Cisgenesis

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Potatoes after treatment with Phytophthora infestans. The normal potatoes have blight but the cisgenic potatoes are healthy

Cisgenesis is a product designation for a category of

classification schemes have been proposed[1] that order genetically modified organisms
based on the nature of introduced genotypical changes, rather than the process of genetic engineering.

Cisgenesis (etymology: cis = same side; and genesis = origin) is one term for organisms that have been engineered using a process in which genes are artificially transferred between organisms that could otherwise be conventionally bred.

Wageningen University in 2004, discussing making strawberries less susceptible to Botrytis cinerea
.

In Europe, currently, this process is governed by the same laws as transgenesis. While researchers at Wageningen University in the Netherlands feel that this should be changed and regulated in the same way as conventionally bred plants, other scientists, writing in Nature Biotechnology, have disagreed.[3] In 2012 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued a report with their risk assessment of cisgenic and intragenic plants. They compared the hazards associated with plants produced by cisgenesis and intragenesis with those obtained either by conventional plant breeding techniques or transgenesis. The EFSA concluded that "similar hazards can be associated with cisgenic and conventionally bred plants, while novel hazards can be associated with intragenic and transgenic plants."[6]

Cisgenesis has been applied to transfer of natural resistance genes to the devastating disease Phytophthora infestans in potato[7] and scab (Venturia inaequalis) in apple.[8][9]

Cisgenesis and transgenesis use artificial gene transfer, which results in less extensive change to an organism's genome than mutagenesis, which was widely used before genetic engineering was developed.[10]

Some people believe that cisgenesis should not face as much regulatory oversight as

blight resistant potato plants by transferring known resistance loci wild genotypes into modern, high yielding varieties.[11]

The Dutch government has proposed to exclude cisgenic plants from the European GMO Regulation, in view of the safety of cisgenic plants compared to classically bred plants, and their contribution to durable food production.[12]

Related classification scheme

A related classification scheme proposed by Kaare Nielsen is:[1]

Source of genetic modification Genetic variability via conventional breeding Genetic distance
Intragenic Within genome Possible Low
Famigenic Species in the same family Possible
Linegenic Species in the same lineage Impossible
Transgenic Unrelated species Impossible
Xenogenic Laboratory-designed genes Impossible High

Diagram

A diagram comparing the genetic changes achieved through conventional plant breeding, transgenesis and cisgenesis

.

References

  1. ^
    PMID 12610561
    .
  2. ^ Cisgenesis definitions cisgenesis.com
  3. ^
    PMID 17093469
    .
  4. ^ MacKenzie D (2 August 2008). "How the humble potato could feed the world". New Scientist (2667): 30–33.
  5. ISBN 978-9072016324
    .
  6. hdl:2160/44564
    .
  7. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2008.01619.x
    .
  8. PMID 23998808
    .
  9. PMID 21293908
    .
  10. PMID 16841052
    .
  11. doi:10.1007/s11540-008-9097-y. Free version Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ "Brief aan Eurocommissaris d.d. 18 december 2013 over Nieuwe veredelingstechnieken in de biotechnologie" [Letter to Commissioner dated December 18, 2013 on new breeding techniques in biotechnology] (in Dutch). 2014-01-06.
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