wirtschaft Sicherheit (Finances Economy Security, 2021) 2012
Patrik Degiacomi   SP Bildung Gesellschaft Kultur (Education Society Culture, 2021) 2016
Sandra Maissen   Centre Bau Planung Umwelt (Construction Planing Environment, 2021) 2020
  1. ^ Mayor (Stadtpräsident).

Parliament

The Gemeinderat of Chur for the mandate period of 2021–2024

  SP (28.6%)
  FL&G (9.5%)
  glp (9.5%)
  Centre (14.3%)
  FDP (19%)
  SVP (19%)

The Municipal Council (Gemeinderat) holds

legislative power. It is made up of only 21 members, with elections held every four years. The Municipal Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Proporz
.

The sessions of the Municipal Council are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the Municipal Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Chur allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipal Council. The parliament holds its meetings in the Rathaus (Town Hall).[23]

The last regular election of the Municipal Council was held on 27 September 2020 for the mandate period (

The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 3 (+1) The Centre (former CVP/PDC and BDP/PBD), 3 (+2) Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL), 2 (-) Freie Liste & Grüne (Free List & Greens), while the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD) lost all their 3 seats due to Dissolution and merged with former CVP.[23]

Elections

National Council

In the

FDP/PLR (12.06%), the BDP/PBD (11.97), and the GLP/PVL (9.71). In the federal election, a total of 11,102 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.4%.[24]

International relations

Chur is

twinned with:[25]

Demographics

Mühleturm ("Mill Tower") Chur in 2011, before it was repainted as mural

Population

Chur has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 36,336.

death rate was 10.0 per thousand residents.[20] Most of the population (as of 2000) speak German (81.0%), with Italian being second most common (6.4%) and Romansh being third (5.3%).[28][29]

As of 2000[update] the gender distribution of the population was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.[30] The age distribution as of 2000 in Chur is; 3,087 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 1,602 or 4.9% are 10 to 14 and 2,194 teenagers or 6.7% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 4,770 people or 14.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 5,517 or 16.7% are 30 to 39, 4,616 or 14.0% are 40 to 49 and 4,254 or 12.9% are 50 to 59. 3,090 people or 9.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 2,314 or 7.0% are 70 to 79, there are 1,307 or 4.0% who are 80 to 89, 233 or 0.7% who are 90 to 99 and 5 who are 100 or more.[27]

In 2015 there were 15,557 single residents, 13,722 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 1,948 widows and widowers, 3,423 divorced residents and 2 people who did not answer the question.[31]

In 2014 there were 16,970 private households in Chur with an average household size of 2.00 persons. Of the 3,792 inhabited buildings in the municipality in 2000, about 37.8% were single-family homes and 39.7% were multiple-family buildings. About 20.5% of the buildings dated from before 1919 and 8.8% were built between 1991 and 2000.[32] In 2013 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 7.71. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2015, was 0.6%.[20]

Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:[33]

^a Language adds up to over 100% due to counting all languages, not just first language.

Religion

From the 2000 census, 14,713 or 44.6% are

Roman Catholic, while 12,199 or 37.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 15 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland, there are 589 individuals (or about 1.79% of the population) who belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church, and there are 532 individuals (or about 1.61% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 13 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who are Jewish, and 917 (or about 2.78% of the population) who are Muslim. There are 424 individuals (or about 1.29% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 1,998 (or about 6.06% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1,589 individuals (or about 4.82% of the population) did not answer the question.[27]

Education

In Chur about 70.3% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).[28] The town is home to the Cantonal School of Graubünden.

Economy

As of  2014, there were a total of 32,448 people employed in the municipality. Of these, 108 people worked in 26 businesses in the primary economic sector. A majority (68.5%) of the primary sector employees worked in very small businesses (less than ten employees). The remainder worked in 2 small businesses with a total of 34 employees. The secondary sector employed 3,645 workers in 345 separate businesses. A minority (21.2%) of the secondary sector employees worked in very small businesses. There were 75 small businesses with a total of 1,731 employees and 12 mid sized businesses with a total of 1,141 employees. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 28,695 jobs in 3,375 businesses. In 2014 a total of 16,854 employees worked in 3,306 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 65 mid-sized businesses with 9,093 employees and 4 large businesses which employed 2,748 people (for an average size of 687).[34]

In 2014 a total of 7.7% of the population received social assistance.[20]

In 2015 local hotels had a total of 152,629 overnight stays, of which 47.8% were international visitors.[35]

There were two cinemas in the municipality in 2015, with a total of 4 screens and 736 seats.[36]

Crime

In 2014 the crime rate, of the over 200 crimes listed in the

Swiss Criminal Code (running from murder, robbery and assault to accepting bribes and election fraud), in Chur was 68.6 per thousand residents, only slightly higher than the national average of 64.6 per thousand. During the same period the rate of drug crimes was 15.7 per thousand residents, which is about one and a half times the national rate. The rate of violations of immigration, visa and work-permit laws was 2.4 per thousand residents, or about half the national rate.[37]

Transportation

Railway and Post bus station
The Arosabahn waits at Chur Stadt halt

Chur is 120 kilometres (75 miles) by rail from Zürich, and is the meeting-point of the routes from Italy over many alpine passes (

Valtelline), though it also has a few local factories.[9]

The city's

Chur Stadtbahn
.

There are three other railway stations in Chur:

There is also a postbus station situated above the railway station.

Chur is linked by a motorway—the

A13
.

Culture and tourism

Main sights

Chur is home to many buildings or other sites that are listed as Swiss

Rhätische Bahn and several old patrician houses. With the 2021 merger of Haldenstein into Chur, the Ruins of Haldenstein fortress and Haldenstein Castle became part of Chur.[38]

Gallery

  • Poststrasse, Old Town
    Poststrasse, Old Town
  • Bündner Kunstmuseum (Grisonian Art Museum)
    Bündner Kunstmuseum (Grisonian Art Museum)
  • Church of St. Martin
    Church of St. Martin
  • Kantonsgerichtsgebäude (home of cantonal court)
    Kantonsgerichtsgebäude (home of cantonal court)
  • St. Maria Himmelfahrt (cathedral of the Assumption)
    St. Maria Himmelfahrt (cathedral of the Assumption)
  • Street in Altstadt
    Street in Altstadt

The first church on the cathedral site was built in the first half of the 5th century.

round arch window along the center axis is the largest medieval window in Graubünden. The late-Gothic high altar was completed in 1492 by Jakob Russ.[39]

The Church of St. Luzi was probably built in the 8th century, though the first record of it appears in 821 when the relics of St. Luzius were removed from the church. It may have been the site of a

The town is home to the Giger Bar designed by the Swiss artist H. R. Giger, the Old Town, the art gallery, and the natural history museum.

Sport

Chur's ice hockey team, EHC Chur, plays in the Swiss 1. Liga, the third tier of the Swiss ice hockey league system. They play their home games in the 6,500-seat Hallenstadion.

The American football team Calanda Broncos (formally the Landquart Broncos) moved to Chur in 2009, playing their home games at Ringstrasse Stadium. The Broncos currently play in the Nationalliga A and are the most successful Swiss American football team with the record for most Swiss Bowl wins (eight wins) as well as winning the EFAF Cup in 2010 and the Eurobowl in 2012. As of 2017 they finished first in the league, hosting Swiss Bowl XXXII in Ringstrasse Stadium where they defeated the Basel Gladiators 42–6 on 8 July.

The local football team are FC Chur 97 who play in the sixth division of Swiss football. They play home games at Ringstrasse.

List of notable people

Early times

18th century

19th century

  • Alexander Moritzi (1806–1850), a Swiss naturalist and early proponent of evolution
  • Gottfried Ludwig Theobald (1810–1869 in Chur), a German-Swiss geologist and cartographer, taught in Chur 1854–1869.
  • Johann Baptista von Tscharner (1815–1879), born and died in Chur, lawyer and politician[45]
  • Philip Schaff (1819–1893), Protestant theologian and church historian, lived and taught in the United States[46]
  • Johann Coaz (1822– 1918), a forester, topographer and mountaineer from Graubünden
  • Simeon Bavier (1825–1896), a politician, member of the Swiss Federal Council 1878-1883
  • balneologist
  • Carl Hilty (1833–1909), a philosopher, writer and worked as a lawyer in Chur for 20 years
  • Adolfo Kind (1848–1907), a chemical engineer and one of the fathers of skiing in Italy
  • pacifist and supporter of the temperance movement
  • Jakob Buchli (1876–1945), engineer in the field of locomotive design
  • Alfred Heuß (1877–1934), German musicologist
  • phytosociologist
    and botanist
  • Rosa Gutknecht (1885–1959), a German-born Swiss theologian and cleric, in 1918 she was one of the first two women to graduate in theology and be ordained as pastors
  • Harry Clarke (1889–1931 in Chur), an Irish stained-glass artist and book illustrator
  • Kurt Huber (1893–1943), a university professor and resistance fighter with the anti-Nazi group White Rose
  • Civil War in Russia

20th century

  • Robert Platow (1900–1982 in Chur), German journalist, founder and publisher of the Platow Brief[47]
  • Heinrich Willi (1900–1971), pediatrician who co-discovered Prader–Willi syndrome
  • Andreas Walser (1908–1930), a Swiss painter in Paris
  • Gustav Guanella (1909–1982), a Swiss inventor, developed high-frequency electronics
  • Meinrad Schütter (1910–2006), a Swiss composer
  • Rudolf Olgiati (1910–1995), local architect, of the New Objectivity movement
  • H. R. Giger (1940–2014), visual artist, painter and Oscar winner[48]
  • Peter Zumthor (born 1943), an uncompromising and minimalist Swiss architect, works in Chur
  • Alex P. Schmid (born 1943), a Swiss-born Dutch scholar in terrorism studies and former Officer-in-Charge of the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations
  • Mario Illien (born 1946), engineer, specialising in motorsport engine design
  • Robert Indermaur (born 1947), a Swiss painter and sculptor
  • Hans Danuser (born 1953), a Swiss artist and photographer
  • Corin Curschellas (born 1956), a Swiss singer-songwriter, vocalist, free improvisation, actress and voice actress[49]
  • Valerio Olgiati (born 1958), renowned architect of Grisonian buildings
  • Raphael Zuber (born 1973), renowned architect
  • Adrian J. Meier (born 1976), politician of local council and explorer
  • Rebecca Indermaur (born c. 1977), a Swiss film and television actress[50]

Sport

  • Georg Jenatsch, 1636
    Georg Jenatsch, 1636
  • Angelika Kauffmann, self portrait, 1784
    Angelika Kauffmann, self portrait, 1784
  • Philip Schaff
    Philip Schaff
  • Kurt Huber
    Kurt Huber
  • H. R. Giger, 2012
    H. R. Giger, 2012
  • Mario Frick, 2015
    Mario Frick, 2015
  • Nino Schurter, 2011
    Nino Schurter, 2011

Notes and references

Notes

  1. Latin
    : CVRIA, CVRIA RHAETORVM and CVRIA RAETORVM.
  2. ^ In this context ‘German’ is used as an umbrella term for any variety of German. A person is allowed to communicate with the authorities using any kind of German, in written or oral form. However the authorities always use Swiss Standard German (the Swiss variety of Standard German) in documents and any written form. In spoken interaction Hochdeutsch (Swiss Standard German or what the particular speaker considers as High German) or any other dialectal variant can be used.

References

  1. ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  3. ^ "Old Town Chur". MySwitzerland.com. Switzerland Tourism. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  4. ^ "Applikation der Schweizer Gemeinden". bfs.admin.ch. Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  5. ^ a b Chur in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  6. ^ Schibler, J. 2006. The economy and environment of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in the northern Alpine foreland based on studies of animal bones. Environmental Archaeology 11(1): 49-65.
  7. ^ Raetia in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  8. ^ The Alps – 4.1 Church and Religious Life in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  9. ^ a b c d Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Coire" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). p. 654.
  10. ^ Alois Lechthaler, Handbuch der Geschichte Tirols, Tyrolia-Verlag, 1936, p. 35.
  11. ^ The Franks in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  12. ^ a b Stadtbrände Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine from Official Website Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Official Website – Fire. Chur becomes a guild city Archived 14 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 December 2016.
  14. ^ "Chur" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 03. 1908.
  15. ^ Ilanz Articles in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  16. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Chur". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  17. ^ Imogen Foulkes (1 April 2023). "Nazi monument at Swiss cemetery sparks controversy". BBC News.
  18. ^ Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeindedaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen
  19. ^ a b c d Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Regional portraits accessed 27 October 2016.
  20. ^
    above sea level
    .
  21. ^ a b c "Stadtrat" (official site) (in German). Chur, Switzerland: Stadt Chur. 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  22. ^ a b "Gemeinderat" (official site) (in German). Chur, Switzerland: Stadt Chur. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  23. ^ "Nationalratswahlen (Parteistimmen und Parteistärke seit 1975: Bezirke und Gemeinden)" (in German and French). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office (FSO). 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  24. ^ "Partnerstädte". chur.ch (in German). Chur. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
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Literature

External links

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