Cincinnati

Coordinates: 39°06′00″N 84°30′45″W / 39.10000°N 84.51250°W / 39.10000; -84.51250
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city in Ohio. For other uses, see Cincinnati (disambiguation).

Cincinnati
City
Downtown Cincinnati skyline
Downtown Cincinnati skyline
John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge
Roebling Bridge
Cincinnati Union Terminal
Union Terminal
Over-the-Rhine near Findlay Market
Over-the-Rhine
Great American Ball Park
Great American Ball Park
Cincinnati Music Hall
Music Hall
Tyler Davidson Fountain
Tyler Davidson Fountain
EDT)
ZIP Codes
452XX, 45999[8]
FIPS code
39-15000[9]
GNIS feature ID1086201[5]
Websitecincinnati-oh.gov

Cincinnati (

64th-most populous in the U.S. The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area, Ohio's most populous metro area and the nation's 30th-largest, with over 2.271 million residents.[11]

Throughout much of the 19th century, Cincinnati was among the

steamboats, located at the crossroads of the Northern and Southern United States, with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period. However, it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants, who founded many of the city's cultural institutions. It later developed an industrialized economy in manufacturing. Many structures in the urban core have remained intact for 200 years; in the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as the "Paris of America" due mainly to ambitious architectural projects such as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel, and the Roebling Bridge.[12]

Greater Cincinnati has the

fifth-largest in the Midwest, home to several Fortune 500 companies including Kroger, Procter & Gamble, and Fifth Third Bank.[13] It is home to three major professional sports teams: the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball; the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League; and FC Cincinnati of Major League Soccer; it is also home to the Cincinnati Cyclones, a minor league ice hockey team. The city's largest institution of higher education, the University of Cincinnati, was founded in 1819 and is now ranked among the largest in the nation by enrollment.[14] The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
is based in the city.

History

Main article: History of Cincinnati
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Cincinnati.

Etymology

Two years after the founding of the settlement then known as "Losantiville", Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory, changed its name to "Cincinnati", possibly at the suggestion of the surveyor Israel Ludlow,[15] in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati.[16] St. Clair was at the time president of the Society, made up of Continental Army officers of the Revolutionary War.[17] The club was named for Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, a dictator in the early Roman Republic who saved Rome from a crisis and then retired to farming because he did not want to remain in power, becoming a symbol of Roman civic virtue.[18][19][a]

Early history

Cincinnati as depicted in 1812 with a population of 2,000[21]

Cincinnati began in 1788 when Mathias Denman,

Colonel Robert Patterson, and Israel Ludlow landed at a spot at the northern bank of the Ohio opposite the mouth of the Licking River and decided to settle there. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it "Losantiville", a combination of syllables drawn from French and Latin words, intended to mean "town opposite the mouth of the Licking".[22][23] On January 4, 1790, St. Clair changed the name of the settlement to honor the Society of the Cincinnati.[24]

In 1811, the introduction of steamboats on the Ohio River opened up the city's trade to more rapid shipping, and the city established commercial ties with

St. Louis, Missouri, and New Orleans downriver. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city on March 1, 1819.[25] Exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830, the city's population nearly tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831.[26]

Construction on the

Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21, 1825, when it was called the Miami Canal, related to its origin at the Great Miami River. The first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown; by 1840, it had reached Toledo.[27]
: 5–6 

Railroads were the next major form of commercial transportation to come to Cincinnati. In 1836, the Little Miami Railroad was chartered.[28]: 18  Construction began soon after, to connect Cincinnati with the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, and provide access to the ports of the Sandusky Bay on Lake Erie.[27]: 7 

During the time, employers struggled to hire enough people to fill positions. The city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the next two decades, reaching 115,000 people by 1850.[17]

During this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City.[29]

Industrial development and Gilded Age

See also: Cincinnati in the American Civil War
Miami and Erie Canal
in the foreground

Cincinnati's location, on the border between the free state of Ohio and the slave state of Kentucky, made it a prominent location for slaves to escape the slave-owning south. Many prominent abolitionists also called Cincinnati their home during this period, and made it a popular stop on the Underground Railroad.[30] In 2004, the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center was completed along Freedom Way in Downtown, honoring the city's involvement in the Underground Railroad.[31]

In 1859, Cincinnati laid out six streetcar lines; the cars were pulled by horses and the lines made it easier for people to get around the city.[28]: 29  By 1872, Cincinnatians could travel on the streetcars within the city and transfer to rail cars for travel to the hill communities. The Cincinnati Inclined Plane Company began transporting people to the top of Mount Auburn that year.[27]: 53, [page needed]  In 1889, the Cincinnati streetcar system began converting its horse-drawn cars to electric streetcars.[32]

The Second Annual Meeting of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was held in Cincinnati in November 1875.[33]

In 1880, the city government completed the Cincinnati Southern Railway to Chattanooga, Tennessee. It was the only municipally-owned interstate railway in the United States until its sale to Norfolk Southern in March 2024.[34][35]

In 1884, outrage over a manslaughter verdict in what many observers thought was a clear case of murder triggered the Courthouse riots, one of the most destructive riots in American history. Over the course of three days, 56 people were killed and over 300 were injured.[36] The riots ended the regime of Republican boss Thomas C. Campbell.

20th century

Mount Adams Incline, c. 1905

At the beginning of the 20th century, Cincinnati had a population of 325,902. The city completed many ambitious projects in the 20th century starting with the Ingalls Building which was completed in 1903. An early rejuvenation of downtown began into the 1920s and continued into the next decade with the construction of Cincinnati Union Terminal, the United States Courthouse and Post Office, the Cincinnati Subway, and the 49-story Carew Tower, which was the city's tallest building upon its completion. Cincinnati weathered the Great Depression better than most American cities of its size, largely due to a resurgence in river trade, which was less expensive than transporting goods by rail. The Ohio River flood of 1937 was one of the worst in the nation's history and destroyed many areas along the Ohio valley.[37] Afterward the city built protective flood walls. After World War II, Cincinnati unveiled a master plan for urban renewal that resulted in modernization of the inner city. During the 1950s, Cincinnati's population peaked at 509,998. Since the 1950s, $250 million has been spent on improving neighborhoods, building clean and safe low- and moderate-income housing, providing jobs and stimulating economic growth.[38]

21st century to present

At the dawn of the 2000s, Cincinnati's population stood at 331,285. The construction of Paul Brown Stadium (currently known as Paycor Stadium) in the year 2000 resulted from a sales tax increase in Hamilton County, as did the commencement of construction for Great American Ball Park, which later opened its doors in 2003.

The city experienced the 2001 Cincinnati riots, causing an estimated $3.6 million in damage to businesses and $1.5–2 million in damage to the city itself. Subsequently, substantial transformations unfolded, particularly in the process of gentrification within the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood.

In 2018, MLS announced the inclusion of FC Cincinnati, becoming the city's third professional sports team. TQL Stadium, located on Cincinnati's west end, was subsequently constructed and opened its doors in 2021. Notably, the 2020 census revealed that Cincinnati had witnessed a population growth, marking the first such increase since the 1950 census.

On January 4, 2022, Aftab Pureval assumed office as the 70th mayor of Cincinnati.

Nicknames

Cincinnati has many nicknames, including Cincy, The Queen City,[39] The Queen of the West,[40] The Blue Chip City,[41][42][43] and The City of Seven Hills[44] and "Porkopolis".

"The City of Seven Hills" stems from the June 1853 edition of the West American Review, "Article III—Cincinnati: Its Relations to the West and South", which described and named seven specific hills. The hills form a crescent around the city:

Mount Auburn, Vine Street Hill, College Hill, Fairmont (now rendered Fairmount), and Mount Harrison (now known as Price Hill). The name refers to ancient Rome, reputed to be built on seven hills.[citation needed
]

"Queen City" is taken from an 1819 newspaper article[45] and further immortalized by the 1854 poem "Catawba Wine". In it, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote of the city:

And this Song of the Vine,
This greeting of mine,
The winds and the birds shall deliver,
To the Queen of the West,
In her garlands dressed,
On the banks of the Beautiful River.[46]

For many years, Cincinnati was also known as "Porkopolis"; this nickname came from the city's large pork interests.[47] In 1988, the city built a park, Bicentennial Commons, to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the city's founding and commissioned British artist Andrew Leicester to create a sculpture for the entrance. Leicester came up with four steamboat smokestacks, a nod to the city's riverboat history, each topped with a winged pig.[48] Initial reaction was derision, but the city soon embraced the "Flying Pigs"; the city's Flying Pig Marathon was named after them, and the city's Big Pig Gig inspired by them.[48][49][50] The city has used it as a symbol and a brand.[48][51]

Newer nicknames such as "The 'Nati" are emerging and are attempted to be used in different cultural contexts. For example, the local Keep America Beautiful affiliate, Keep Cincinnati Beautiful, introduced the catchphrase "Don't Trash the 'Nati" in 1998 as part of a litter-prevention campaign.[52][53][54]

Geography

The city is undergoing significant changes due to

Cincinnati Bell Connector began in September 2016.[55][56]

Cincinnati is midway by river between the cities of

Midwest at the far northern extremity of the Upland South
.

Three municipalities are enveloped by the city:

Saint Bernard. Norwood is a business and industrial city, while Elmwood Place and Saint Bernard are small, primarily residential, villages. Cincinnati does not have an exclave, but the city government does own several properties outside the corporation limits: French Park in Amberley Village and the disused runway at the former Blue Ash Airport in Blue Ash
.

Cityscape

Main article: Cityscape of Cincinnati
See also: List of tallest buildings in Cincinnati
Panorama of Downtown Cincinnati along the Ohio River shoreline, viewed from Covington, Kentucky
The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge spans the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Covington.

Cincinnati has many landmarks across its area. Some of these landmarks are recognized nationwide, others are more recognized among locals. These landmarks include: Union Terminal, Carew Tower, Great American Tower, Fountain Square, Washington Park, and Great American Ballpark.

Cincinnati is home to numerous structures that are noteworthy due to their architectural characteristics or historic associations, including the aforementioned

Queen City Square opened in January 2011. The building is the tallest in Cincinnati and the third tallest in Ohio, reaching a height of 665 feet (203 m).[61]

Since April 1, 1922, the Ohio

Lunken Field and the Coney Island amusement park.[65] Downtown Cincinnati is protected from flooding by the Serpentine Wall at Yeatman's Cove and another flood wall built into Fort Washington Way.[66] Parts of Cincinnati also experience flooding from the Little Miami River and Mill Creek
.

Neighborhoods

Main article: List of Cincinnati neighborhoods
Neighborhoods of Cincinnati

Cincinnati consists of fifty-two neighborhoods. Many of these neighborhoods were once villages that have been annexed by the city, with many retaining their former names, such as Walnut Hills and Mount Auburn.[67] Westwood is the city's most populous neighborhood, with other significant neighborhoods including CUF (home to the University of Cincinnati) and Price Hill.[68]

Downtown Cincinnati is the city's central business district and contains a number of neighborhoods in the flat land between the Ohio River and uptown. These neighborhoods include Over-the-Rhine, Pendleton, Queensgate, and West End. Over-the-Rhine is among the largest, most intact urban historic districts in the United States.[69] Most of Over-the-Rhine's ornate brick buildings were built by German immigrants from 1865 to the 1880s.[70] The neighborhood has been intensely redeveloped in the 21st century, with a focus on fostering small businesses.[71]

Climate

Cincinnati, Ohio
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
3.3
 
 
40
23
 
 
3.2
 
 
44
26
 
 
4.2
 
 
54
34
 
 
4.5
 
 
66
44
 
 
4.7
 
 
75
54
 
 
4.8
 
 
83
62
 
 
3.8
 
 
86
66
 
 
3.4
 
 
85
65
 
 
3.1
 
 
79
57
 
 
3.4
 
 
67
46
 
 
3.2
 
 
54
35
 
 
3.7
 
 
43
28
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
84
 
 
4
−5
 
 
81
 
 
7
−3
 
 
106
 
 
12
1
 
 
115
 
 
19
7
 
 
119
 
 
24
12
 
 
121
 
 
28
17
 
 
97
 
 
30
19
 
 
87
 
 
30
18
 
 
79
 
 
26
14
 
 
85
 
 
19
8
 
 
82
 
 
12
2
 
 
95
 
 
6
−2
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Piatt Park in winter and summer foliage

Cincinnati is at the southern limit (considering the 0 °C or 32 °F isotherm) of the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Dfa), bordering the humid subtropical climate zone (Cfa).

Summers are hot and humid, with significant rainfall in each month and highs reaching 90 °F (32 °C) or above on 21 days per year, often with high dew points and humidity. July is the warmest month, with a daily average temperature of 75.9 °F (24.4 °C).[72]

Winters tend to be cold and moderately snowy, with January, the coldest month, averaging at 30.8 °F (−0.7 °C).[72] Lows reach 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 2.6 nights yearly.[72] An average winter will see around 22.1 inches (56 cm) of snowfall, contributing to the yearly 42.5 inches (1,080 mm) of precipitation, with rainfall peaking in spring.[73] Extremes range from −25 °F (−32 °C) on January 18, 1977, up to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 21 and 22, 1934.[74]

While snow in Cincinnati is not as intense as many of the cities located closer to the Great Lakes, there have been notable cases of severe snowfall, including the

2021, and 2025
.

Severe

tornadoes, while infrequent, are not unknown, with such events striking the Metro Cincinnati area most recently in 1974, 1999, 2012, and 2017.[75]

Climate data for Cincinnati (Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Int'l), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1871–present[c]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 77
(25) 		79
(26) 		88
(31) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		102
(39) 		108
(42) 		103
(39) 		102
(39) 		95
(35) 		82
(28) 		75
(24) 		108
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 61.8
(16.6) 		66.1
(18.9) 		74.3
(23.5) 		81.1
(27.3) 		86.7
(30.4) 		91.6
(33.1) 		93.6
(34.2) 		93.2
(34.0) 		90.7
(32.6) 		82.9
(28.3) 		72.0
(22.2) 		63.8
(17.7) 		95.3
(35.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.6
(4.2) 		43.7
(6.5) 		53.5
(11.9) 		65.5
(18.6) 		74.5
(23.6) 		82.6
(28.1) 		86.0
(30.0) 		85.2
(29.6) 		78.9
(26.1) 		66.7
(19.3) 		53.8
(12.1) 		43.3
(6.3) 		64.4
(18.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 31.4
(−0.3) 		34.7
(1.5) 		43.6
(6.4) 		54.6
(12.6) 		64.1
(17.8) 		72.3
(22.4) 		75.9
(24.4) 		74.9
(23.8) 		68.1
(20.1) 		56.2
(13.4) 		44.4
(6.9) 		35.6
(2.0) 		54.7
(12.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 23.1
(−4.9) 		25.8
(−3.4) 		33.8
(1.0) 		43.7
(6.5) 		53.7
(12.1) 		62.1
(16.7) 		65.9
(18.8) 		64.6
(18.1) 		57.3
(14.1) 		45.7
(7.6) 		35.1
(1.7) 		27.9
(−2.3) 		44.9
(7.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 0.1
(−17.7) 		6.5
(−14.2) 		14.8
(−9.6) 		26.7
(−2.9) 		36.6
(2.6) 		49.2
(9.6) 		55.9
(13.3) 		54.6
(12.6) 		42.5
(5.8) 		29.8
(−1.2) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		9.1
(−12.7) 		−2.7
(−19.3)
Record low °F (°C) −25
(−32) 		−17
(−27) 		−11
(−24) 		15
(−9) 		27
(−3) 		39
(4) 		47
(8) 		43
(6) 		31
(−1) 		16
(−9) 		0
(−18) 		−20
(−29) 		−25
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.30
(84) 		3.17
(81) 		4.16
(106) 		4.53
(115) 		4.67
(119) 		4.75
(121) 		3.83
(97) 		3.43
(87) 		3.11
(79) 		3.35
(85) 		3.23
(82) 		3.73
(95) 		45.26
(1,150)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.7
(20) 		6.7
(17) 		3.4
(8.6) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.8
(2.0) 		4.1
(10) 		23.3
(59)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 3.5
(8.9) 		3.4
(8.6) 		2.0
(5.1) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.4
(1.0) 		2.0
(5.1) 		6.0
(15)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.2 12.0 12.5 13.1 13.5 11.8 11.0 8.9 8.3 8.7 10.3 12.4 135.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.7 5.9 2.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 4.6 21.7
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		72.2 70.1 67.0 62.8 66.9 69.2 71.5 72.3 72.7 69.2 71.0 73.8 69.9
Average dew point °F (°C) 19.9
(−6.7) 		22.5
(−5.3) 		31.3
(−0.4) 		39.6
(4.2) 		50.5
(10.3) 		59.7
(15.4) 		64.2
(17.9) 		63.0
(17.2) 		56.7
(13.7) 		43.7
(6.5) 		34.7
(1.5) 		25.5
(−3.6) 		42.6
(5.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 120.8 128.4 170.1 211.0 249.9 275.5 277.0 261.5 234.4 188.8 118.7 99.3 2,335.4
Percent possible sunshine 40 43 46 53 56 62 61 62 63 55 39 34 52
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 8 7 4 2 2 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[73][72][74][76]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[77]

See or edit raw graph data.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Cincinnati
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1800850—    
18102,540+198.8%
18209,642+279.6%
183024,831+157.5%
184046,338+86.6%
1850115,435+149.1%
1860161,044+39.5%
1870216,239+34.3%
1880255,139+18.0%
1890296,908+16.4%
1900325,902+9.8%
1910363,591+11.6%
1920401,247+10.4%
1930451,160+12.4%
1940455,610+1.0%
1950503,998+10.6%
1960502,550−0.3%
1970452,525−10.0%
1980385,460−14.8%
1990364,040−5.6%
2000331,285−9.0%
2010296,943−10.4%
2020309,317+4.2%
2023311,097+0.6%
Source: U.S. decennial census[78]
1810–1970[26] 1980–2000[79][80]
2010–2020[6] 2023 (est)[6]
Demographic profile 2020[81] 2010[82] 2000[83] 1990[84] 1970[84] 1950[84]
White
 50.3% 48.2% 53.0% 60.5% 71.9% 84.4%
 —Non-Hispanic 48.2% 48.1% 51.7% 60.2% 71.4%[85] n/a
Black or African American
 41.4% 44.8% 42.9% 37.9% 27.6% 15.5%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 4.2% 2.8% 1.3% 0.7% 0.6% n/a
Asian
 2.2% 1.8% 1.5% 1.1% 0.2% 0.1%
Map of racial distribution in Cincinnati, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

In 1950, Cincinnati reached its peak population of 503,998; thereafter, it lost population in every census count from 1960 to 2010. In the late 20th century, industrial restructuring caused a loss of jobs. More recently, the population has begun recovering: the 2020 census reports a population of 309,317, representing a 4.2% increase from 296,943 in 2010.[86] This marked the first increase in population recorded since the 1950 Census, reversing a 60-year trend of population decline.

At the 2020 census,

Latino
of any race were 4.2% of the population.

There were 138,696 households, of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.2% were married couples living together, 19.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 53.3% were non-families. 43.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 3.00.

The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 21.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 14.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.[88]

As of the 2023 census estimates, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,271,479, making it the 30th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. It includes the Ohio counties of Hamilton, Butler, Warren, Clermont, Clinton, and Brown, as well as the Kentucky counties of Boone, Bracken, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, and Pendleton, and the Indiana counties of Dearborn, Franklin, Union, and Ohio.

Economy

See also: List of companies in Greater Cincinnati
Downtown Cincinnati is the financial center of the city, Five Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in the metropolitan area.[89]

Metropolitan Cincinnati has the

Minneapolis–St. Paul, Detroit, and St. Louis. In 2016, it had the fastest-growing Midwestern economic capital.[13] The gross domestic product for the region was $127 billion (~$160 billion in 2023) in 2015.[90] The median home price is $158,200, and the cost of living in Cincinnati is 8% below the national average. As of September 2022, the unemployment rate is 3.3%, below the national average.[91][92]

Several Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Cincinnati, such as

Cincinnati Children's Hospital, TriHealth, the University of Cincinnati, and St. Elizabeth Healthcare.[94] Cincinnati is home to a branch office of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.[95]

Arts and culture

See also: Culture of Cincinnati

Society

Carew Tower, the city's second-tallest building, and The Genius of Water, a symbol of Cincinnati

Cincinnati was platted and proliferated by

Episcopalian. Inspired by its earlier horseback circuit preachers, early Methodism was also important. The first established Methodist class in the Northwest Territory came 1797 to nearby Milford. By 1879, there were 162 documented church edifices in the city. For this reason, from the beginning, Protestantism has played a formative role in the Cincinnati ethos. Christ Church Cathedral continues the legacy of the early Anglican leaders of Cincinnati, noted by historical associations as being a keystone of civic history; and among Methodist institutions were The Christ Hospital as well as projects of the German Methodist Church.[100] One of Cincinnati's biggest proponents of Methodism was the Irish immigrant James Gamble, who together with William Procter founded Procter & Gamble; in addition to being a devout Methodist, Gamble and his estate donated money to construct Methodist churches throughout Greater Cincinnati.[101]

Tall Stacks, held every three or four years between 1988 and 2006, celebrated the city's riverboat heritage.

Cincinnati, being a rivertown crossroads, depended on trade with the

in 1836, when an abolitionist press was twice destroyed; and in 1842.[103] More than 1,000 black people abandoned the city after the 1829 riots. Black people in Philadelphia and other major cities raised money to help the refugees recover from the destruction. By 1842 black people had become better established in the city; they defended themselves and their property in the riot, and worked politically as well.[105]

Dancers perform the Schuhplattler at Oktoberfest Zinzinnati.

Germans were among the earliest newcomers, migrating from Pennsylvania, Virginia and

German revolutions of 1848–49, and by 1900, more than 60 percent of its population was of Prussian background.[109] The menial-jobbed, aggravated Irish often organized mobs, and the Germans, far away from their Pennsylvania Dutch connections, did the same. Traditions and celebrations of the city's immigrant communities have been sustained; nearby Waynesville hosts the yearly Ohio Sauerkraut Festival,[110] and Cincinnati hosts several big yearly events which commemorate connections to the Old World. Oktoberfest Zinzinnati,[111] Bockfest,[112] and the Taste of Cincinnati
feature local restaurateurs.

Isaac M. Wise, developed Reform Judaism in response to the influences of the Enlightenment and making their new lives in the United States. Rabbi Wise, known as a founding father of the Reform movement, and his contemporaries, bore a great influence on the Jewish faith in Cincinnati, the United States, and worldwide.[113]

The

NRHP-listed Potter Stewart United States Courthouse is a federal court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, one of thirteen United States courts of appeals. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Cincinnati Branch is located across the street from the East Fourth Street Historic District
.

Founded in 1881, the Cincinnati Art Museum has one of the most comprehensive collections in the Midwest.

Museums

See also: List of museums in Cincinnati

The Cincinnati Art Museum is an art museum in the Eden Park neighborhood. Founded in 1881, it was the first purpose-built art museum west of the Allegheny Mountains. Its collection of over 67,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history make it one of the most comprehensive collections in the Midwest.[114] The Contemporary Arts Center was established in 1939 as one of the first contemporary art institutions in the country. The Art Academy of Cincinnati also features three public galleries, in addition to the Taft Museum of Art collection.[115]

The Contemporary Arts Center building, designed by Zaha Hadid

The city's

Omnimax Theater, Cincinnati History Library and Archives, and Duke Energy Children's Museum.[116] The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center opened in 2004 along the riverfront based on the history of the Underground Railroad, recognizing the role the city played in its history as thousands of slaves escaped to freedom by crossing the Ohio River from the southern slave states.[115] U.S. president and chief justice William Howard Taft's childhood home, now the William Howard Taft National Historic Site, in Mount Auburn features exhibits on Taft's life and accomplishments.[117]

The American Sign Museum features over 200 signs and other objects on display ranging from the late nineteenth century to the 1970s.[118]

Music

Cincinnati Music Hall in Over-the-Rhine is the city's principal concert hall.

Music-related events include the

Cincinnati Bell/WEBN Riverfest. Cincinnati hosted the World Choir Games
in 2012 with the mantra "Cincinnati, the City that Sings!"

Cincinnati has given rise or been home to popular musicians and singers, including

Metro Cincinnati region home. Andy Biersack, the lead vocalist for the rock band Black Veil Brides
, was born in Cincinnati.

The

Cincinnati Music Hall
was built to house the May Festival.

Cincinnati is the subject of a

Cincinnati Children's Hospital replacing it to the drums for her song "The Pulse of Light" during the broadcasting at Ryan Seacrest's studio. Furthermore, she released the music single "Nobody is Perfect" featuring legendary Cincinnati's bass player Bootsy Collins.[119]

Cincinnati was a major early music recording center and was home to King Records, which helped launch the career of James Brown, who often recorded there, as well as Jewel Records, which helped launch Lonnie Mack's career, and Fraternity Records. Cincinnati had a vibrant jazz scene from the 1920s to today. Louis Armstrong's first recordings were done in the Cincinnati area, at Gennett Records, as were Jelly Roll Morton's, Hoagy Carmichael's, and Bix Beiderbecke, who took up residency in Cincinnati for a time. Fats Waller was on staff at WLW in the 1930s.

Theater

The Aronoff Center, one of Cincinnati's largest performing arts venues

Professional theatre has operated in Cincinnati since at least as early as the 1800s.[

Showboat Majestic (which is the last surviving showboat in the United States and possibly[original research?] the world), and the Mariemont Players
.

Since 2011,

University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music have partnered to sponsor the Opera Fusion: New Works project. The Opera Fusion: New Works project acts as a program for composers or librettists to workshop an opera in a 10-day residency. This program is headed by the Director of Artistic Operations at Cincinnati Opera, Marcus Küchle, and the Head of Opera at CCM, Robin Guarino
.

In 2015, Cincinnati held the USITT 2015 Conference and Stage Expo at the Duke Energy Convention Center, bringing 5,000+ students, university educators, theatrical designers and performers, and other personnel to the city.[120] The USITT Conference is considered the main conference for Theatre, Opera, and Dance in the United States.[citation needed]

Film and literature

Artworks, Dreamer, Elizabethtown, Jimmy and Judy, Eight Men Out, Milk Money, Traffic, The Pride of Jesse Hallam, The Great Buck Howard, In Too Deep, Seven Below, Carol, Public Eye, The Last Late Night,[121] and The Mighty.[citation needed] In addition, Wild Hogs is set, though not filmed, in Cincinnati.[122]

The Cincinnati skyline was prominently featured in the opening and closing sequences of the

April Fool's episode of The Drew Carey Show, which was set in Carey's hometown of Cleveland. 3 Doors Down's music video "It's Not My Time" was filmed in Cincinnati, and features the skyline and Fountain Square. Also, Harry's Law, the NBC legal dramedy created by David E. Kelley and starring Kathy Bates, was set in Cincinnati.[123]

The Hollows series of books by Kim Harrison is an urban fantasy that takes place in Cincinnati. American Girl's Kit Kittredge sub-series also took place in the city, although the film based on it was shot in Toronto.

Cincinnati also has its own chapter (or "Tent") of The Sons of the Desert (The Laurel and Hardy Appreciation Society), which meets several times per year.[124]

Cuisine

Approximately 1 million attend Taste of Cincinnati yearly, making it one of the largest street festivals in the United States.[125]

Along with American cuisine, Cincinnati is host to numerous flavors infused from around the culinary world. Frisch's Big Boy, Graeter's ice cream, Kroger, LaRosa's Pizzeria, Montgomery Inn, Skyline Chili, Gold Star Chili, Aglamesis Bro's and United Dairy Farmers are Cincinnati eateries that sell their brand commodities in grocery markets and gas stations. Glier's goetta is produced in the Cincinnati area and is a popular local food. The Maisonette in Cincinnati was Mobil Travel Guide's longest-running five-star restaurant in the United States, holding that distinction for 41 consecutive years until it closed in 2005. Its former head chef, Jean-Robert de Cavel, has opened four new restaurants in the area since 2001.

One of the United States's oldest[126] and most celebrated[127] bars, Arnold's Bar and Grill in downtown Cincinnati has won awards from Esquire magazine's "Best Bars in America",[128] Thrillist's "Most Iconic Bar in Ohio",[129] The Daily Meal's "150 Best bars in America"[130] and Seriouseats.com's "The Cincinnati 10".[131] "If Arnold's were in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, or Boston—somewhere, in short, that people actually visit—it would be world-famous," wrote David Wondrich.[132]

The Filet-O-Fish was created in 1962 by Lou Groen, the owner of the first McDonald's franchise in the Cincinnati area, to cater to Catholic patrons who abstained from meat on Fridays.[133]

Traditional local delicacies include opera creams[134] and nectar soda,[135] both served at Graeter's and Aglamesis Bro's ice cream parlors. Grippo's and Pringles potato chips also have their origins in the area, the latter produced by local company Procter & Gamble. Other foodstuffs of local origin include Frank's RedHot sauce[136] and Slush Puppies.

Cincinnati chili

Main article: Cincinnati chili
Cheese coneys containing Cincinnati chili, developed in the 1920s by Macedonian immigrants in Cincinnati

Cincinnati chili, a spiced sauce served over noodles, usually topped with cheese and often with diced onions or beans, is the area's "best-known regional food".[137][138] A variety of recipes are served by respective parlors, including Skyline Chili, Gold Star Chili, and Dixie Chili and Deli, plus independent chili parlors including Camp Washington Chili, Empress Chili[139] and Moonlight Chili.[140] It was first developed by Macedonian immigrant restaurateurs in the 1920s. Cincinnati has been called the "Chili Capital of America" and "of the World" because it has more chili restaurants per capita than any other city in the United States or in the world.[141]

Goetta

Main article: Goetta

Goetta is a meat-and-grain sausage or mush[142] of German inspiration. It is primarily composed of ground meat (pork, or pork and beef), pin-head oats and spices.[143]

Mock turtle soup

Main article: Mock turtle soup

Similarly to goetta's origins, mock turtle soup was a dish popularized by the influx of German immigrants in the late 19th century. Originally made with offal, today Cincinnati-style mock turtle soup is characterized by ground beef, hard-boiled eggs, and ketchup. The only remaining commercial canner of the soup, Worthmore, has produced it in Cincinnati since 1918.[144][145]

Dialect

For a list of words relating to Cincinnati, see the Cincinnati English category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The citizens of Cincinnati speak in a

northern New Jersey English.[146][147] Most of the distinctive local features among speakers float as Midland American.[148] There is also some influence from the Southern American dialect found in Kentucky.[149] A touch of northern German is audible in the local vernacular: some residents use the word please when asking a speaker to repeat a statement. This usage is taken from the German practice, when bitte (a shortening of the formal "Wie bitte?" or "How please?" rendered word-for-word from German into English), was used as shorthand for asking someone to repeat.[150][151]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Cincinnati
Great American Ball Park, home to the Cincinnati Reds
Paycor Stadium, home to the Cincinnati Bengals
TQL Stadium, home to FC Cincinnati

Cincinnati has three major league teams, three minor league teams, five college institutions with sports teams, and seven major sports venues. Cincinnati's three major league teams are Major League Baseball's Reds, who were named for America's first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings;[152][153][154] the Bengals of the National Football League; and FC Cincinnati, which became a Major League Soccer franchise in 2019. WalletHub has ranked Cincinnati as the No. 12 best sports city.

On Major League Baseball Opening Day, Cincinnati has the distinction of holding the "traditional opener" in baseball each year, due to its baseball history. Children have been known to skip school on Opening Day, and it is commonly thought of as a holiday.[155] The Cincinnati Reds have won five World Series titles, in 1919, 1940, 1975, 1976, and 1990. The Reds had one of the most successful baseball clubs of all time in the mid-1970s, known as The Big Red Machine.

The Bengals have made three Super Bowl appearances since the franchise was founded, in 1982, 1989, and 2022, but have yet to win a championship. The Bengals enjoy strong rivalries with the Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers, both of whom are also members of the AFC North division. Whenever the Bengals and Carolina Panthers play against each other in an inter-conference matchup that occurs every four years, their games are dubbed the "Queen City Bowl", as Charlotte, North Carolina, the home city of the Panthers, is also known as the Queen City.[156]

Pittsburgh Riverhounds.[158] After breaking the USL attendance record on several additional occasions, the club moved to Major League Soccer (MLS) for the 2019 season.[159] FC Cincinnati was awarded an MLS bid on May 29, 2018, and moved to TQL Stadium in the West End neighborhood just northwest of downtown in 2021.[160]

Cincinnati is also home to two men's college basketball teams: the

Cincinnati Royals competed in the National Basketball Association from 1957 to 1972; they are now known as the Sacramento Kings
.

The Flying Pig Marathon is a yearly event attracting many runners and acts as a qualifier to the Boston Marathon.

The

ATP Tour Masters 1000 Series and the WTA 1000 Series, was established in the city in 1899 and has been held at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in suburban Mason
since 1979.

The Cincinnati Cyclones are a minor league AA-level professional hockey team playing in the ECHL. Founded in 1990, the team plays at the Heritage Bank Center. They won the 2010 Kelly Cup Finals, their 2nd championship in three seasons.

The

LPGA Tour at TPC River's Bend
. Its 2022 debut marked the first time since 1963 that women's professional golf returned to Cincinnati.

The table below shows sports teams in the Cincinnati area that average more than 5,000 fans per game:

Cincinnati teams (yearly attendance > 5,000)
Club Sport Founded League Venue Avg attend Ref
Cincinnati Reds Baseball 1882 Major League Baseball Great American Ball Park 25,164 [162]
Cincinnati Bearcats Football 1885 NCAA Division I Nippert Stadium 33,871 [163]
Cincinnati Bearcats Basketball 1901 NCAA Division I Fifth Third Arena 9,415 [164]
Xavier Musketeers Basketball 1920 NCAA Division I Cintas Center 10,281 [164]
Cincinnati Bengals Football 1968 National Football League Paycor Stadium 66,247 [165]
Cincinnati Cyclones Ice hockey 1990 ECHL Heritage Bank Center 6,633 [166]
FC Cincinnati Soccer 2015 Major League Soccer TQL Stadium 25,265 [167]

Parks and recreation

See also: List of parks in Cincinnati
The Spring House Gazebo at Eden Park in Walnut Hills

The Cincinnati Park Board maintains and operates all city parks in Cincinnati. Established in 1911 with the purchase of 168 acres (0.68 km2), today the board services more than 5,000 acres (20 km2) of city park space. Notable historic public parks and landscapes include the 19th-century Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum, Eden Park, and Mount Storm Park, all designed by Prussian émigré landscape architect Adolph Strauch.[168] The city also has several public golf courses, including the historic Avon Fields Golf Course.

Downtown Cincinnati towers about Fountain Square, the public square and event locale. Fountain Square was renovated in 2006.[169] Cincinnati rests along 22 miles (35 km) of riverfront about northern banks of the Ohio, stretching from California to Sayler Park, giving the Ohio a prominent place in the life of the city.[170]

The

Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden in Avondale is the second-oldest zoo in the United States.[171] It was appointed as a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The zoo houses over 500 species, 1,800 animals and 3,000 plant species. In addition, the zoo also has conducted several breeding programs in its history. The zoo is frequently cited among the best in the country.[172][173]

Government and politics

Cincinnati City Hall, completed in 1893

The city proper operates with a

wards. The ward system was subject to corruption due to partisan rule. From the 1880s to the 1920s, the Republican Party dominated city politics, with the political machine of George B. "Boss" Cox
exerting control.

A reform movement arose in 1923 which ended machine rule. It was led by another Republican, Murray Seasongood. He founded the Charter Committee, which used ballot initiatives in 1924 to replace the ward system with the current at-large system. They gained approval by voters for a council–manager government form of government, in which a smaller council hires a professional manager to operate the daily affairs of the city. From 1924 to 1957, the council was elected by proportional representation and single transferable voting. Starting with Ashtabula in 1915, several major cities in Ohio adopted this electoral system, which had the practical effect of reducing ward boss and political party power. For that reason, such groups opposed it.

In an effort to overturn the charter that provided for proportional representation, opponents in 1957 fanned fears of black political power, at a time of increasing civil rights activism.[174] The PR/STV system had enabled minorities to enter local politics and gain seats on the city council more than they had before, in proportion to their share of the population. This made the government more representative of the residents of the city.[175] Overturning that charter, in 1957, all candidates had to run in a single race for the nine city council positions. The top nine vote-getters were elected (the "9-X system"), which favored candidates who could appeal to the entire geographic area of the city and reach its residents with campaign materials. The mayor was elected by the council. In 1977, 33-year-old Jerry Springer, later a notable television talk show host, was chosen to serve one year as mayor.

To have their votes count more, starting in 1987, the top vote-getter in the city council election was automatically selected as mayor. Starting in 1999, the

Charter Party, the political party with the third-longest history of winning in local elections.[citation needed] On October 5, 2011, the Council became the first local government in the United States to adopt a resolution recognizing freedom from domestic violence as a fundamental human right.[176] On January 30, 2017, Cincinnati's mayor declared the city a sanctuary city.[177]

Cincinnati is home to the

appellate jurisdiction
over Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee.

Presidential election results in Cincinnati[178]
Year Democratic Republican Others
2020 77.3% 106,620 21.2% 29,222 1.5% 2,126
2016 74.6% 100,876 21.3% 28,820 4.1% 5,590

Police and fire services

See also: Crime in Cincinnati
Crime in Cincinnati increased after the 2001 riots, but has been decreasing since.

The city of Cincinnati's emergency services for fire, rescue, EMS, hazardous materials and explosive ordnance disposal is handled by the Cincinnati Fire Department. On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first paid professional fire department in United States.[179] The Cincinnati Fire Department operates out of 26 fire stations, located throughout the city in 4 districts, each commanded by a district chief.[180][181][182]

Ford Explorer Police Interceptor belonging to the Cincinnati Police Department

The Cincinnati Fire Department is organized into 4 bureaus: Operations,[181] Personnel and Training,[183] Administrative Services,[184] and Fire Prevention.[185] Each bureau is commanded by an assistant chief, who in turn reports to the chief of department.

The

TLC's Police Women of Cincinnati and on A&E's reality show The First 48. Cincinnati had 71 homicides in 2023, down from 78 in 2022.[188]

Race relations

The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center recognizes Cincinnati's role in the history of the Underground Railroad as an important crossing from the South to the North.

Due to its location on the Ohio River, Cincinnati was a border town in a free state, across from Kentucky, which was a slave state. Residents of Cincinnati played a major role in

fugitive slaves
used the Ohio River at Cincinnati to escape to the North. Cincinnati had numerous stations on the Underground Railroad, but there were also runaway slave catchers active in the city, who put escaping slaves at risk of recapture.

Given its southern Ohio location, Cincinnati had also attracted settlers from the Upper South, who traveled along the Ohio River into the territory. Tensions between abolitionists and slavery supporters broke out in repeated violence, with whites attacking black people in 1829. Anti-abolitionists attacked black people in the city in a wave of destruction that resulted in 1,200 black people leaving the city and the country; they resettled in Canada.[189] The riot and its refugees were topics of discussion throughout the country, and black people organized the first Negro Convention in 1830 in Philadelphia to discuss these events.

White riots against black people took place again in Cincinnati in 1836 and 1842.

Fugitive Slave Act
, which required cooperation by citizens in free states and increased penalties for failing to try to recapture escaped slaves.

Paul Brown Stadium
, commemorates the volunteers who aided refugee slaves and their drive for freedom, as well as others who have been leaders for social justice.

Findlay Market, Ohio's oldest operating market

Located in a free state and attracting many European immigrants, Cincinnati has historically had a predominantly white population.[84] By 1940, the Census Bureau reported the city's population as 87.8 percent white and 12.2 percent black.[84]

In the second half of the 20th century, Cincinnati, along with other

Jim Crow South in hopes of better socioeconomic opportunity, had moved to these older city neighborhoods in their Great Migration to the industrial North. The downturn in industry in the late 20th century caused a loss of many jobs, leaving many people in poverty and homeless. In 1968 passage of national civil rights legislation had raised hopes for positive change, but the assassination of national leader Martin Luther King Jr.
resulted in riots in many black neighborhoods in Cincinnati; unrest occurred in black communities in nearly every major U.S. city after King's murder.

More than three decades later, in April 2001, racially charged riots occurred after police fatally shot a young unarmed black man, Timothy Thomas, during a foot pursuit to arrest him, mostly for outstanding traffic warrants.[192] After the 2001 riots, the ACLU, Cincinnati Black United Front, the city and its police union agreed upon a community-oriented policing strategy. The agreement has been used as a model across the country for building relationships between police and local communities.[193]

On July 19, 2015,

mistrial[198] after the jury became deadlocked. A retrial began in May 2017, which also ended in mistrial after deadlock. The prosecution then announced they did not plan to try Tensing a third time.[199] The University of Cincinnati has settled with the DuBose family for $4.8 million[200]
and free tuition for each of the 12 children.

Education

Main article: Education in Cincinnati

Primary and secondary education

The Summit Country Day School is one of sixteen Catholic high schools in Cincinnati.

Montessori schools, including the first public Montessori high school established in the United States, Clark Montessori.[202] Cincinnati Public Schools' top-rated school is Walnut Hills High School, ranked 34th on the national list of best public schools by Newsweek. Walnut Hills offers 28 Advanced Placement courses. Cincinnati is also home to the first Kindergarten – 12th grade Arts School in the country, the School for Creative and Performing Arts
.

The Jewish community has several schools, including the all-girl RITSS (Regional Institute for Torah and Secular Studies) high school,[203] and the all-boy Yeshivas Lubavitch High School.[204]

The

single-sex. There are six all-female high schools[205] and four all-male high schools in the city, with additional schools in the metro area.[206]

Higher education

The University of Cincinnati's College of Arts & Sciences

The Greater Cincinnati Collegiate Connection is a consortium consisting of all of the accredited colleges and universities in the Cincinnati area.

The

University of Cincinnati Medical Center and the College-Conservatory of Music
.

Hebrew Union College
– Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR), founded by Isaac Mayer Wise, is a seminary for training of Reform rabbis and others religious.

the Reformation Cincinnati provided a global distinguished lecture marking the layout of books and research for stirred city goers[208] and the Cincinnati Art Museum staff built Albrecht Durer: The Age of Reformation and Renaissance,[209] with more crafting by the university design, art, and architecture program given for the city.[210]

Libraries

The city has an extensive library system, both the city's public libraries and university facilities. The Cincinnati and Hamilton County Public Library system was the second largest in the nation by number of holdings in 2016.[211]

Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in Cincinnati

Media

Main article: Media in Cincinnati
Headquarters of The Cincinnati Enquirer, founded in 1841

Newspapers

Cincinnati's daily newspaper is

La Jornada Latina
. The city's weekly African American newspaper, The Cincinnati Herald, was founded by Gerald Porter in 1955 and purchased by Sesh Communications in 1996.

Television

WCPO-TV studios in Mount Adams

According to Nielsen Media Research, Cincinnati is the 36th largest television market in the United States as of the 2021 television season.[213] Twelve television stations broadcast from Cincinnati. Major commercial stations in the area include WLWT 5 (NBC), WCPO-TV 9 (ABC), WKRC-TV 12 (CBS, with CW on DT2), WXIX-TV 19 (Fox), WSTR-TV 64 (MyNetworkTV), and WBQC-LD 25 (Telemundo), which is a sister station to WXIX-TV through owner Gray Television's purchase of the station. WCET channel 48, now known as CET, is the United States' oldest licensed public television station (License #1, issued in 1951).[214] It is now co-owned with WPTO 14, a satellite of WPTD in nearby Dayton.

Radio

Further information: Category:Radio stations in Cincinnati

As of September 2022, Cincinnati is the 33rd largest radio market in the United States, with an estimated 1.8 million listeners aged 12 and above.[215] Major radio station operators include iHeartMedia and Cumulus Media. WLW and WCKY, both owned by iHeartMedia, are both clear-channel stations that broadcast at 50,000 watts, covering most of the eastern United States at night. Cincinnati Public Radio includes WVXU for news (an NPR member station) and WGUC for classical music.

Online

Soul Serum is a Cincinnati-based promotion and production company that provides the local music scene with live shows, music videos, podcasts, and more.[216]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Cincinnati
Cincinnati Union Terminal serves Amtrak's Cardinal line and houses several museums.

Cincinnati has several standard modes of transportation including sidewalks, roads, public transit, bicycle paths and airports. The city's hills preclude the regular

street grid
common to many cities built up in the 19th century, and outside of the downtown basin, regular street grids are rare except for in patches of flat land where they are small and oriented according to topography.

Most trips are made by car, with transit and bicycles having a relatively low share of total trips; in a region of just over 2 million people, less than 80,000 trips were made with transit on an average day in 2012.[217] Like many other Midwestern cities, however, bicycle use grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s.[218] The city of Cincinnati has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 19.3 percent of Cincinnati households lacked a car and the figure increased slightly, to 21.2 percent, in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Cincinnati averaged 1.3 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[219]

The development of a

Wall Street Crash of 1929
.

Public transportation

The Connector streetcar line was established in 2016.

The Connector streetcar line in Downtown and Over-the-Rhine opened for service on September 9, 2016, crossing directly above the unfinished subway on Central Parkway downtown.[55][56][221][222][223][224][225] Today the streetcar boasts over 3.5 miles of track and 16 hours of service per day on weekdays.[226] It had an annual ridership of over 846,000 in 2022.[227]

Cincinnati is served by the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA), the Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky (TANK) and the Clermont Transportation Connection. SORTA and TANK primarily operate 40-foot (12 m) diesel buses, though some lines are served by longer articulated or hybrid-engine buses. SORTA buses operate under the "Metro" name and are referred to by locals as such.

A system of public staircases known as the Steps of Cincinnati guides pedestrians up and down the city's many hills. In addition to practical use linking hillside neighborhoods, the 400 stairways provide visitors with scenic views of the Cincinnati area.[228]

Cincinnati is served by Amtrak's Cardinal, an intercity passenger train which makes three weekly trips in each direction between Chicago and New York City through Cincinnati Union Terminal.

Roadways

Fort Washington Way, one of Cincinnati's major freeways

Bus traffic is heavy in Cincinnati. Several motor coach companies operate out of Cincinnati, making trips within the Midwest and beyond. The city has a

US 127. The Riverfront Transit Center, built underneath 2nd Street, is about the size of eight football fields. It is only used for sporting events and school field trips. At its construction, it was designed for public transit buses, charter buses, school buses, city coach buses, light rail, and possibly commuter rail. When not in use for sporting events, it is closed off and rented to a private parking vendor.[229][230][231]

Air

The city is served by

IATA: CVG) which is located in Hebron, Kentucky. The airport is a focus city for Allegiant Air and a global cargo hub for both Amazon Air and DHL Aviation.[232] The airport offers non-stop passenger service to over 50 destinations in North America and to European cities including Paris and London.[233]
CVG is the 6th busiest airport in the United States by cargo traffic and is additionally the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America.

Other airports include

Ultimate Air Shuttle and Flamingo Air
.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Cincinnati

Sister cities

Cincinnati's sister cities are:[234][235]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Cincinnati's connection with Rome still exists today through its nickname of "The City of Seven Hills"[20] (a phrase commonly associated with Rome) and the town twinning program of Sister Cities International.
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ^ Official records for Cincinnati kept at downtown from January 1871 to March 1915, at the Cincinnati Abbe Observatory just north of downtown from April 1915 to March 1947, and at KCVG near Hebron, Kentucky since April 1947. For more information, see Threadex and History of Weather Observations Cincinnati, Ohio 1789–1947.

References

  1. ^ a b Luten, Winifred (January 11, 1970). "How Losantiville Became The Athens of the West". The New York Times. p. 411. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020 – via The New York Times Archive.
  2. ^ Greve 1904, p. 27: "The act to incorporate the town of Cincinnati was passed at the first session of the second General Assembly held at Chillicothe and approved by Governor St. Clair on January 1, 1802."
  3. ^ Greve 1904, pp. 507–508: "This act was passed February 5, 2851, and by virtue of a curative act passed three days later took effect on March 1, of the same year."
  4. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  5. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cincinnati
  6. ^ a b c "QuickFacts Cincinnati city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
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  23. ISBN 0-911497-11-0
    , Cincinnati Historical Society, 1988, p. 15.
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Further reading
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