Citrus
Citrus Temporal range:
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Sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis cultivar) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Rutaceae |
Subfamily: | Aurantioideae |
Genus: | Citrus L. |
Species and hybrids | |
Ancestral species: Important hybrids: | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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Citrus is a
.Citrus is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia,
Renowned for their highly fragrant aromas and complex flavor, citrus are among the most popular fruits in cultivation. With a propensity to hybridize between species, making their taxonomy complicated, there are numerous varieties encompassing a wide range of appearance and fruit flavors.
Evolution
Evolutionary history
The large citrus fruit of today evolved originally from small, edible berries over millions of years. Citrus species began to diverge from a common ancestor about 15 million years ago, at about the same time that

The three ancestral species in the genus Citrus associated with modern Citrus cultivars are the mandarin orange, pomelo, and citron. Almost all of the common commercially important citrus fruits (sweet oranges, lemons, grapefruit, limes, and so on) are hybrids between these three species, their main progenies, and other wild Citrus species within the last few thousand years.[7][8][9]
Citrus plants are native to subtropical and tropical regions of Asia,
This was followed by the spread of citrus species into
Fossil record
A fossil leaf from the Pliocene of Valdarno, Italy is described as †Citrus meletensis.[10] In China, fossil leaf specimens of †Citrus linczangensis have been collected from late Miocene coal-bearing strata of the Bangmai Formation in Yunnan province. C. linczangensis resembles C. meletensis in having an intramarginal vein, an entire margin, and an articulated and distinctly winged petiole.[11]
Taxonomy
Many cultivated Citrus species are

Apart from these core species,
History
The earliest introductions of citrus species by human migrations was during the
The citron (
Lemons, pomelos, and sour oranges were introduced to the Mediterranean by Arab traders around the 10th century CE. Sweet oranges were brought to Europe by the Genoese and Portuguese from Asia during the 15th to 16th century. Mandarins were not introduced until the 19th century.[18][19][20] Oranges were introduced to Florida by Spanish colonists.[21][22] In cooler parts of Europe, citrus fruit was grown in orangeries starting in the 17th century; many were as much status symbols as functional agricultural structures.[23]
Etymology
The generic name Citrus originates from
Description
Tree
Citrus plants are large shrubs or small to moderate-sized trees, reaching 5–15 m (16–49 ft) tall, with
Fruit

The fruit is a
The fragrance of citrus fruits is conferred by
- Citrus fruits are diverse in size, shape, color, and flavor.
-
Ichang papeda
-
carpels
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Redfinger lime
Cultivation

Most commercial citrus cultivation uses trees produced by grafting the desired fruiting cultivars onto rootstocks selected for disease resistance and hardiness.[33] The trees are not generally frost hardy. They thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate water.[33]
The color of citrus fruits only develops in climates with a (diurnal) cool winter. In tropical regions with no winter at all, citrus fruits remain green until maturity, hence the tropical "green oranges".[34] The terms 'ripe' and 'mature' are widely used synonymously, but they mean different things. A mature fruit is one that has completed its growth phase. Ripening is the sequence of changes within the fruit from maturity to the beginning of decay. These changes involve the conversion of starches to sugars, a decrease in acids, softening, and a change in the fruit's color.[35] Citrus fruits are non-climacteric and respiration slowly declines and the production and release of ethylene is gradual.[36]
Production

According to the
Pests and diseases
Among the diseases of citrus plantations are
-
Chlorosis caused by Citrus tristeza virus
-
gammaproteobacteriumXanthomonas axonopodis
-
Asian citrus psyllid, vectorof citrus greening disease
-
Life stages of the citrus nematode,Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Deficiency diseases
Citrus plants can develop the deficiency condition
Effects on humans

Some Citrus species contain significant amounts of
A systematic review indicates that citrus fruit consumption is associated with a 10% reduction of risk for developing breast cancer.[58]
Uses
Culinary
Many citrus fruits, such as
A variety of flavors can be derived from different parts and treatments of citrus fruits.[27] The colorful outer skin of some citrus fruits, known as zest, is used as a flavoring in cooking.[63] The whole of the bitter orange (and sometimes other citrus fruits) including the peel with its essential oils is cooked with sugar to make marmalade.[64]
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Fried chicken garnished with lemon and onion
-
Calamansi, ubiquitous in Philippine condiments
-
Bitter oranges (Citrus × aurantium) are used for marmalade.
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Marmalade, with orange peel
As ornamental plants

By the 17th century, orangeries were added to great houses in Europe, both to enable the fruit to be grown locally and for prestige, as seen in the Versailles Orangerie.[65] Some modern hobbyists grow dwarf citrus in containers or greenhouses in areas where the weather is too cold to grow it outdoors; Citrofortunella hybrids have good cold resistance.[66]
In art and culture

Lemons appear in paintings, pop art, and novels.
Citrus fruits "were the clear status symbols of the nobility in the ancient Mediterranean", according to the paleoethnobotanist Dafna Langgut.[68] In Louisa May Alcott's 1868 novel Little Women, the character Amy March states that "It's nothing but limes now, for everyone is sucking them in their desks in schooltime, and trading them off for pencils, bead rings, paper dolls, or something else… If one girl likes another, she gives her a lime; if she’s mad with her, she eats one before her face, and doesn’t offer even a suck."[68]
See also
References
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- ^ "Citrus L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
- ^ S2CID 242819146.
- ^ "A phylogenetic analysis of 34 chloroplast genomes elucidates the relationships between wild and domestic species within the genus Citrus". 31 January 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Briggs, Helen (8 February 2018). "DNA Story of when life first gave us lemons". BBC News. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
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- ^ Citrus meletensis (Rutaceae), a new species from the Pliocene of Valdarno (Italy). Fischer, T.C. & Butzmann, Plant Systematics and Evolution – March 1998, Volume 210, Issue 1, pp 51–55. doi:10.1007/BF00984727
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- ^ PMID 29414943. and Supplement
- ^ García Lor, Andrés (2013). Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos [Organisation of the genetic diversity of the citruses] (PDF) (Thesis) (in Spanish). p. 79.
- ^ Bayer, R. J., et al. (2009). A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 96(3), 668–685.
- ^ "Oxanthera Montrouz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
- ^ Blench, R.M. (2005). "Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo Pacific region". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24: 31–50.
- ^ ISBN 9782918887775.
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- ^ "Exploring Florida Documents: Fruit". fcit.usf.edu.
- ^ "History of the Citrus and Citrus Tree Growing in America". www.tytyga.com.
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- ^ Del Hotal, Tom. "Citrus Pruning" (PDF). California Rare Fruit Growers.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-2032-1661-3.
- ^ a b c d e Janick, Jules (2005). "Citrus". Purdue University Tropical Horticulture Lecture 32. Archived from the original on 24 June 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ "Citrus fruit diagram". ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012.
- ^ "Flavonoid Composition of Fruit Tissues of Citrus Species". Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-323-85683-6.
- ^ GRIN. "Species list in GRIN for genus Citrus". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ISBN 978-2-918887-77-5.
- ^ a b "How to grow citrus fruit". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ Shailes, Sarah (4 December 2014). "Why is my orange green?". Plant Scientist.
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- ISBN 978-0-521-33321-4. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Citrus fruit, fresh and processed: Statistical Bulletin" (PDF). UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/citrus?disaggregationYearSelector=tradeYear3 OEC — The Observer of Economic Complexity, Citrus
- ^ https://oec.world/en/profile/sitc/fruit OEC — The Observer of Economic Complexity, Fruit
- ^ "Citrus: World Markets and Trade" (PDF). US Department of Agriculture. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ "Citrus diseases". U. S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 22 August 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
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- ^ a b "About the Asian Citrus Psyllid and Huanglongbing". californiacitrusthreat.org. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ^ "Florida Citrus Statistics 2015–2016" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture – National Agricultural Statistics Service. 3 October 2017. p. 62. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Abandoned groves are a threat to the citrus industry and are a haven for psyllids carrying the bacterium that causes greening disease.
- ^ Nelson, Diane (27 August 2019). "Can Science Save Citrus? Farmers, researchers try to hold off deadly citrus greening long enough to find cure". Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Nematodes / Citrus / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines / UC Statewide IPM Program". ipm.ucanr.edu. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ A Sheath Nematode, Hemicycliophora arenaria raski, Pathogenic to Citrus, by D. E. Stokes, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, July 1977[1]
- ^ Online at SumoGardener "How to Avoid Yellow Leaves on Citrus Trees". 9 July 2016.
- ^ Mauk, Peggy A.; Shea, Tom. "Questions and Answers to Citrus Management (3rd ed.)" (PDF). University of California Cooperative Extension. pp. 7–8. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
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- ^ "Toxicological Assessment of Furocoumarins in Foodstuffs" (PDF). The German Research Foundation (DFG). DFG Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM). 2004. pp. 3, 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
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- ^ Sheu, Scott. "Foods Indigenous to the Western Hemisphere: Grapefruit". American Indian Health and Diet Project. Aihd.ku.edu. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010.
- ^ "Lemonade". dictionary.cambridge.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
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- ^ a b Reidy, Tess (23 March 2024). "The king of zing: lemons in art – in pictures". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Huang, Jean (1 October 2021). "When Life Gives You Lemons, It's a Status Symbol: On the Evolving Literary and Cultural History of Citrus". LitHub. Retrieved 20 October 2024.