Circassians in Jordan
Иорданием ис Адыгэхэр ( Arabic) | |
---|---|
Total population | |
100,000[1][2]–170,000[3][4] | |
Languages | |
Circassian, Jordanian Arabic[5][6] | |
Religion | |
Sunni Islam | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Abkhazians, Abazins, Chechens |
Part of a series on the |
Circassians Адыгэхэр |
---|
List of notable Circassians Circassian genocide |
Circassian diaspora |
Circassian tribes |
Surviving Destroyed or barely existing |
Religion |
Religion in Circassia |
Languages and dialects |
|
History |
Show |
Culture |
Circassians in Jordan (
History
Exodus
Settlement in Transjordan
With Ottoman territories decreasing and tens of thousands of refugees overcrowding the cities of Anatolia,
The Ottoman authorities assigned lands for Circassian settlers close to regular water sources and grain fields. Between 1878 and 1884, three Circassian villages were founded in areas of modern Jordan:
The lands on which the Circassians were settled had traditionally served as winter campgrounds for
The Circassians in the Balqa proved an integral component in the expansion of government control in the historically autonomous southeastern Levant. For the government, the Circassian settlers served the dual role as a periodic militia used against local rebellions and a key factor in the integration of the local economy through agricultural production, grain transportation, the construction and protection of the
Post-Jordanian independence
As Amman has experienced exponential growth and urbanization since Jordan's independence, the Circassian proportion of the city's population currently stands at about 5%.[26] Most Circassians in Jordan formed part of the country's urban middle class. They largely work in the government bureaucracy, military, and intelligence and are given significant representation in Jordan's parliament and executive branch.[27]
Culture and identity
The Circassian settlers mainly spoke the Adyghe dialects of Kabardian, Shapsug, Abzakh and Bzhedug, but there were also Abkhazian and Dagestani language speakers.[28] Historically Circassians identified themselves as "Adyghe" while the term "Circassians" was historically used by outsiders, such as Turks, Arabs, Russians and Europeans. Today the diaspora communities, including the Jordanian Circassians, use both terms interchangeably.[29] The group's cultural identity in Jordan is mainly shaped by their self-images as a displaced people and as settlers and Muslims. Beginning in the 1950s, Circassian ethnic associations and youth clubs began holding performances centered on the theme of expulsion and emigration from the Caucasus and resettlement in Jordan, which often elicited emotional responses by Circassian audiences. Eventually the performances were made in front of mixed Circassian and Arab spectators in major national cultural events, including the annual Jerash Festival of Arts. The performances typically omit the early conflicts with the indigenous Arabs and focus on the ordeals of the exodus, the first harvests and the construction of the first Circassian homes in Jordan. The self-image promoted is of a brave community of hardy men and women that long endured suffering.[12]
In 1932 Jordan's oldest charity, the Circassian Charity Association, was established to assist the poor and grant scholarships to Circassians to study at universities in Kabardino-Balkaria and the Adygea Republic. The Al-Ahli Club, founded in 1944, promoted Circassian engagement in sports and social and cultural events in Jordan and other countries, while the establishment of the Folklore Committee in 1993 helped promote Circassian traditional song and dance. Today, an estimated 17% of the Circassian community in Jordan speak Adyghe.[26]
Political representation:
Circassians, together with Chechens, are mandated 3 seats in the Jordanian parliament.[30] However, Circassians also produce a disproportionate amount of ministers, which some Jordanians regard as an unofficial Quota.
Notable people
- Sa'id Mufti, 9th prime minister of Jordan
- Ismael Babouk, first mayor of Amman
- Emanne Beasha, singer
- Jordanian parliament
- Hashem Akhagha, The first MMA champion in the middle east, under the Desert Force Organization.
- Ahmad Husni Hatuqey, Current general of the General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan).
- Major General Ibrahim Pasha Othman Kashoqa – 1st commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force(1956–1962)
- Hero of Lieutenant General Ihsan Pasha Shurdom −9th commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force (1983–1993), his Hawker HunterJet Fighter still presented in the entrance of the Martyr's Monument in Amman, Jordan
- Major General Awni Pasha Belal −10th commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force(1993–1994)
- Major General Kheiredin Hakouz Bghane, former commander of the royal special forces
- Major General Hussein Pasha Ahmad Shodash-Shapsugh – 16th commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force(2006–2010)
- Major General Mansour Pasha Hakouz Bghane-Shapsugh- commander of southern region – Commander of central Region Military Attache in Moscow – Russia – General Inspector of Jordanian Army
- Major GeneralIzzat Pasha Qandour −9th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1969–1970)
- Lieutenant GeneralAnwar Pasha Mohammed −12th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1971–1976)
- Major GeneralMamoun Pasha Khalil Ha'opsh −14th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1979–1981)
- Lieutenant GeneralMohammad Pasha Idris Dodokh −15th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1981–1984)
- Lieutenant GeneralThyab Pasha Yousef −16th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1984–1985)
- General Tahseen Pasha Shordum −22nd commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (2002–2004)
- General Intelligence Department.
- Mohydeen Izzat Quandour– Writer, intellectual, film producer and director, and musician
- Amjad M. Jaimoukha – One of the most influential Circassian writers and publicists. His books include: The Circassians: A Handbook (RoutledgeCurzon: London and New York, 2001), The Chechens: A Handbook (Routledge: London and New York, 2005), Circassian Culture and Folklore (Bennett and Bloom: London, 2010), Parlons tcherkesse: dialecte kabarde (L'Harmattan: Paris, 2009).
- Hana Hussien Naghawi – first woman to be awarded a professor's position in civil engineering in Jordan.
See also
References
- ^ "Circassians in Jordan". ImmiSoft – Integration Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
- ^ McNeil, Sam. "Jordan royals' Circassian guards a symbol of thriving minority". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
- ^ "Израйльский сайт ИзРус". Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
- ^ Zhemukhov, Sufian (2008). "Circassian World Responses to the New Challenges" (PDF). PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 54: 2. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
- , retrieved 2022-02-04
- ISBN 978-3-11-019987-1.
- ^ a b Hamed-Troyansky 2017, pp. 608–10.
- ^ a b Hanania 2018, pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b Rogan 1999, p. 72.
- ^ a b Shami 2009, p. 145.
- ^ a b c d e Rogan 1999, p. 73.
- ^ a b Shami 1994, p. 194.
- ^ Shami 1994, p. 195.
- ^ Shami 2009, p. 146.
- ^ a b Hamed-Troyansky 2018, pp. 137–38.
- ^ a b Rogan 1994, p. 46.
- ^ Hanania 2018, p. 3.
- ^ Rogan 1999, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Rogan 1999, p. 74.
- ^ Rogan 1999, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Rogan 1999, pp. 74–76.
- ^ Shami 1994, p. 196.
- ^ Hamed-Troyansky 2017, pp. 610–13.
- ^ a b Rogan 1999, p. 76.
- ^ Shami 2009, p. 148.
- ^ a b Szawlowski, Mark (19 September 2019). "Circassians in Jordan". The Business Year. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ Shami 1994, p. 189.
- ^ Shami 2009, p. 147.
- ^ Shami 1994, pp. 190, 193.
- ^ "Middle East :: Jordan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
Bibliography
- Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2017). "Circassian Refugees and the Making of Amman, 1878–1914". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 49 (4): 605–623. S2CID 165801425.
- Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2018). Imperial Refuge: Resettlement of Muslims from Russia in the Ottoman Empire, 1860–1914 (Thesis). Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
- Hanania, Marwan D. (2018). "From Colony to Capital: Reconsidering the Socio-Economic and Political History of Amman, 1878–1928". Middle Eastern Studies. 55: 1–21. S2CID 150054384.
- ISBN 1-85043-829-3.
- Rogan, Eugene L. (1999). Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66312-1.
- Shami, Seteney (July 1994). "Displacement, Historical Memory, and Identity: The Circassians in Jordan". Center for Migration Studies Special Issues. 11 (4): 189–201. .
- Shami, Seteney (2009). "Historical Processes of Identity Formation: Displacement, Settlement, and Self-Representations of the Circassians in Jordan". Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (1): 141–159. JSTOR 25597400.
Further reading
- Abujaber, Raouf (1989). Pioneers Over Jordan: The Frontiers of Settlement in Transjordan, 1850-1914. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-116-7.
- Shami, Seteney Khalid (1982). Ethnicity and Leadership: The Circassians in Jordan (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California.
- Circassians' Special Niche in Jordan : 'Cossacks' Seem out of Place in Arab Palace Los Angeles Times. 17 May 1987.
- The Circassians in Jordan at circassianworld.com.
- Maintenance of the Circassian language in Jordan Archived 2021-11-23 at the Wayback Machine