Citation analysis
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Citation metrics |
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Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in documents. It uses the directed graph of citations — links from one document to another document — to reveal properties of the documents. A typical aim would be to identify the most important documents in a collection. A classic example is that of the citations between academic articles and books.[1][2] For another example, judges of law support their judgements by referring back to judgements made in earlier cases (see citation analysis in a legal context). An additional example is provided by patents which contain prior art, citation of earlier patents relevant to the current claim. The digitization of patent data and increasing computing power have led to a community of practice that uses these citation data to measure innovation attributes, trace knowledge flows, and map innovation networks.[3]
Documents can be associated with many other features in addition to citations, such as authors, publishers, journals as well as their actual texts. The general analysis of collections of documents is known as bibliometrics and citation analysis is a key part of that field. For example, bibliographic coupling and co-citation are association measures based on citation analysis (shared citations or shared references). The citations in a collection of documents can also be represented in forms such as a citation graph, as pointed out by Derek J. de Solla Price in his 1965 article "Networks of Scientific Papers".[4] This means that citation analysis draws on aspects of social network analysis and network science.
An early example of automated citation indexing was
A great deal of criticism has been made of the practice of naively using citation analyses to compare the impact of different scholarly articles without taking into account other factors which may affect citation patterns.[10] Among these criticisms, a recurrent one focuses on "field-dependent factors", which refers to the fact that citation practices vary from one area of science to another, and even between fields of research within a discipline.[11]
Overview
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While citation indexes were originally designed for
There is a large body of literature on citation analysis, sometimes called
History
In a 1965 paper,
The inherent topological and graphical nature of the worldwide citation network which is an inherent property of the scientific literature was described by Ralph Garner (Drexel University) in 1965.[23]
The use of citation counts to rank journals was a technique used in the early part of the nineteenth century but the systematic ongoing measurement of these counts for scientific journals was initiated by Eugene Garfield at the Institute for Scientific Information who also pioneered the use of these counts to rank authors and
In an early study in 1964 of the use of Citation Analysis in writing the history of
Automatic citation indexing was introduced in 1998 by
Citation impact
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Citation metrics |
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Citation impact or citation rate is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is cited by other articles, books or authors.[27][28][29][30][31][32] Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics,[33][34] specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. The importance of journals can be measured by the average citation rate,[35][32]
the ratio of number of citations to number articles published within a given time period and in a given index, such as theCitation analysis for legal documents
Citation analysis for legal documents is an approach to facilitate the understanding and analysis of inter-related
Citation analysis for plagiarism detection
Controversies
- E-publishing: due to the unprecedented growth of electronic resource (e-resource) availability, one of the questions currently being explored is, "how often are e-resources being cited in my field?"[43] For instance, there are claims that On-Line access to computer science literature leads to higher citation rates,[44] however, humanitiesarticles may suffer if not in print.
- Citation pollution: the infiltration of or deceptive publishers, research quality, in general, is facing different types of threats.
- Citation justice and citation bias: Because having others cite a publication helps the original author's career prospects, and because the key works in some fields were published by men, by older scholars, and by white people, there have been calls to promote social justice by deliberately citing publications by people from marginalized backgrounds, or by checking citations for bias before publication.[48]
See also
Notes
- ^ Examples include subscription-based tools based on proprietary data, such as Web of Science and Scopus, and free tools based on open data, such as Scholarometer by Filippo Menczer and his team.
References
- ISBN 978-1-55570-690-6.
- ^ Garfield, E. Citation Indexing - Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities Philadelphia:ISI Press, 1983.
- ^ Jaffe, Adam; de Rassenfosse, Gaétan (2017). "Patent citation data in social science research: Overview and best practices". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 68: 1360–1374.
- ^ PMID 14325149.
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- ^ Hoang, D.; Kaur, J.; Menczer, F. (2010), "Crowdsourcing Scholarly Data", Proceedings of the WebSci10: Extending the Frontiers of Society On-Line, April 26-27th, 2010, Raleigh, NC: US, archived from the original on 2015-04-17, retrieved 2015-08-09
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- ^ Anauati, Maria Victoria and Galiani, Sebastian and Gálvez, Ramiro H., Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research (November 11, 2014). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2523078
- ^ "The American Society for Information Science & Technology". The Information Society for the Information Age. Retrieved 2006-05-21.
- ^ Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Moody, Gregory D.; Gaskin, James; Galletta, Dennis F.; Humpherys, Sean; Barlow, Jordan B.; and Wilson, David W. (2013). "Evaluating journal quality and the Association for Information Systems (AIS) Senior Scholars' journal basket via bibliometric measures: Do expert journal assessments add value?", MIS Quarterly, vol. 37(4), 993–1012. Also, video narrative of this paper: TheAISChannel (Oct 22, 2014). "Information Systems Journal Rankings MISQ 2013". YouTube. Archived from the original on Nov 2, 2023.
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- ^ Karuga, Gilbert G.; Lowry, Paul Benjamin; and Richardson, Vernon J. (2007). "Assessing the impact of premier information systems research over time", Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 19(7), pp. 115–131 (http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol19/iss1/7)
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- ^ Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Karuga, Gilbert G.; and Richardson, Vernon J. (2007). "Assessing leading institutions, faculty, and articles in premier information systems research journals", Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 20(16), pp. 142–203 (http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol20/iss1/16).
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- ^ Mohammad Hamdaqa and A. Hamou-Lhadj, "Citation Analysis: An Approach for Facilitating the Understanding and the Analysis of Regulatory Compliance Documents", In Proc. of the 6th International Conference on Information Technology, Las Vegas, US
- ^ a b "E-Discovery Special Report: The Rising Tide of Nonlinear Review". Hudson Legal. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012. by Cat Casey and Alejandra Perez
- ^ a b "What Technology-Assisted Electronic Discovery Teaches Us About The Role Of Humans In Technology - Re-Humanizing Technology-Assisted Review". Forbes. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Dialog, A Thomson Business". Dialog invented online information services. Retrieved 2006-05-21.
- ^ Garner, Ralph; Lunin, Lois; Baker, Lois (1967). "Three Drexel Information Science Research Studies" (PDF). Drexel Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ Eugene Garfield; A. I. Pudovkin; V. S. Istomin (2002). "Algorithmic Citation-Linked Historiography—Mapping the Literature of Science". Presented the ASIS&T 2002: Information, Connections and Community. 65th Annual Meeting of ASIST in Philadelphia, PA. November 18–21, 2002. Retrieved 2006-05-21.
- ^ C.L. Giles, K. Bollacker, S. Lawrence, "CiteSeer: An Automatic Citation Indexing System", DL'98 Digital Libraries, 3rd ACM Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 89-98, 1998.
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Garfield, E. (1955). "Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas". PMID 14385826.
- ^ Garfield, E. (1973). "Citation Frequency as a Measure of Research Activity and Performance" (PDF). Essays of an Information Scientist. 1: 406–408.
- ^ Garfield, E. (1988). "Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis?" (PDF). Essays of an Information Scientist. 11: 354.
- ^ Garfield, E. (1998). "The use of journal impact factors and citation analysis in the evaluation of science". 41st Annual Meeting of the Council of Biology Editors.
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Moed, Henk F. (2005). Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation. ISBN 978-1-4020-3713-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-11-025555-3. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
- ^ Leydesdorff, L., & Milojević, S. (2012). Scientometrics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.4566.
- ^ Harnad, S. (2009). Open access scientometrics and the UK Research Assessment Exercise. Scientometrics, 79(1), 147-156.
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- ^ Lawrence, Steve. Free online availability substantially increases a paper's impact. Nature volume 411 (number 6837) (2001): 521. Also online at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/online-nature01/
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