Cingulata

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Cingulata
Temporal range:
Ma
Dasypus novemcinctus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Xenarthra
Order: Cingulata
Illiger, 1811
Families
The distribution and density of Cingulata species.

Cingulata, part of the superorder

placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order.[1] Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant armadillos (maximum body mass of 45 kg (100 lb) in the case of the giant armadillo[2]) existed until recently: pampatheriids, which reached weights of up to 200 kg (440 lb)[3] and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, which attained masses of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)[4]
or more.

The cingulate order originated in

Quaternary extinction event at the beginning of the Holocene,[7][8] along with much of the rest of the regional megafauna, shortly after the colonization of the Americas by Paleo-Indians
.

Description

Armadillos have dorsal armor that is formed by osteoderms, plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small, overlapping keratinized epidermal scales called "scutes". Most species have rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with three to nine bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks.[9]

Pampatheres also had shells that were flexible due to three movable lateral bands of osteoderms.[3] The osteoderms of pampatheres were each covered by a single scute, unlike those of armadillos, which have more than one.[3] Glyptodonts, on the other hand, had rigid, turtle-like shells of fused osteoderms.

Both groups have or had a cap of armor atop their heads. Glyptodonts also had heavily armored tails; some, such as

ankylosaurs, evidently used for defensive or agonistic purposes.[4]

Most armadillos

carnivory, culminating in the macropredatory genus Macroeuphractus
.

Classification

Main article: List of cingulates
Holmesina septentrionalis (Barcelona)
Smithsonian
)
Glyptodon clavipes (Berlin)
Cladogram of Cingulata[11][12][13]
 Cingulata 
Dasypodidae
Dasypus
D. (
Hyperoambon
)

D. kappleri

D. (Dasypus)

D. septemcinctus

D. hybridus

D. yepesi

D. sabanicola

D. novemcinctus

D. pilosus

 Chlamyphoridae 
 Euphractinae 

Euphractus sexcinctus

Zaedyus pichiy

Chaetophractus villosus

Chaetophractus nationi

C. vellerosus

†

Glyptodontinae (Doedicurus
)

 Chlamyphorinae 

Chlamyphorus truncatus

Calyptophractus retusus

Tolypeutinae

Priodontes maximus

Tolypeutes

T. tricinctus

T. matacus

 Cabassous 

C. tatouay

C. chacoensis

C. centralis

C. unicinctus

The taxonomic table below follows the results of a

mtDNA and found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the sister group of a clade consisting of Chlamyphorinae and Tolypeutinae.[11]

Order Cingulata

References

  1. OCLC 62265494
    .
  2. ^ Giant Armadillo Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792). FaunaParaguay.com
  3. ^
    S2CID 20186439
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 19710060
    .
  5. ^ Mead, J. I.; Swift, S. L.; White, R. S.; McDonald, H. G.; Baez, A. (2007). "Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Glyptodont and Pampathere (Xenarthra, Cingulata) from Sonora, Mexico" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 24 (3): 439–449 (see p. 440). Retrieved 2013-06-15.
  6. PMID 21125025
    .
  7. ISSN 0012-8252
    .
  8. OCLC 313368423
    .
  9. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5
    .
  10. S2CID 129862616
    .
  11. ^
    PMID 26906483
    .
  12. PMID 31800571
    .
  13. PMID 26556496
    .
  14. PMID 26083486
    .
  15. PMID 21288952
    .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Cingulata.
Wikispecies has information related to Cingulata.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cingulata.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cingulata&oldid=1212544830"