Elder (Christianity)
In
Elders in the Bible
Elders are mentioned in a number of New Testament passages. Individuals such as
Terminology
The Christian office of "elder" is drawn from the word's various uses in the Bible. In many instances, particularly in the Old Testament, it has reference to the older men in a tribe, usually entrusted with the governmental affairs,[7] whose counsel was frequently sought because of their age and experience. This was not necessarily a priesthood calling,[8] although the Aaronic Priesthood is listed as having ordained elders.[9] In the Septuagint, the word for Old Testament elders is πρεσβύτερος (presbuteros), as used in the New Testament for both Christian and Jewish leaders.[citation needed] Various traditions in Christianity translate the underlying term differently depending on their particular doctrinal or practical view of the role. In the Moravian Church, an elder is referred to as a Helper.[10]
In addition to presbuteros, there are two other words used in the New Testament to describe various aspects of this position of leadership: 'overseer' and 'shepherd': Peter draws the three concepts together in one passage: "Therefore, I exhort the elders among you... shepherd the flock of God among you, exercising oversight."[11]
Presbuteros
Presbuteros (πρεσβύτερος, Greek word #4245 in
The modern English words "priest" or "presbyter" are derived etymologically from presbyteros.[15]
The New Testament meaning is taken by some scholars as the Latin word Legate which describes the ancient classical function as a herald who represents the highest state office and might be a governor of a province.[16]
Episkopos
Episkopos (ἐπίσκοπος, Greek word #1985 in
Poimen
Poimen (ποιμήν, Greek word #4166 in Strong's Concordance) means shepherd,[19] also translated as pastor.[20] It is applied only once in the noun form and three times in the verb form in the New Testament in the context of church leaders. The term emphasizes the elder as one who tends, feeds, guides, protects and cares for his flock.[13]
Responsibilities of elders
The
Elders must to be able to teach and preach sound
Qualifications
There are two key passages dealing with the qualifications of elders in the New Testament, 1Timothy 3:1–7 and Titus 1:6–9.[23] The qualifications given by the Apostle Paul are as follows:
- Blameless as a steward of God, above reproach
- Faithful husband to his wife
- Temperate, sober, vigilant
- Sober-minded, prudent
- Of good behaviour, orderly, respectable
- Given to hospitality
- Able to teach
- Not given to wine
- Not violent, not pugnacious
- Patient, moderate, forbearing, gentle
- Uncontentious, not soon angry or quick-tempered
- Not covetous, not a lover of money
- Rules his own house well, his children are faithful, not accused of rebellion to God
- Not a novice or new convert
- Has a good rapport or reputation with outsiders
- Not self-willed
- A lover of what is good
- Just, fair
- Holy, devout
- Self-controlled
- Hold firmly to the faithful message as it has been taught
Elders in the early church
Where elders are addressed in the writings of
Another of the
In like manner let all men respect the deacons as Jesus Christ, even as they should respect the bishop as being a type of the Father and the presbyters as the council of God and as the college of Apostles. Apart from these there is not even the name of a church. —
Distinctions in practice
Church governance is generally organised in one of three main types:
- Roman Catholic churches, and was prevalent up to and after the Reformation.
- Presbyterian polity, in which churches are governed on a denominational, geographical basis by committees of elders.
- pluralityof elders.
Anglicans
An ordained
Baptists
Historically,
Christadelphianism
Churches of Christ
Congregations referring to themselves as Churches of Christ believe that local congregations should be led by a plurality of biblically qualified elders.[45][46] They base this on a conviction that congregations (and Christians in general) should attempt to follow the teachings of the New Testament wherever humanly possible.[47] In accordance with the teachings of the bible the Churches of Christ teach and practice that only males may serve as elders (female elders are not recognized), and must meet Biblical qualifications (generally I Timothy 3:1-7 and Titus 1:5-9 are the Biblical texts used to determine if a male is qualified to serve as elder).
In this regard, elders are accountable to each other and to God. The evangelist and the elders have the spiritual oversight of the congregation (e.g., withdrawing fellowship from a member who the elders consider to be wayward in doctrine or refuses to abide by the elders' counsel or decision in a matter) as well as administrative oversight (e.g., overseeing the congregation budget).
The elders will be assisted by
Depending on the congregation, the elders may rotate main preaching and teaching duties or appoint one or more male persons (who may or may not be elders) to serve as the ministers for that congregation. If one person is assigned main preaching duties, he is never referred to as "Father" (based on Matthew 23:9, which states that the only Father a Christian has is in Heaven), nor is the individual referred to as "pastor" (due to belief that the one reference to "pastor" in Ephesians 4:11 is translated "shepherd" in all other cases, and in context either refers to Jesus Christ or to an elder; as stated above the person with main preaching duties may or may not be an elder) or "reverend" (due to belief that the one reference to this term in Psalm 111:9 refers to the reverence of God's name). Instead, common terms used are "evangelist", "preacher", "minister" (or "pulpit minister"; the latter may be used if the congregation has assistant or associate ministers over certain programs or functions), or "preaching elder" (if the person is also an elder).
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Elders are male members of
The duties of the ordained elders in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are defined in the book of Doctrine and Covenants. Elder is the proper title given to all holders of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Thus an apostle is an elder in this sense, and it is proper to speak of members of the Quorum of the Twelve or the First Quorum of the Seventy by this title.[49][full citation needed]
Church of Scotland
Governance in the
Congregationalism
Congregational churches observe the office of elder. Early congregationalist standards held a fourfold view of ecclesiastical offices: pastor, teacher, ruling elder, and deacon.[51] In this view, pastor, techer, and ruling elder are all types of elder. Later exponents like Henry Martyn Dexter advocated a twofold view of only elder and deacon, the pastor/teacher, elder, and overseer being different terms for the same office.[52] The primary officer is ordinarily called the "pastor" or "minister." Ordination and installation of officers is a local event, without the oversight of elders outside of the local church as in presbyterianism.
Congregational churches generally form committees and boards, either entirely composed of elders and deacons or with non-official members appointed by the congregation.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Among Jehovah's Witnesses, an elder is a man appointed to teach the congregation. He is also called an "overseer" or "servant". Elders within each congregation work within a "body of elders", several of whom are assigned to oversee specific congregational tasks. Each body of elders has a Coordinator (previously known as the Presiding Overseer), a Secretary, and a Service Overseer. Witnesses consider the office of elder to be the same as that referred to in the Bible as "older man" ("presbyter"), overseer ("bishop"), and shepherd ("pastor") but do not use any of the terms as titles.
Representatives of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses select elders to be appointed as circuit overseers, (also referred to as traveling overseers). Each circuit overseer visits the congregations in his jurisdiction twice each year. During his visit, local elders recommend members who may qualify for appointment as elders or ministerial servants (equivalent to deacons), and appointments are decided by the circuit overseer.[53] Congregation elders do not receive monetary compensation; traveling overseers receive a modest stipend.
Lutheranism
An Elder in the
However, many within the confessional wing of Lutheranism, see the term "elder" being used in such a way an unfortunate effect of Reformed (and broader Protestant) influence on the Lutheran Church. Elder (or Presbyteros, in the Greek) serving as a synonym for "Pastor" or "Priest", not unlike how Lutheran teaching also recognizes "episkopos" (Greek, meaning overseer), or bishop to be yet another synonym. Historic Lutheranism recognized a single office of Word and Sacrament being established directly by Christ (technically two, counting the uniquely Lutheran vocation of laity); all distinctions within nomenclature and structural ranking were purely "jure humano" (of human make). Thus making a distinction between "pastor" and "elder" would seem pointless, and using the term "lay elder" would be oxymoronic.
Methodism
An Elder - sometimes called a "Presbyter" - is someone who has been
Plymouth Brethren
One of the key distinctions of Plymouth Brethren churches is the total rejection of the concept of clergy.[58] In keeping with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers, they view all Christians as being ordained by God to serve and therefore ministers. Leaders are chosen according to the qualifications found in 1Tim 3:1–7 and Titus 1:6–9, and appointed by the Holy Spirit.[26] Plymouth Brethren churches tend to have multiple elders based on the plural use of the word in reference to New Testament churches.
One branch of the Plymouth Brethren, the Exclusive Brethren, are so named for their practice of serving the Lord's Supper exclusively to those who are part of their own particular group, agreeing with them on various doctrinal positions.[59] Most Exclusive Brethren groups believe the church to have been in ruins between the death of the apostles and their own time. Since no truly apostolic authority exists to appoint elders the church has none. Instead they recognize "leading brothers" who demonstrate maturity and leadership ability.[citation needed]
Presbyterianism
Although practices in the
Rastafari
Members of the
Radical Pietism
The
Roman Catholic Church
Members of the Catholic Church still use the Greek word Presbyter (πρεσβύτερος, presbuteros: "elder", or "priest" in Christian usage) to refer to priests (priest is etymologically derived from the Greek presbyteros via the Latin presbyter). Collectively, however, their "college" is referred to as the "presbyterium" (meaning "council of elders"), "presbytery", or "presbyterate."
The
Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA)
"Elder" was the only honorific title used to distinguish church leadership during the formative years of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.[62] Mrs. White, as in, Elder and Mrs. James White, is how the church's prophet, Ellen G. White, was universally referred to up until the late 20th century. The term "Elder" applies to both local church elders and to ordained ministers of the gospel. SDA nomenclature has never used the terms, priest, reverend or clergy as honorific titles or as work titles. For convenience "Pastor" is now regularly used to distinguish ordained ministers of the gospel from ordained local elders. SDA ordained Ministers of the Gospel are paid employees of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and they are required to also be Elders in the local church. Women can be ordained as local elders, but are not ordained as ministers of the Gospel. Women are commissioned as Pastors and are considered ministers of the Gospel. Men serving within the Adventist Church's organizational leadership, e.g. Local Conference/Union Conference/Division/General Conference offices are usually addressed as "Elder." But as an example; the current President of the General Conference, "Elder Ted Wilson" is sometimes addressed Pastor Ted Wilson.
Shakerism
Among the Shakers, noted for their acceptance of females in leading roles, Elders and Eldresses were leaders in specific areas. Two Elders and Eldresses headed the central Shaker ministry at the Mount Lebanon Shaker Society and dealt with both spiritual and temporal matters. Other pairs of elders and eldresses headed groups of Shaker communities, while others were spiritual leaders of smaller groups within the communities.
See also
- American Indian elder
- Minister
- Ordination of women
- Pastor
- Political elder
- Priest
- Presbyter
References
- ISBN 0-8133-2973-6, Preface
- ^ Ahmad, IftikharWorld Cultures: a Global Mosaic (1993) Prentice Hall, page 14: "In cultures with extended families, respect for elders is strong. The elders pass on their wisdom to the young."
- ^ Acts 11:30, 15:2–6, 15:22–23, 16:4, 21:18
- ^ Acts 14:23
- ^ Ti 1:5
- ^ Acts 20:17
- ^ Exod 3:16, 4:29, 12:21, Josh 7:6, Ruth 4:2
- ^ Gen 50:7, Ruth 4:2, Matt 15:2, Acts 4:5
- ^ Exod 24:9–11, Num 11:16
- ^ "Moravian Moment # 8 - The role of the Helpers". The Moravian Church - Eastern West Indies Province. 4 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
- ^ 1Pet 5:1–2
- ^ Studylight.org, presbuteros
- ^ a b c d Strauch, A. (1995). Biblical Eldership. Lewis and Roth Publishers
- ^ Huston, D. The New Testament Elders Presented to a symposium on Apostolic beliefs held at the Urshan Graduate School of Theology in Florissant, MO
- ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition, The World Publishing Company, Cleveland OH, s.v. "priest"
- ISBN 0-8028-1191-4.
- ^ StudyLight.org episkopos
- ^ 1Pet 2:25
- ^ StudyLight.org poimen
- ^ Eph 4:11
- ^ Wallace, Daniel B. 'Who should run the church? A case for the plurality of elders'
- ^ Knight, G.W. 1992 (A Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, pp.175-177
- ^ a b "The Biblical Case for Elder Rule" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ^ Viola, F. and Barna, G. (2008) Pagan Christianity: exploring the roots of our church practices Archived 2010-07-02 at the Wayback Machine Carol Stream:Tyndale House
- ^ 1Pet 5:1–3
- ^ a b Acts 20:28
- ^ 1Thes 5:12–13
- ^ Jas 5
- ^ 1Tim 5:17, 1Thes 5:12
- ^ a b Heb 13:17
- ^ 1Pet 5:3
- ^ 1Tim 5:17, Ti 1:9–13
- ^ Acts 14:23, 1Tim 4:14, Ti 1:5
- ^ 1Pet 5:4
- ^ 1Pet 5:1–3, Phil 1:1
- ^ Granfield, P. and Phan, P.C., (2000) The Gift of the Church: A Textbook On Ecclesiology In Honor Of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B, (Collegeville: Liturgical Press), p. 32.
- ^ John Meyendorff, The Primacy of Peter: Essays in Ecclesiology and the Early Church(St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1992), p. 135–136
- ^ Tertullian, Prescription Against Heretics, 32
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope St Clement I)
- ^ Liber Pontificalis 2
- ISBN 0-19-530013-0
- ^ "Bishop". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ Fiddes, P. A Leading Question Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine London: Baptist Publications
- ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 198
- ISBN 0-7369-1289-4
- ^ Howard, V.E. (1971) What Is the Church of Christ? 4th Edition (Revised) Central Printers & Publishers, West Monroe, Louisiana
- Independent Christian Church.
- ^ History of Age Restrictions in Priesthood in the LDS Church, Stack Exchange, May 21, 2018, Retrieved Marc 28, 2020
- ^ Doctrine and Covenants (D&C) 20: 38; cf. 1 Pet. 5: 1; 2 Jn. 1: 1; 3 Jn. 1: 1
- ^ "Church of Scotland website". Archived from the original on 2010-11-21. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ The Cambridge platform of church discipline ... 1648 : and A Confession of faith . The Library of Congress. [Boston : Perkins & Whipple]. 1850.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Dexter, Henry Martyn (1865). Congregationalism:. University of California Libraries. Boston, Nichols and Noyes. p. 67.
- ^ "Questions From Readers", The Watch Tower, pages 28,29
- ^ "Worship and Congregational Life - Frequently Asked Questions - The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod". www.lcms.org. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
- The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church. Nashville: The United Methodist Publishing House, 1984
- ^ The Discipline of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church. Evangelical Wesleyan Church. 2015. p. 115.
- ^ "Discipline of the Primitive Methodist Church in the United States of America" (PDF). Primitive Methodist Church. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ^ Holmes, F. (1962) Regarding Elders. Precious Seed, 13(1)[permanent dead link]
- ^ BBC website
- ^ Miller, Samuel (1831). "Chapter 1: Introductory". An Essay, on the Warrant, Nature and Duties of the Office of the Ruling Elder, in the Presbyterian Church. bpc.org. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ ISBN 9781442244320.
- ^ White, Ellen. ,filter:%5b{'type':'folder','key':'4'},{'type':'folder','key':'1227'},{'type':'folder','key':'5'},{'type':'folder','key':'8'},{'type':'folder','key':'9'},{'type':'folder','key':'10'},{'type':'folder','key':'253'},{'type':'folder','key':'14'}%5d) "Mrs". Ellen White Writings. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
External links
- BiblicalElders.com - a website dedicated to the teaching of NT Church Government Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
- The Biblical Case for Elder Rule Archived 2006-08-28 at the Grace Community Church
- McGarvey, J.W., A treatise on the eldership (1870) - audiobook
- Wallace, Daniel B. Who Should Run The Church? A Case for the Plurality of Elders