Cirsium arvense
Cirsium arvense | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Genus: | Cirsium |
Species: | C. arvense
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Binomial name | |
Cirsium arvense | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Synonymy
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Cirsium arvense is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native throughout Europe and western Asia, northern Africa and widely introduced elsewhere.[2][3][4][5] The standard English name in its native area is creeping thistle.[6] It is also commonly known as Canada thistle and field thistle.[7][8]
The plant is beneficial for pollinators that rely on nectar. It also was a top producer of nectar sugar in a 2016 study in Britain, with a second-place ranking due to a production per floral unit of (2609±239 μg).[9]
Alternative names
A number of other names are used in other areas or have been used in the past, including: Canadian thistle, lettuce from hell thistle, California thistle,[10] corn thistle, cursed thistle, field thistle, green thistle, hard thistle, perennial thistle, prickly thistle, setose thistle, small-flowered thistle, way thistle, and stinger-needles. Canada and Canadian thistle are in wide use in the United States, despite being a misleading designation (it is not of Canadian origin).[11]
Description
Cirsium arvense is a C3 carbon fixation plant.[12] The C3 plants originated during Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras, and tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, and ground water is plentiful. C3 plants lose 97% of the water taken up through their roots to transpiration.[13]
Creeping thistle is a
Given its adaptive nature, Cirsium arvense is one of the worst invasive weeds worldwide. Through comparison of its genetic expressions, the plant evolves differently with respect to where it has established itself. Differences can be seen in their R-protein mediated defenses, sensitivities to abiotic stresses, and developmental timing.[16]
Taxonomy
Cirsium arvense is placed in the subtribe Carduinae, tribe Cardueae of the family Asteraceae. Unlike other species in the same genus, it is
Underground network
Its underground structure consists of four types, 1) long, thick, horizontal roots, 2) long, thick, vertical roots, 3) short, fine shoots, and 4) vertical, underground stems.
Shoots and leaves
Stems are 30–150 cm, slender green, and freely branched, are very spiny, lobed, and up to 15–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad (smaller on the upper part of the flower stem).
Flower head fragrance
Every plant species has a unique floral fragrance.[21] The fragrance that C. arvense emits attracts both pollinators and florivores containing compounds that attract each respectively. Non-native honeybees are shown to have the highest visitation rate, following other bee species in the genera Halictus and Lasioglossum. Hover flies are also commonly seen pollinating the flower heads of this plant.[22] Florivores such as beetles and grasshoppers are commonly seen as well. The compounds found in the fragrance may not be in the highest abundance but they are highly attractive. P-anisaldehyde is found in less than 1%, yet it attracts pollinators such as honey bees.[23] This is thought to be the result of additive and synergistic effects from the blend increasing the attraction to the plant. After pollination, it can be seen that fragrance emission decreases in C.arvense. This is regulated through a regulatory feedback mechanism depending on the pollination status of the plant. This mechanism has only been observed in pistillate plants for dioecious C. arvense. Fragrance emission increases with age.[24]
The fragrance contains several compounds that attract diverse insects. Looking at certain butterflies species, it can be seen that the fragrance blend is highly attractive to them, being sensitive to their antennae. High antennal response are seen in consequence to the phenylacetaldehyde as well as the terpenes (oxoisophoroneoxide, oxoisophorone, and dihydrooxoisophorone) found in the blend. This was seen in both natural plants emitting the fragrance and emitting the scent synthetically.[25] It is believed that general arousal can be stimulated through exposure of a single compound, whereas the accumulated exposure of all the compounds influence the foraging behaviour of the butterflies.[21]
Flowers and seeds
The
Varieties
Variation in leaf characters (texture, vestiture, segmentation, spininess) is the basis for determining creeping thistle varieties.
- Cirsium arvense var. arvense. Most of Europe. Leaves hairless or thinly hairy beneath.
- Cirsium arvense var. incanum (Fisch.) Ledeb. Southern Europe. Leaves thickly hairy beneath.
The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Cirsium arvense
- Cirsium arvense var. vestitum (Wimm. & Grab). Leaves gray-tomentose below.
- Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium (Wimm. & Grab). Leaves all entire or the upper leaves entire and the lower stem leaves shallowly and regularly pinnatifid or undulating.
- Cirsium arvense var. arvense. Leaves shallowly to deeply pinnatifid, often asymmetrical.
- Cirsium arvense var. horridum (Wimm. & Grab). Leaves thick, subcoriaceous, surface wavy, marginal spines long and stout.
Ecology
The seeds are an important food for the
The flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects such as bees, moths, wasps and beetles[35] (the generalised pollination syndrome).[36]
Status as a weed
The species is widely considered a weed even where it is native, for example being designated an "injurious weed" in the United Kingdom under the Weeds Act 1959.[37] It is also a serious invasive species in many additional regions where it has been introduced, usually accidentally as a contaminant in cereal crop seeds. It is cited as a noxious weed in several countries; for example Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States. Many countries regulate this plant, or its parts (i.e., seed) as a contaminant of other imported products such as grains for consumption or seeds for propagation. In Canada, C. arvense is classified as a primary noxious weed seed in the Weed Seeds Order 2005 which applies to Canada's Seeds Regulations.[38]
A study conducted has shown that with future global atmospheric carbon levels, C. arvense have a risk of increased growth which could expand its range and outcompete native species.[39]
Control
Organic
Control methods include cutting at flower stem extension before the flower buds open to prevent seed spread. Repeated cutting at the same growth stage over several years may "wear down" the plant.
Growing forages such as alfalfa can help control the species as a weed by frequently cutting the alfalfa to add nutrients to the soil, the weeds also get cut, and have a harder time re-establishing themselves, which reduces the shoot density.[40]
The weevil Larinus planus also feeds on the thistle and has been used as a control agent in Canada.[43] One larva of the species can consume up to 95% of seeds in a particular flower bud.[44] However, use of this weevil has had a damaging effect on other thistle species as well, include some that are threatened.[45] It may therefore not be a desirable control agent. It is unclear if the government continues to use this weevil to control Canada thistles or not.
The rust species
Aceria anthocoptes feeds on this species and is considered to be a good potential biological control agent.
Chemical
Applying herbicide: Herbicides dominated by phenoxy compounds (especially MCPA) caused drastic declines in thistle infestation in Sweden in the 1950s.[12] MCPA and clopyralid are approved in some regions. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that can be used when the plant has grown a few inches tall, where the herbicide can be absorbed by the leaf surfaces.[29]
Crop tolerance and weed control ratings were conducted in the spring of 2012, and the Prepass herbicide by DOW AgroSciences was found to be most effective at controlling the species as a weed problem in alfalfa fields.[50]
Uses
Like other Cirsium species, the roots are edible, though rarely used, not in the least because of their propensity to induce
The feathery pappus is also used by the Cherokee to fletch blowgun darts.[53]
References
- ^ The Plant List Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
- ^ Hodgson, Jesse M. (1968). The Nature, Ecology, and Control of Canada Thistle. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. p. 1.
- ^ Joint Nature Conservation Committee: Cirsium arvense Archived 2009-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023656 Flora of China, 丝路蓟 si lu ji, Cirsium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli]
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo dei campi comune, Acker-Kratzdistel, åkertistel, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. includes photos and distribution maps
- ^ Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Database Archived 2007-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Flora of North America, Canada or creeping or field thistle, Chardon du Canada ou des champs, cirse des champs, Cirsium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli
- ^ "Nebraska Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Program" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
- PMID 27341588.
- ^ Californian Thistle (Cirsium arvense), Landcare Research, New Zealand Archived May 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Invasive and Problem Plants of the United States: Cirsium arvense Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ISBN 0-85199-651-5
- PMID 11326045.
- ^ ISSN 0008-4220.
- ^ p80[permanent dead link]
- PMID 23586922.
- .
- ^ "Canada Thistle". Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ISSN 1365-3180.
- ^ a b c d Donald, William (1994). "The Biology of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)" (PDF). Weed Science. 6. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
- ^ S2CID 22444773.
- OCLC 57595495.
- S2CID 21222911.
- S2CID 5722787.
- S2CID 5722787.
- ^ a b Flora of Northwest Europe: Cirsium arvense Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-340-40170-2
- ^ Kay, Q. O. N. (1985). Hermaphrodites and subhermaphrodites in a reputedly dioecious plant, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. New Phytol. 100: 457-472. Available online (pdf file).
- ^ a b "America's most weeded: Canada Thistle".
- ^ Cramp, S., & Perrins, C. M. (1994). The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. VIII: Crows to Finches. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- ^ Finnish Lepidoptera Cirsium arvense
- ^ The Ecology of Commanster: Cirsium arvense Archived 2007-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ecological Flora of the British Isles: Phytophagous Insects for Cirsium arvense
- ISSN 1049-9644.
- S2CID 14419740.
- PMID 25754608.
- ^ DEFRA: Identification of injurious weeds Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Weed Seeds Order 2005 Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine, Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 139, No. 9
- ISSN 0022-0957.
- ^ "Forages in Rotation" (PDF). Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ Moore 1975, Maw 1976
- ^ Lalonde
- ^ Operational Field Guide to the Propagation and Establishment of the Bioagent Larinus Planus (PDF). Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests. May 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
- ^ "Larinus planus". Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests. 17 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- S2CID 2367835.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Turner et al. 1980.
- ^ R. C. French, A. R. Lightfield: Induction of Systemic Aecial Infection in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) by Teliospores of Puccinia punctiformis. In: Phytopathology. Band 80, Nr. 8, 1990, S. 872–877, DOI:10.1094/Phyto-80-872
- ^ Berner, D. K., et al. (2013) Successful establishment of epiphytotics of Puccinia punctiformis for biological control of Cirsium arvense. Biological Control 67:350-360.
- ^ Berner, D. K., et al. (2015) Asymptomatic systemic disease of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) caused by Puccinia punctiformis and changes in shoot density following inoculation. Biological Control 86:28-35.
- ^ Administrator. "2011/12 Fall Alfalfa Herbicide Trials for Control of Canada Thistle". www.forageseed.net. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ Plants for a Future: Cirsium arvense
- ^ "The Botanist". Archived from the original on 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
- ^ "Culture Keepers: Blowgun". YouTube. 2013-04-12. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
External links
- Tiley, G.E.D. "Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop." Journal of Ecology 98, no. 4 (2010): 938-983.
- Species Profile- Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Canada thistle.
- Profile: Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Photos, Drawings, Text. (Wild Plants of Winnipeg from Nature Manitoba)