Chutney

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the condiment. For the film, see Chutney (film). For the genre of music, see Chutney music.

Chutney
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom
Main ingredientsVegetables, fruits, salt, spices, and herbs.
South Indian-style chutney (green)
Variety of chutneys served with the main dish
Mango chutney
Pesarattu and ginger chutney

A chutney (

cuisines of the Indian subcontinent. Chutneys are made in a wide variety of forms, such as a tomato relish, a ground peanut garnish, yogurt or curd, cucumber, spicy coconut, spicy onion or mint dipping sauce
.

A common variant in

hard cheese or with cold meats and fowl, typically in cold pub lunches.[1]

Etymology

The word chutney derives from Hindi चटनी chaṭnī, deriving from चाटना chāṭnā 'to lick' or 'to eat with appetite'.[2][3] In India, chutney refers to fresh and pickled preparations indiscriminately; however, several Indian languages use the word for fresh preparations only.

Overview

In India, chutneys can be either made alongside pickles that are matured in the sun for up to two weeks and kept up to a year or, more commonly, are freshly made from fresh ingredients that can be kept a couple of days or a week in the refrigerator.

In Tamil Nadu, thogayal or thuvayal (Tamil) are preparations similar to chutney but with a pasty consistency. In Andhra Pradesh it is also called pacchadi. In Kerala it is also called chammanthi and in Telangana it is called tokku or also pacchadi. Thengai chutney, a coconut-based chutney, is the one being referred to when only 'chutney' is said.

Medicinal plants that are believed to have a beneficial effect are sometimes made into chutneys, for example pirandai thuvayal[4] or ridged gourd chutney (peerkangai thuvayal or beerakaaya tokku).[5]

Bitter gourd can also serve as a base for a chutney which is like a relish[6] or, as a dried powder.[7]

Occasionally, chutneys that contrast in taste and colour can be served together—a favourite combination being a green mint and chili chutney with a contrasting sweet brown tamarind and date chutney.[8][9][10][11][12]

Chutneys may be ground with a mortar and pestle or an ammikkal (Tamil). Spices are added and ground, usually in a particular order; the wet paste thus made is sautéed in vegetable oil, usually gingelly (sesame) or peanut oil. Electric blenders or food processors can be used as labour-saving alternatives to the stone grinding technique.

Western-style chutneys are usually fruit, vinegar, and sugar cooked down to a reduction, with added flavourings. These may include sugar, salt, garlic, tamarind, onion or ginger.[13] Western-style chutneys originated from Anglo-Indians at the time of the British Raj. They recreated Indian chutneys using English orchard fruits—sour cooking apples and rhubarb, for example. They would often contain dried fruit: raisins, currants, and sultanas.

They were a way to use a glut of ripened fruit and preserving techniques were similar to sweet fruit preserves using approximately an equal weight of fruit and sugar, the vinegar and sugar acting as preservatives.

South Indian chutney powders are made from roasted dried lentils to be sprinkled on idlis and dosas.[14] Peanut chutneys can be made wet or as a dry powder.[15][16]

cilantro, mint coconut chutney,[18] and apricot.[19]

apocryphal) who presumably had resided for a period of time in the Raj. Its characteristic ingredients are mango, raisins, vinegar, lime juice, onion, tamarind
extract, sweetening and spices. Several companies produce a Major Grey's Chutney, in India, the UK and the US.

History

Chicken chatni

Similar in preparation and usage to a pickle, simple spiced chutneys can be dated to 500 BC.[20] Originating in India,[21] this method of preserving food was subsequently adopted by the Romans and British thanks to their encounters and contacts with the Indian subcontinent. As greater imports of foreign and varied foods increased into northern Europe, chutney fell out of favour in Britain. This combined with a greater ability to refrigerate fresh foods and an increasing number of glasshouses meant the British consumption of chutney and pickle was relegated to army usage and individuals residing in colonial India. Chutney resurged in popularity in England around the 1780s as an appetizer.

chili peppers from the Americas to Spain in 1493. He had sailed with Columbus. After discovering their medicinal properties, Chanca developed a chutney to administer them. In the early 17th century, officials of the East India Company on the Indian subcontinent subsisted on preserved foodstuffs such as lime pickles, chutneys and marmalades. (Marmalades proved unpopular due to their sweetness. They were also rare due to a lack of available sugar.) Beginning in the 17th century, fruit chutneys were shipped to various European countries as luxury goods. These imitations were called "mangoed" fruits or vegetables, the word 'chutney' being associated with the working class in these countries.[20]

Crosse and Blackwell, a major British food manufacturer, probably in the early 1800s.[22] In the 19th century, types of chutney like Major Grey's or Bengal Club that catered to Western tastes were shipped to Europe from the Indian subcontinent. Generally, these chutneys are fruit, vinegar, and sugar cooked down to a reduction
.

By regions of India

Fresh coconut chutney
Mint chutney
Homemade tomato chutney
Region Chutneys
Assam
ghost chilli pepper
chutneys
Andhra Pradesh Gongura, peanut, curry leaf, coconut chutney, cilantro, red chilli with mung bean, chickpea, pigeon pea, tomato, onion, eggplant, okra, garlic, amla (Indian gooseberry), citron, cucumber, carrot, Thotakooraa, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, ash gourd, raw mango, beetroot, luffa, pumpkin, lemon, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, snake gourd, chowchow, cabbage, cauliflower, ivy gourd, Dosakaayaa, Budamakaayaa, tamarind, green and red chilli, ginger, mint, mango
Gujarat Hot
besan chutney, dal
chutney
Haryana Onion garlic chilli chutney, kachri chutney (small wild melon), hara choley chutney (unripe young green chickpea), pudina (mint) chutney, tomato chutney, potato chutney
Himachal Pradesh Guava and eggplant chutneys
Karnataka Coconut chutney, horsegram chutney, chana dal chutney, onion chutney, red chilli chutney, garlic chutney, capsicum chutney,
Karavali and Malenadu
regions of Karnataka state in India.
Kerala Coconut chutney, mint, urad dal, mango, dry fish, shrimp, onion chutney
Maharashtra Hot raw mango chutney, coconut chutney, muramba,
bottle gourd
) skin chutney, tamarind chutney
Manipur Eromba
Odisha Coconut, mango, orange, tomato, dried fish chutneys
Punjab
 Pudina (mint) chutney, onion chutney, tamarind chutney, mango chutney
Tamil Nadu Raw Coconut chutney, fried Coconut chutney, coriander, mint, tomato, onion, ginger, garlic, peanut, sesame, curry leaf, green chilli, red chilli, radish, mango, mango leaf, Guva leaf, tamarind, green tamarind, tamarind flower, tamarind leaf, lentil chutneys, almost all vegetables and Indian herbs.
Telangana Coconut chutney, peanut, lemon, gongura, peanut, curry leaf, cilantro, red chilli with mung bean, chickpea, pigeon pea, tomato, onion, eggplant, okra, garlic, amla (Indian gooseberry), citron, cucumber, carrot, Thotakooraa, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, ash gourd, raw mango, beetroot, luffa, pumpkin, lemon, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, snake gourd, chowchow, cabbage, cauliflower, ivy gourd, Dosakaayaa, Budamakaayaa, tamarind, green and red chilli, ginger, mint, mango
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar Coriander seed and leaf, garlic, roasted onion, cooked tomato, mint, radish, amla (gooseberry), sweet and sour mango, green chili, boiled potato and pickled mango, red chili and jaggery chutneys
Uttarakhand Bhanga (cannabis) chutney
West Bengal Amla, coriander, lime, apple, peanuts, green mango, tomato, papaya, pineapple,
date
, dried mango jelly and other dry fruits, green chilli chutneys

In other countries

In Trinidad and Tobago, chutneys are mostly made from green mangoes, coconut or tamarind.[24] An eponymous music genre developed in the country.

See also

  • Blatjang – South African chutney made of dried fruit
  • Branston pickle – British food brand known for its pickled chutney
  • Dahi chutney – Yoghurt-based side dish classed as a chutney
  • Furikake – Japanese seasoning used similarly to dry chutney
  • Fukujinzuke – Condiment in Japanese cuisine commonly used as relish for Japanese curry
  • Indian pickle – Pickled varieties of vegetable and fruit
  • Piccalilli – British relish of chopped pickled vegetables and spices
  • Relish – Cooked, pickled, or chopped vegetable or fruit used as a condiment
  • Sooth (chutney) – Sweet chutney used in Indian chaats
  • Tomato ketchup – Sauce used as a condiment that is technically a chutney[25]
  • List of chutneys – Links to Wikipedia articles on notable chutney varieties
  • List of condiments
  • List of dips – Type of sauce
  • List of ancient dishes
  • Anglo-Indian cuisine – Cuisine originated in the British Raj with chutneys unique to the UK and elsewhere
  • Fusion cuisine – Cuisine combining multiple culinary traditions

References

  1. ^ Bateman, Michael (18 August 1996). "Chutneys for relishing". The Independent. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  2. ^ "chutney". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 January 2020. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. ^ "chutney". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  4. ^ "Pirandai Thuvayal". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  5. ^ Padhu (20 June 2012). "Peerkangai Thogayal-Ridge Gourd Chutney (thuvayal) Recipe". Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  6. ^ "Hagalakayi Chutney / Bitter gourd chutney". Smithakalluraya.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  7. ^ M., Chebbi, Deepak. "Recipes - Bitter Gourd Chutney Powder". yousigma.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Date And Tamarind Chutney/ Coriander And Mint Chutney » DivineTaste". www.divinetaste.com. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  9. ^ "Khajur Imli ki Chutney recipe - Imli ki Chutney Recipes - by Tarla Dalal - Tarladalal.com - #2796". www.tarladalal.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  10. ^ "green chutney recipe, how to make punjabi green chutney recipe". www.vegrecipesofindia.com. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  11. ^ "How to make Green Chutney & Sweet Chutney for Chats : (Mint Chutney) / (Date & Tamarind Chutney) / Chutneys for Chats". www.tastyappetite.net. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Green Tomato Chutney/ Husk Tomatillos Chutney » Sattvic Recipe". www.sattvicrecipe.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  13. ISBN 9780756651794
    .
  14. ^ "Dry Chutney Powders - Simple Indian Recipes". simpleindianrecipes.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  15. ^ "Peanut Chutney Recipe - South Indian Style Chutney for Dosa and Idli". Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  16. ^ "PEANUT CHUTNEY POWDER / SHENGA CHUTNEY PUDI". 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  17. ^ "Tomato Onion chutney « Sinful Curry". sinfulcurry.com.
  18. ^ "Cilantro Mint Coconut Chutney « Sinful Curry". sinfulcurry.com.
  19. ^ Sara Buenfeld (1 February 2008). "Apricot blatjang". BBC Good Food.
  20. ^ a b "History of Chutney". Mamellada. 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  21. ISBN 978-1-4200-0436-6
    . Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  22. ISBN 978-1-317-62113-3
    . Retrieved 2017-10-27.
  23. ^ udupi-recipes (23 February 2016). "Ridgegourd chutney without coconut". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  24. ISBN 978-0-7735-3406-3
    .
  25. ^ Jurafsky, Dan (13 November 2015). "The Language of Food" (video). youtube.com. Talks at Google.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chutney.
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