Circus
Circus | |
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Types | Classical Circus, New Circus, Contemporary circus, Social Circus |
Ancestor arts | Drama |
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A circus is a company of performers who put on diverse entertainment shows that may include
In 1768, Astley, a skilled equestrian, began performing exhibitions of
As styles of performance have developed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venue where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open-air structures with limited covered seating. From the late 18th to late 19th century, custom-made circus buildings (often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents commonly known as "big tops" were introduced in the mid-19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue. Contemporary circus is performed in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, casinos, cruise ships and open-air spaces. Many circus performances are still held in a ring, usually 13 m (43 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks.
A shift in form has been credited with a revival of the circus tradition since the late 1970s, when a number of groups began to experiment with new circus formats and aesthetics, typically avoiding the use of animals to focus exclusively on human artistry. Circus companies and artistes within this movement, often termed 'new circus' or 'cirque nouveau', have tended to favour a theatrical approach, combining character-driven circus acts with original music in a broad variety of styles to convey complex themes or stories. Since the 1990s, a more avant garde approach to presenting traditional circus techniques or 'disciplines' in ways that align more closely to performance art, dance or visual arts has been given the name 'contemporary circus'. This labelling can cause confusion based upon the other use of the phrase contemporary circus to mean 'circus of today'. For this reason, some commentators have begun using the term 21st Century Circus to encompass all the various styles available in the present day. 21st Century Circus circus continues to develop new variations on the circus tradition while absorbing new skills, techniques, and stylistic influences from other art forms and technological developments. For aesthetic or economic reasons, 21st Century circus productions may often be staged in theatres rather than in large outdoor tents.
Etymology
First attested in English 14th century, the word circus derives from
History
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled History of circus. (Discuss) (November 2023) |
The modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein; however, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical research, and the ongoing circus phenomenon. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman Empire times.
Origin
In Ancient Rome, the
The first circus in the city of Rome was the Circus Maximus, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills.[7] It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood. After being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people; it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width.[11] Next in importance were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A fourth circus was constructed by Maxentius;[7] its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus.
For some time after the fall of Rome, large circus buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers, and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs such as the Bartholomew Fair in London during the Middle Ages.[6]: 4–6
Modern format
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2018) |
Astley and early British circus
The origin of the modern circus has been attributed to
Astley was followed by
Ricketts and the first American circus
The Englishman John Bill Ricketts brought the first modern circus to the United States. He began his theatrical career with Hughes Royal Circus in London in the 1780s, and travelled from England in 1792 to establish his first circus in Philadelphia. The first circus building in the US opened on 3 April 1793 in Philadelphia, where Ricketts gave America's first complete circus performance.[26][27] George Washington attended a performance there later that season.[28]
Expansion of the American format
In the Americas during the first two decades of the 19th century, the
Touring
In 1838, the equestrian Thomas Taplin Cooke returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent.[32] At this time, itinerant circuses that could be fitted-up quickly were becoming popular in Britain. William Batty's circus, for example, between 1838 and 1840, travelled from Newcastle to Edinburgh and then to Portsmouth and Southampton. Pablo Fanque, who is noteworthy as Britain's only black circus proprietor and who operated one of the most celebrated travelling circuses in Victorian England, erected temporary structures for his limited engagements or retrofitted existing structures.[33] One such structure in Leeds, which Fanque assumed from a departing circus, collapsed, resulting in minor injuries to many but the death of Fanque's wife.[34][35] Traveling circus companies also rented the land they set up their structures on sometimes causing damage to the local ecosystems.[36] Three important circus innovators were the Italian Giuseppe Chiarini, and Frenchmen Louis Soullier and Jacques Tourniaire, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, China, South Africa, and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866, and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga, where it became extremely popular.
After an 1881 merger with James Anthony Bailey and James L. Hutchinson's circus and Barnum's death in 1891, his circus travelled to Europe as the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth, where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques (including the tent and circus train), and its combination of circus acts, a zoological exhibition, and a freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.
The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialogue of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength, and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers, and often of complicated and expensive machinery.[18]
From the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, travelling circuses were a major form of spectator entertainment in the US and attracted huge attention whenever they arrived in a city. After World War II, the popularity of the circus declined as new forms of entertainment (such as television) arrived and the public's tastes changed. From the 1960s onward, circuses attracted growing criticism from animal rights activists. Many circuses went out of business or were forced to merge with other circus companies. Nonetheless, a good number of travelling circuses are still active in various parts of the world, ranging from small family enterprises to three-ring extravaganzas. Other companies found new ways to draw in the public with innovative new approaches to the circus form itself.
Russia
In 1919, Lenin, head of Soviet Russia, expressed a wish for the circus to become "the people's art-form", with facilities and status on par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalised Russian circuses. In 1927, the State University of Circus and Variety Arts, better known as the Moscow Circus School, was established; performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics programme. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded.
China
Circuses from China, drawing on Chinese traditions of acrobatics, like the Chinese State Circus are also popular touring acts.
New Circus
Early pioneers of the new circus genre included: Circus Oz, forged in Australia in 1977 from SoapBox Circus (1976) and New Circus (1973);[38] the Pickle Family Circus, founded in San Francisco in 1975; Ra-Ra Zoo in 1984 in London; Nofit State Circus in 1984 from Wales; Cirque du Soleil, founded in Quebec in 1984; Cirque Plume and Archaos from France in 1984 and 1986 respectively. More recent examples include: Cirque Éloize (founded in Quebec in 1993); Sweden's Cirkus Cirkör (1995); Teatro ZinZanni (founded in Seattle in 1998); the West African Circus Baobab (late 1990s);[39] and Montreal's Les 7 doigts de la main (founded in 2002).[40] The genre includes other circus troupes such as the Vermont-based Circus Smirkus (founded in 1987 by Rob Mermin) and Le Cirque Imaginaire (later renamed Le Cirque Invisible, both founded and directed by Victoria Chaplin, daughter of Charlie Chaplin).
The most conspicuous success story in the new circus genre has been that of Cirque du Soleil, the Canadian circus company whose estimated annual revenue exceeds US$810 million in 2009,[41] and whose cirque nouveau shows have been seen by nearly 90 million spectators in over 200 cities on five continents.[42]
Contemporary Circus
The genre of contemporary circus is largely considered to have begun in 1995 with 'Le Cri du Caméléon', an ensemble performance from the graduating class of the French circus school Le Centre Nationale des Artes du Cirque (CNAC), directed by Joseph Nadj. In contrast to New Circus, Contemporary Circus (as a genre) tends to avoid linear narrative in favour of more suggestive, interdisciplinary approaches to abstract concepts. This includes a strong trend for developing new apparatus and movement languages based on the capacities, experience and interests of individual performers, rather than finding new ways to present traditional repertoire.
Social Circus
Beyond the performance aspect of circus, is the Social Circus field, catalysed by Reg Bolton. Social Circus engages communities through circus practice and activity to provide health and well-being benefits.[43]
Performance
A traditional circus performance is often led by a
Acts
Nationwide ban | Partial ban[a] |
Ban on import/export | No ban |
Unknown |
- ^ certain animals are excluded or the laws vary internally
Common acts include a variety of
. The title clown refers to the role functions and performance skills, not simply to the image of red nose and exaggerated facepaint that was popularised through 20th Century mass media. While many clowns still perform in this styling, there are also many clowns who adopt a more natural look.Daredevil
Animal acts
A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus,
are the most common.The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures in a menagerie. Going as far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment.[45] The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.[30] Mabel Stark was a famous female tiger-tamer.
Controversy and laws
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Circuses and animal cruelty. (Discuss) (March 2021) |
Part of a series on |
Animal rights |
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Animal rights groups have documented many cases of animal cruelty in the training of performing circus animals.[47][48] The animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical abuse has always been the method for training circus animals. It is also alleged that the animals are kept in cages that are too small and are given very little opportunity to walk around outside of their enclosure, thereby violating their right to freedom.
United States
According to PETA, although the US
On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the Netherlands,
- 71% of the observed animals had medical problems.
- 33% of tigers and lions did not have access to an outdoor enclosure.
- Lions spend on average 98% of their time indoors.
- An average enclosure for tigers is only 5 m2.
- Elephants are shackled in chains for 17 hours a day on average.
- Elephants spend on average 10 hours a day showing stereotypic behaviour.
- Tigers are terrified of fire but are still forced to jump through fire rings.
- Since 1990 there have been over 123 cases of lion attacks at circuses.
- Animals are trained through discipline.[clarification needed]
Based on these findings, the researchers called for more stringent regulation regarding the welfare of circus animals. In 2012, the Dutch government announced a ban on the use of wild circus animals.[52]
In testimony in
A 14-year litigation against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to an end in 2014 when
On 1 February 1992 at the Great American Circus in
In December 2018, New Jersey became the first state in the U.S. to ban circuses, carnivals and fairs from featuring elephants, tigers, and other exotic animals.[60]
England
In 1998 in the United Kingdom, a parliamentary working group chaired by MP
A ban prohibiting the use of wild animals in circuses in England was due to be passed in 2015, but Conservative MP Christopher Chope repeatedly blocked the bill under the reasoning that "The EU Membership Costs and Benefits bill should have been called by the clerk before the circuses bill, so I raised a point of order". He explained that the circus bill was "at the bottom of the list" for discussion.[63] The Animal Defenders International non-profit group dubbed this "a huge embarrassment for Britain that 30 other nations have taken action before us on this simple and popular measure".[64] On 1 May 2019 Environmental Secretary Michael Gove announced a new Bill to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses.[65] The Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019 came into effect on 20 January 2020.[66]
Wales
A
Scotland
The use of wild animals in travelling circuses has been banned in Scotland. The Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses (Scotland) Act 2018 came into force on 28 May 2018.
Worldwide
There are nationwide bans on using some if not all animals in circuses in Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey.[68][69][70] Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Australia, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Canada, and the United States have locally restricted or banned the use of animals in entertainment.[69] In response to a growing popular concern about the use of animals in entertainment, animal-free circuses are becoming more common around the world.[71] In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators had one year from the bill's passage on 1 July 2009 to comply.[72] In 2018 in Germany, an accident with an elephant during a circus performance, prompted calls to ban animal performances in circuses. PETA called the German politicians to outlaw the keeping of animals for circuses.[73]
A survey confirmed that on average, wild animals spend around 99 to 91 percent of their time in cages, wagons, or enclosure due to transportation. This causes a huge amount of distress to animals and leads to excessive amounts of drooling.[74]
City ordinances banning performances by wild animals have been enacted in San Francisco (2015),[75] Los Angeles (2017),[76] and New York City (2017).[77]
Greece became the first European country to ban any animal from performing in any circus in its territory in February 2012, following a campaign by Animal Defenders International and the Greek Animal Welfare Fund (GAWF).[78]
On 6 June 2015, the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe adopted a position paper in which it recommends the prohibition of the use of wild animals in travelling circuses.[79][80]
Despite the contemporary circus' shift toward more theatrical techniques and its emphasis on human rather than animal performance, traditional circus companies still exist alongside the new movement. Numerous circuses continue to maintain animal performers, including UniverSoul Circus and the Big Apple Circus from the United States, Circus Krone from Munich, Circus Royale and Lennon Bros Circus from Australia, Vazquez Hermanos Circus, Circo Atayde Hermanos, and Hermanos Mayaror Circus[81] from Mexico, and Moira Orfei Circus[82] from Italy, to name just a few.
Buildings
In some towns, there are circus buildings where regular performances are held. The best known are:
- Blackpool Tower Circus
- Budapest Circus
- Circus Krone Building in Munich
- Cirque d'hiver, Paris
- Cirque Jules Verne in Amiens[83]
- Hippodrome Circus, Great Yarmouth
- La Tohu in Montreal
- Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard in Moscow
- Ciniselli Circus in Saint Petersburg
- Shanghai Circus World in Shanghai
- Turkmen State Circus in Ashgabat
- Riga Circus in Riga
- Belarus State Circus in Minsk
- "Globus" Circus in Bucharest
In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the
International awards
The International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo[84] has been held in Monaco since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers.
In art, music, films, plays and books
Erich Kästner's children's books Der kleine Mann 1963 (The Little Man) and Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss 1967 (The Little Man and the Little Miss) are largely set in a circus where the orphaned young protagonist grows up as a ward of the show's magician.
The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The most famous circus theme song is called "
Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical The Circus Girl by Lionel Monckton, Polly of the Circus written in 1907 by Margaret Mayo, He Who Gets Slapped written by Russian Leonid Andreyev 1915 and later adapted into one of the first circus films, Katharina Knie written in 1928 by Carl Zuckmayer and adapted for the English stage in 1932 as Caravan by playwright Cecily Hamilton, the revue Big Top written by Herbert Farjeon in 1942, Top of the Ladder written by Tyrone Guthrie in 1950, Stop the World, I Want to Get Off written by Anthony Newley in 1961, and Barnum with music by Cy Coleman and lyrics and book by Mark Bramble, Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck written by Jay Torrence in 2006.
Following World War I, circus films became popular. In 1924 He Who Gets Slapped was the first film released by MGM; in 1925 Sally of the Sawdust (remade 1930), Variety, and Vaudeville were produced, followed by The Devil's Circus in 1926 and The Circus starring Charlie Chaplin, Circus Rookies, 4 Devils; and Laugh Clown Laugh in 1928. German film Salto Mortale about trapeze artists was released in 1931 and remade in the United States and released as Trapeze starring Burt Lancaster in 1956; in 1932 Freaks was released; Charlie Chan at the Circus, Circus (USSR) and The Three Maxiums were released in 1936 and At the Circus starring the Marx Brothers and You Can't Cheat an Honest Man in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War; films from this era included The Great Profile starring John Barrymore (1940), the animated Disney film Dumbo (1941), Road Show (1941), The Wagons Roll at Night (1941) and Captive Wild Woman (1943).
Tromba, a film about a tiger trainer, was released in 1948. In 1952
The TV series Circus Humberto, based on the novel by
Circus is the central theme in comic books of Super Commando Dhruva, an Indian comic book superhero. According to this series, Dhruva was born and brought up in a fictional Indian circus called Jupiter Circus. When a rival circus burnt down Jupiter Circus, killing everyone in it, including Dhruva's parents, Dhruva vowed to become a crime fighter. A circus-based television series called Circus was also telecast in India in 1989 on DD National, starring Shahrukh Khan as the lead actor.
See also
- Animal training
- Chautauqua, tent shows that preceded American circus
- Circus clown
- Clown alley
- Circus skills
- Cirque du Soleil
- Clown
- Contemporary circus
- Dog and pony show
- Flea circus
- History of Indian circus
- International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo
- Traveling carnival
- Lion taming
- List of circuses and circus owners
Notes
- ^ "Philip Astley - Circopedia". www.circopedia.org. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-877096-50-1.
- ^ circus, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus
- ^ krikos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ Tertullian, Septimus Florens (1931). De spectaculis (Latin text with English translation). Translated by Terrot Reaveley Glover. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Loeb Classical Library.
- ^ OCLC 65377460.
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 390.
- ^ Speaight 1980, p. 11.
- ISBN 978-0-236-40051-5.
- ISBN 978-2-07-013378-9.
- ^ "History of the Ludi". Novaroma.org. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Marius Kwint, "Astley, Philip (1742–1814)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008 accessed 7 January 2014
- ^ Speaight 1980, p. [page needed].
- ^ The Oxford English Dictionary lists the 1791 book The History of the Royal Circus about Philip Astley's troupe as the first written use of the word to describe the modern circus.
- ^ a b c "The circus comes to the Circus". BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
- ^ Joe Nickell (2005). "Secrets of the sideshows". p.8. University Press of Kentucky, 2005
- ISBN 978-0-7190-5234-7.
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 391.
- ^ McConnell Stott|, Andrew (2009), The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi, Canongate Books, p. 28.
- ^ "The First Circus"; Victoria and Albert Museum
- ^ Mr Philip Astley's Introduction to The First Circus in England Archived 8 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. PeoplePlay UK. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
- ^ Philip Astley (British circus manager), Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Leathers, Victor L. (1959). British Entertainers in France, University of Toronto Press, 1959, p. 29.
- ^ Banham, Martin (1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.216.
- ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
- ^ "Historical Markers". Explore PA History. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Person: Ricketts, John Bill". The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "PHMC: Historical Markers Program: Ricketts' Circus". Archived from the original on 19 December 2007.
- ^ "Circus in America TimeLine: 1801 – 1824". The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Introduction". The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from the original on 1 May 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ David Carlyon. Dan Rice: The Most Famous Man You've Never Heard Of
- ISBN 978-0-8095-1310-9. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ Griffin, J. "Frost, Thomas (1881), "Circus Life and Circus Celebrities." London: Chatto and Windus". Circushistory.org. Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ Leeds Intelligencer, 4 March 1854, p. 5, col. 3.
- ^ Victoria and Albert Museum (7 March 2011). "Victorian Circus". V&A. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ Bagley, Sherri (2019). "Big Top Or Crops?". The UncommonWealth: Voices from the Library of Virginia. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
- ^ « Historique de la célèbre crise », Jean-Pierre Thiollet, École ouverte, n°85, February 1982, http://doc.cnac.fr/ListRecord.htm?list=link&xRecord=19102592157919207749
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- ^ "Circus Baobab". Circus Baobab. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "The 7 Fingers". Les7doigtsdelamain.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Collins, Glenn (28 April 2009). "Run Away to the Circus? No need. It's Staying Here". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ "About Cirque du Soleil". Cirque du Soleil. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ Social Circus https://social-circus.com/. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
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(help) - ^ "Circus bans". Stop Circus Suffering. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
- ^ "The history of circus in the US, HistoryMagazine". History-magazine.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Wild things: Mexico struggles to find new homes for outlawed circus animals". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Circus Incidents: Attacks, Abuse and Property Damage" (PDF). Humane Society of the United States. 1 June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2008.
- ^ "Circuses". PETA.org. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations". Nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Circuses: Three Rings of Abuse". Peta.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "19 february 2008 – Projectvoorstel Ministerie LNV onderzoek welzijn circusdieren" (PDF). 19 February 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
- ^ "Dutch government announces ban on the use of wild animals in circuses". 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
- ^ Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt[dead link]
- ^ Court Record, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action No 03-2006 (EGS)
- ^ Leigh Remizowski, "USDA Fines Ringling Bros. Circus Over Treatment of Animals, Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine" CNN 29 November 2011.
- ^ Heath, Thomas (16 May 2014). "Ringling Circus prevails in 14-year legal case; collects $16M from Humane Society, others". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
- ^ (1) Wang, Amy B (15 January 2017). "Animal activists finally have something to applaud at Ringling Bros. circus: Its closure". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
In 2015, Ringling Bros. announced it would stop using elephants in its shows. The lumbering mammals delivered their final performances last May — dancing, spinning and standing on pedestals at the command of the ringmaster — and then were retired to a reserve in central Florida. The move exacerbated the show's demise; the elephants' departure ultimately expedited what was a 'difficult business decision'. 'Ringling Bros. ticket sales have been declining, but following the transition of the elephants off the road, we saw an even more dramatic drop', Kenneth Feld said in a statement Saturday. 'This, coupled with high operating costs, made the circus an unsustainable business for the company.'
(2) Brulliard, Karin (21 May 2017). "Thunderous applause, tears as the 'greatest show on Earth' takes a final bow". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 June 2017.... Ringling had become the target of animal protection groups that claimed it mistreated its elephants, and the two sides soon locked in a 14-year legal battle so cutthroat it involved secret informants paid by animal groups and a former CIA official who was paid by Ringling's parent company, Feld Entertainment, to spy on activists and a journalist. The litigation ended with several animal groups paying a $16 million settlement to Feld. While the animal activists never prevailed against Ringling in court, they were victorious outside. The allegations of elephant abuse prompted municipalities around the country to ban elephant bullhooks — a sharp metal tool used by handlers — or to prohibit wild animal performances altogether, as Los Angeles recently moved to do. After Ringling retired its last pachyderms to a company-owned elephant conservation center in Florida, ticket sales declined much more than Feld expected, and the company announced in January that Ringling would close for good.
- ^ St. Petersburg Times (6 May 1993). "Elephant incidents in recent years". Retrieved 19 April 2010.
- ^ "Hawthorn Corporation". Circuses.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2004.
- ^ Megan Burrow, "New Jersey becomes first state to ban wild animal circus acts", North Jersey Record, 15 December 2018.
- ^ "UK Politics Protect circus animals call". BBC News. 26 October 1998. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses: The Report of the Chairman of the Circus Working Group". UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ^ "Anger after bill to ban wild animals in circuses is blocked by MP Chris Chope". Bournemouth Echo. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "Cameron urged to keep circus ban promise as Conservative MP blocks bill for eighth time". Animal Defenders International. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "Gove delivers legislation to ban wild animals in circuses". UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^ "4 – Extent, commencement and short title". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
- ^ "Use of wild animals in circuses to be banned in Wales after Bill passed". Welsh Government. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ "Leġiżlazzjoni Malta".
- ^ a b International., Animal Defenders. "Worldwide circus bans". Animal Defenders International. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "Turkish parliament approves animal rights bill". Anadolu Agency. 9 July 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
- ^ "Elephant Rampages" (PDF). Circuses.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Bolivia bans use of animals in circuses". Associated Press. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Circus elephant falls into audience in Germany". The Independent. 8 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ "Circus captivity is beastly for wild animals". New Scientist. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ Berg, Emmett (21 April 2015). "San Francisco board approves wild animal performance ban". Reuters. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ Good, Kate (26 April 2017). "Los Angeles Bans Use of Wild Animals for Entertainment". One Green Planet. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ Pacelle, Wayne (21 June 2017). "New York City bans use of wild animals in circuses". Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ Greece bans animal circuses, Animal Defenders International
- ^ "FVE position on the use of animals in travelling circuses" (PDF). Federation of Veterinarians of Europe. FVE/013/pos/007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
- ^ Winter, Stuart (5 August 2015). "Vets call for complete ban on wild animal acts in circuses across Europe". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
- ^ Duckman, Hank (1 January 2006). "Hermanos Mayar Circus by Hank Duckman". Mexconnect.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Moira Orfei Circo official website". Moiranonsolocirco.it. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "The Cirque Jules Verne Website". Cirquejulesverne.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
- ^ "International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo". Montecarlofestival.mc. 15 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Turner, Steve, "A Hard Day's Write." HarperCollins(1984).
References
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 390–391.
- ISBN 0-4980-2470-9.
Further reading
- Adams, Katherine H. (2012). Women of the American Circus, 1880-1940. McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-7228-4.
- Assael, Brenda, "Circus and Victorian Society", 2005, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville ISBN 0-8139-2340-9
- Brooke, Bob (October–November 2001). "Step Right Up: Bob Brooke presents the history of the circus in America". History Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
- Childress, Micah D. Circus Life: Performing and Laboring Under America's Big Top Shows, 1830-1920 (University of Tennessee Press, 2018), p. 247 online review.
- Dfening, Fred D. III (November 2007). "The American Circus in the 1870s: An Overview from Newspaper Sources". ISSN 0005-4968. Provides an overview of "low-yield research" into the history of the American Circus as covered in "ragcontent newspapers [and] magazines [such as] White Tops"
- Johnson, William M. 1990. The Rose-Tinted Menagerie. Iridescent Publishing
- Nance, Susan. Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 304 pages; elephants as "actors" or creatures of agency in the American circus from 1800 to 1940.
- Simon, Linda. The Greatest Shows on Earth: A History of the Circus (Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2014); 296 pages;
External links
- Circus at Curlie
- Dictionary of Circus Slang (American and British/European)
- History of American Circuses and Sideshows
- Circopedia
- National Museum of Performing Arts, Theatre Museum. Circus Guided Tour
- The Philip Astley Project
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