Austin, Texas
Austin | ||
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Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium | ||
Mayor Kirk Watson (D)[a] | | |
• City Council | Members
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• FIPS code | 48-05000[6] | |
GNIS feature ID | 1384879[3] | |
Website | austintexas |
Austin (
As of 2021, Austin had an estimated population of 964,177,[16] up from 961,855 at the 2020 census.[17] The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan statistical area, which had an estimated population of 2,473,275 as of July 1, 2023. Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country, it is home to numerous lakes, rivers, and waterways, including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River, Barton Springs, McKinney Falls, and Lake Walter E. Long.
Residents of Austin are known as Austinites.[18] They include a diverse mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, and blue-collar workers. The city's official slogan promotes Austin as "The Live Music Capital of the World", a reference to the city's many musicians and live music venues, as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series Austin City Limits.[19][20] Austin is the site of South by Southwest (SXSW), an annual conglomeration of parallel film, interactive media, and music festivals. The city also adopted "Silicon Hills" as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. In recent years, some Austinites have adopted the unofficial slogan "Keep Austin Weird",[21] which refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations.[22] Since the late 19th century, Austin has also been known as the "City of the Violet Crown", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset.[23]
Emerging from a strong economic focus on government and education, since the 1990s, Austin has become a center for technology and business.
History
Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of human habitation since at least 9200 BC. The area's earliest known inhabitants lived during the late Pleistocene (Ice Age) and are linked to the Clovis culture around 9200 BC (over 11,200 years ago), based on evidence found throughout the area and documented at the much-studied Gault Site, midway between Georgetown and Fort Cavazos.[27][failed verification]
When settlers arrived from Europe, the
During the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River. Spanish forts were established in what are now Bastrop and San Marcos.[29][31] Following Mexico's independence, new settlements were established in Central Texas.[31][32][33]
In 1835–1836, Texans fought and won
The city grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin.[38]
In 1840, a series of conflicts between the Texas Rangers and the Comanches, known as the Council House Fight and the Battle of Plum Creek, pushed the Comanches westward, mostly ending conflicts in Central Texas.[39] Settlement in the area began to expand quickly. Travis County was established in 1840, and the surrounding counties were mostly established within the next two decades.[33]
Initially, the new capital thrived but Lamar's political enemy,
In 1860, 38% of Travis County residents were slaves.[42] In 1861, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, voters in Austin and other Central Texas communities voted against secession.[31][34] However, as the war progressed and fears of attack by Union forces increased, Austin contributed hundreds of men to the Confederate forces. The African American population of Austin swelled dramatically after the enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas by Union General Gordon Granger at Galveston, in an event commemorated as Juneteenth. Black communities such as Wheatville, Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville were established, with Clarksville being the oldest surviving freedomtown ‒ the original post-Civil War settlements founded by former African-American slaves ‒ west of the Mississippi River.[34] In 1870, blacks made up 36.5% of Austin's population.[43]
In September 1881, Austin public schools held their first classes. The same year, Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute (now part of Huston–Tillotson University) opened its doors. The University of Texas held its first classes in 1883, although classes had been held in the original wooden state capitol for four years before.[50]
During the 1880s, Austin gained new prominence as the state capitol building was completed in 1888 and claimed as the seventh largest building in the world.[34] In the late 19th century, Austin expanded its city limits to more than three times its former area, and the first granite dam was built on the Colorado River to power a new street car line and the new "moon towers".[34] The first dam washed away in a flood on April 7, 1900.[51]
In the late 1920s and 1930s, Austin implemented the 1928 Austin city plan through a series of civic development and beautification projects that created much of the city's infrastructure and many of its parks. In addition, the state legislature established the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) that, along with the city of Austin, created the system of dams along the Colorado River to form the Highland Lakes. These projects were enabled in large part because the Public Works Administration provided Austin with greater funding for municipal construction projects than other Texas cities.[34]
During the early twentieth century, a three-way system of social segregation emerged in Austin, with Anglos, African Americans and Mexicans being separated by custom or law in most aspects of life, including housing, health care, and education. Deed restrictions also played an important role in residential segregation. After 1935 most housing deeds prohibited African Americans (and sometimes other nonwhite groups) from using land.[52] Combined with the system of segregated public services, racial segregation increased in Austin during the first half of the twentieth century, with African Americans and Mexicans experiencing high levels of discrimination and social marginalization.[53]
In 1940, the destroyed granite dam on the Colorado River was finally replaced by a hollow concrete dam[54] that formed Lake McDonald (now called Lake Austin) and which has withstood all floods since. In addition, the much larger Mansfield Dam was built by the LCRA upstream of Austin to form Lake Travis, a flood-control reservoir.[55]
In the early 20th century, the
After a severe lull in economic growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its steady development. Following the mid-20th century, Austin became established as one of Texas' major metropolitan centers. In 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Austin's population as 14.5% Hispanic, 11.9% black, and 73.4% non-Hispanic white.[43] In the late 20th century, Austin emerged as an important high tech center for semiconductors and software. The University of Texas at Austin emerged as a major university.[56]
The 1970s saw Austin's emergence in the national music scene, with local artists such as Willie Nelson, Asleep at the Wheel, and Stevie Ray Vaughan and iconic music venues such as the Armadillo World Headquarters. Over time, the long-running television program Austin City Limits, its namesake Austin City Limits Festival, and the South by Southwest music festival solidified the city's place in the music industry.[25]
Geography
Austin, the southernmost state capital of the contiguous 48 states, is located in Central Texas on the Colorado River. Austin is 146 miles (230 km) northwest of Houston,[57] 182 miles (290 km) south of Dallas[58] and 74 miles (120 km) northeast of San Antonio.[59]
Austin occupies a total area of 305.1 square miles (790.1 km2). Approximately 7.2 square miles (18.6 km2) of this area is water.
The elevation of Austin varies from 425 feet (130 m) to approximately 1,000 feet (305 m) above sea level.[60] Due to the fact it straddles the Balcones Fault, much of the eastern part of the city is flat, with heavy clay and loam soils, whereas the western part and western suburbs consist of rolling hills on the edge of the Texas Hill Country.[61] Because the hills to the west are primarily limestone rock with a thin covering of topsoil, portions of the city are frequently subjected to flash floods from the runoff caused by thunderstorms.[62][63] To help control this runoff and to generate hydroelectric power, the Lower Colorado River Authority operates a series of dams that form the Texas Highland Lakes. The lakes also provide venues for boating, swimming, and other forms of recreation within several parks on the lake shores.[64]
Austin is located at the intersection of four major ecological regions, and is consequently a temperate-to-hot green oasis with a highly variable climate having some characteristics of the desert, the tropics, and a wetter climate.[65][66] The area is very diverse ecologically and biologically, and is home to a variety of animals and plants.[67] Notably, the area is home to many types of wildflowers that blossom throughout the year but especially in the spring. This includes the popular bluebonnets, some planted by "Lady Bird" Johnson, wife of former President Lyndon B. Johnson.[68]
The soils of Austin range from shallow, gravelly clay loams over limestone in the western outskirts to deep, fine sandy loams, silty clay loams, silty clays or clays in the city's eastern part. Some of the clays have pronounced shrink-swell properties and are difficult to work under most moisture conditions. Many of Austin's soils, especially the clay-rich types, are slightly to moderately alkaline and have free calcium carbonate.[69]
Cityscape
Austin's skyline historically was modest, dominated by the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas Main Building. However, since the 2000s, many new high-rise towers have been constructed.[70] Austin is currently undergoing a skyscraper boom, which includes recent construction on new office, hotel and residential buildings. Downtown's buildings are somewhat spread out, partly due to a set of zoning restrictions that preserve the view of the Texas State Capitol from various locations around Austin, known as the Capitol View Corridors.[71]
At night, parts of Austin are lit by "artificial moonlight" from moonlight towers built to illuminate the central part of the city.[72] The 165-foot (50 m) moonlight towers were built in the late 19th century and are now recognized as historic landmarks. Only 15 of the 31 original innovative towers remain standing in Austin, but none remain in any of the other cities where they were installed. The towers are featured in the 1993 film Dazed and Confused.
In December 2023, amid rising home prices, the Austin City Council loosened the city's zoning rules to permit by-right development of triplexes on each lot and loosened restrictions on tiny homes.[73]
Downtown
The central business district of Austin is home to the tallest condo towers in the state, with The Independent (58 stories and 690 ft (210 m) tall) and The Austonian (topping out at 56 floors and 685 ft (209 m) tall). The Independent became the tallest all-residential building in the U.S. west of Chicago when topped out in 2018. In 2005, then-Mayor Will Wynn set out a goal of having 25,000 people living downtown by 2015.[74] Although downtown's growth did not meet this goal, downtown's residential population did surge from an estimated 5,000 in 2005 to 12,000 in 2015.[75] The skyline has drastically changed in recent years, and the residential real estate market has remained relatively strong. As of December 2016[update], there were 31 high rise projects either under construction, approved or planned to be completed in Austin's downtown core between 2017 and 2020. Sixteen of those were set to rise above 400 ft (120 m) tall, including four above 600', and eight above 500'. An additional 15 towers were slated to stand between 300' and 399' tall.
Climate
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Austin is located within the middle of a unique, narrow transitional zone between the dry deserts of the American Southwest and the lush, green, more humid regions of the American Southeast. Its climate, topography, and vegetation share characteristics of both. Officially, Austin has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification. This climate is typified by long, very hot summers, short, mild winters, and warm to hot spring and fall seasons in-between. Austin averages 34.32 inches (872 mm) of annual rainfall distributed mostly evenly throughout the year, though spring and fall are the wettest seasons. Sunshine is common during all seasons, with 2,650 hours, or 60.3% of the possible total, of bright sunshine per year.[76]
Summers in Austin are very hot, with average July and August highs frequently reaching the high-90s (34–36 °C) or above. Highs reach 90 °F (32 °C) on 123 days per year, of which 29 days reach 100 °F (38 °C); all years in the 1991-2020 period recorded at least 1 day of the latter.[77] The average daytime high is 70 °F (21 °C) or warmer between March 1 and November 21, rising to 80 °F (27 °C) or warmer between April 14 and October 24, and reaching 90 °F (32 °C) or warmer between May 30 and September 18.[77] The highest ever recorded temperature was 112 °F (44 °C) occurring on September 5, 2000, and August 28, 2011.[78][79] An uncommon characteristic of Austin's climate is its highly variable humidity, which fluctuates frequently depending on the shifting patterns of air flow and wind direction. It is common for a lengthy series of warm, dry, low-humidity days to be occasionally interrupted by very warm and humid days, and vice versa. Humidity rises with winds from the east or southeast, when the air drifts inland from the Gulf of Mexico, but decreases significantly with winds from the west or southwest, bringing air flowing from Chihuahuan Desert areas of West Texas or northern Mexico.[77]
Winters in Austin are mild, although occasional short-lived bursts of cold weather known as "
Typical of Central Texas, severe weather in Austin is a threat that can strike during any season. However, it is most common during the spring. According to most classifications, Austin lies within the extreme southern periphery of Tornado Alley, although many sources place Austin outside of Tornado Alley altogether.[86] Consequently, tornadoes strike Austin less frequently than areas farther to the north.[86] However, severe weather and/or supercell thunderstorms can occur multiple times per year, bringing damaging winds, lightning, heavy rain, and occasional flash flooding to the city.[87] The deadliest storm to ever strike city limits was the twin tornadoes storm of May 4, 1922, while the deadliest tornado outbreak to ever strike the metro area was the Central Texas tornado outbreak of May 27, 1997.
Climate data for Camp Mabry, Austin, Texas (1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1891–present)[c] | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 90 (32) |
99 (37) |
98 (37) |
99 (37) |
104 (40) |
109 (43) |
109 (43) |
112 (44) |
112 (44) |
100 (38) |
91 (33) |
90 (32) |
112 (44) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 80.1 (26.7) |
84.2 (29.0) |
87.7 (30.9) |
91.8 (33.2) |
95.5 (35.3) |
99.5 (37.5) |
102.3 (39.1) |
103.9 (39.9) |
99.9 (37.7) |
93.7 (34.3) |
85.3 (29.6) |
80.5 (26.9) |
105.3 (40.7) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 62.5 (16.9) |
66.5 (19.2) |
73.3 (22.9) |
80.3 (26.8) |
86.9 (30.5) |
93.2 (34.0) |
96.6 (35.9) |
97.8 (36.6) |
91.4 (33.0) |
82.5 (28.1) |
71.5 (21.9) |
63.9 (17.7) |
80.5 (26.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 52.2 (11.2) |
56.1 (13.4) |
62.8 (17.1) |
69.6 (20.9) |
76.8 (24.9) |
83.0 (28.3) |
85.8 (29.9) |
86.5 (30.3) |
80.8 (27.1) |
71.6 (22.0) |
61.0 (16.1) |
53.6 (12.0) |
70.0 (21.1) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 41.8 (5.4) |
45.8 (7.7) |
52.2 (11.2) |
58.9 (14.9) |
66.8 (19.3) |
72.9 (22.7) |
75.0 (23.9) |
75.1 (23.9) |
70.1 (21.2) |
60.8 (16.0) |
50.5 (10.3) |
43.4 (6.3) |
59.4 (15.2) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 27.1 (−2.7) |
30.3 (−0.9) |
34.8 (1.6) |
42.8 (6.0) |
53.4 (11.9) |
65.0 (18.3) |
70.1 (21.2) |
69.3 (20.7) |
58.5 (14.7) |
43.7 (6.5) |
33.8 (1.0) |
28.6 (−1.9) |
24.2 (−4.3) |
Record low °F (°C) | −2 (−19) |
−1 (−18) |
18 (−8) |
30 (−1) |
40 (4) |
51 (11) |
57 (14) |
58 (14) |
41 (5) |
30 (−1) |
20 (−7) |
4 (−16) |
−2 (−19) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.64 (67) |
1.89 (48) |
2.88 (73) |
2.42 (61) |
5.04 (128) |
3.68 (93) |
1.96 (50) |
2.74 (70) |
3.45 (88) |
3.91 (99) |
2.92 (74) |
2.72 (69) |
36.25 (921) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.6 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 85.8 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
67.2 | 66.0 | 64.2 | 66.4 | 71.4 | 69.5 | 65.1 | 63.8 | 68.4 | 67.1 | 68.7 | 67.6 | 67.1 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 36.1 (2.3) |
39.6 (4.2) |
46.2 (7.9) |
55.0 (12.8) |
63.3 (17.4) |
68.2 (20.1) |
68.9 (20.5) |
68.4 (20.2) |
65.5 (18.6) |
56.5 (13.6) |
47.7 (8.7) |
39.4 (4.1) |
54.6 (12.5) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 163.8 | 169.3 | 205.9 | 205.8 | 227.1 | 285.5 | 317.2 | 297.9 | 233.8 | 215.6 | 168.3 | 153.5 | 2,643.7 |
Percent possible sunshine | 51 | 54 | 55 | 53 | 54 | 68 | 74 | 73 | 63 | 61 | 53 | 48 | 60 |
Average ultraviolet index | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 8 |
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990),[88][89][90] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas [91] (UV index) |
Natural disasters
2011 drought
From October 2010 through September 2011, both major reporting stations in Austin, Camp Mabry and Bergstrom Int'l, had the least rainfall of a
2018 flooding and water crisis
In the fall of 2018, Austin and surrounding areas received heavy rainfall and
2021 winter storm
In February 2021,
Lack of
Starting on February 15, Austin Water received reports of pipe breaks, hourly water demand increased from 150 million gallons per day (MGD) on February 15 to a peak hourly demand of 260 MGD on February 16. On the morning of February 17 demand increased to 330 MGD, the resulting drop of water pressure caused the Austin area to enter into a boil-water advisory which would last until water pressure was restored on February 23.[100]
2023 winter storm
Beginning January 30, 2023 the City of Austin experienced a winter freeze which left 170,000 Austin Energy customers without electricity or heat for several days. The slow pace of repairs and lack of public information from City officials frustrated many residents.[101] A week after the freeze and when Austin City Council members were proposing to evaluate his employment, City Manager Spencer Cronk finally apologized.[102] On Thursday February 16, 2023, Cronk was fired by the Austin City Council for the city's response to the winter storm.[103] Former City Manager Jesus Garcia was named Interim City Manager.[104]
Parks
The Austin Parks and Recreation Department received the Excellence in Aquatics award in 1999 and the Gold Medal Awards in 2004 from the National Recreation and Park Association.[105][106]
To strengthen the region's parks system, which spans more than 29,000 acres (11,736 ha), The Austin Parks Foundation (APF) was established in 1992 to develop and improve parks in and around Austin. APF works to fill the city's park funding gap by leveraging volunteers, philanthropists, park advocates, and strategic collaborations to develop, maintain and enhance Austin's parks, trails and green spaces.
Lady Bird Lake
Along the shores of Lady Bird Lake is the 350 acres (140 hectares)
Barton Creek Greenbelt
The
.Swimming holes
Austin is home to more than 50 public pools and swimming holes. These include Deep Eddy Pool, Texas' oldest human-made swimming pool, and Barton Springs Pool, the nation's largest natural swimming pool in an urban area.[115][116] Barton Springs Pool is spring-fed while Deep Eddy is well-fed. Both range in temperature from about 68.0 °F (20.0 °C) during the winter to about 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) during the summer.[117][118][119] Hippie Hollow Park, a county park situated along Lake Travis, is the only officially sanctioned clothing-optional public park in Texas. Hamilton Pool Preserve is a natural pool that was created when the dome of an underground river collapsed due to massive erosion thousands of years ago. The pool, located about 23 miles (37 km) west of Austin, is a popular summer swimming spot for visitors and residents. Hamilton Pool Preserve consists of 232 acres (0.94 km2) of protected natural habitat featuring a jade green pool into which a 50-foot (15 m) waterfall flows.[120]
Other parks
In May 2021, voters in the City of Austin reinstated a public camping ban.[121] That includes downtown green spaces as well as trails and greenbelts such as along Barton Creek.[d]
Covert Park, located on the top of Mount Bonnell, is a popular tourist destination overlooking Lake Austin and the Colorado River. The mount provides a vista for viewing the city of Austin, Lake Austin, and the surrounding hills.[124] It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1969, bearing Marker number 6473,[125] and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 629 | — | |
1860 | 3,494 | 455.5% | |
1870 | 4,428 | 26.7% | |
1880 | 11,013 | 148.7% | |
1890 | 14,575 | 32.3% | |
1900 | 22,258 | 52.7% | |
1910 | 29,860 | 34.2% | |
1920 | 34,876 | 16.8% | |
1930 | 53,120 | 52.3% | |
1940 | 87,930 | 65.5% | |
1950 | 132,459 | 50.6% | |
1960 | 186,545 | 40.8% | |
1970 | 253,539 | 35.9% | |
1980 | 345,890 | 36.4% | |
1990 | 465,622 | 34.6% | |
2000 | 656,562 | 41.0% | |
2010 | 790,390 | 20.4% | |
2020 | 961,855 | 21.7% | |
2022 (est.) | 974,447 | 1.3% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[126] 2010–2020[127] |
In 2020, there were 961,855 people, up from the
In the city the population was spread out, with 22.5% of the population under the age of 18, 16.6% from 18 to 24, 37.1% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was US$42,689, and the median income for a family was $54,091. Males had a median income of $35,545 compared to $30,046 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,163. About 9.1% of families and 14.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over. The median house price was $185,906 in 2009, and it has increased every year since 2004.[needs update][129] The median value of a house which the owner occupies was $318,400 in 2019—higher than the average American home value of $240,500.[130]
Race and ethnicity
Racial composition | 2022[131] | 2020[132] | 2010[133] | 2000[134] | 1990[132] | 1970[132] | 1950[132] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (Non-Hispanic)
|
47.7% | 47.1% | 48.7% | 56.4% | 61.7% | 73.4% | 86.6% |
Hispanic or Latino | 32.5% | 32.5% | 35.1% | 28.2% | 23.0% | 14.5% | n/a |
Asian
|
8.4% | 8.9% | 6.2% | 4.5% | 3.0% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Black or African American
|
7.9% | 6.9% | 7.7% | 9.3% | 12.4% | 11.8% | 13.3% |
Mixed
|
4.5% | 3.9% | 1.7% | 2.9% |
According to the
According to the
A 2014 University of Texas study stated that Austin was the only U.S. city with a fast growth rate between 2000 and 2010 with a net loss in African Americans. As of 2014[update], Austin's African American and non-Hispanic white percentage shares of the total population was declining despite the actual numbers of both ethnic groups increasing, as the rapid growth of the Latino or Hispanic and Asian populations has outpaced all other ethnic groups in the city. Austin's non-Hispanic white population first dropped below 50% in 2005.[137][138][139]
Sexual orientation and gender identity
According to a survey completed in 2014 by
Religion
According to
Homelessness
As of 2019, there were 2,255 individuals experiencing homelessness in Travis County. Of those, 1,169 were sheltered and 1,086 were unsheltered.[145] In September 2019, the Austin City Council approved $62.7 million for programs aimed at homelessness, which includes housing displacement prevention, crisis mitigation, and affordable housing; the city council also earmarked $500,000 for crisis services and encampment cleanups.[146]
In June 2019, following Martin v. Boise, a federal court ruling on homelessness sleeping in public,[147] the Austin City Council lifted a 25-year-old ban on camping, sitting, or lying down in public unless doing so causes an obstruction. The resolution also included the approval of a new housing-focused shelter in South Austin.[148] In early October 2019, Texas Governor Greg Abbott sent a letter to Mayor Steve Adler threatening to deploy state resources to combat the camping ban repeal.[149] On October 17, 2019, the City Council revised the camping ordinance, which imposed increased restrictions on sidewalk camping.[149] In November 2019, the State of Texas opened a temporary homeless encampment on a former vehicle storage yard owned by the Texas Department of Transportation.[150]
In May 2021, the camping ban was reinstated after a ballot proposition was approved by 57% of voters. The ban introduces penalties for camping, sitting, or lying down on a public sidewalk or sleeping outdoors in or near Downtown Austin or the area around the University of Texas campus. The ordinance also prohibits solicitation at certain locations.[151]
Economy
The Greater Austin metropolitan statistical area had a gross domestic product (GDP) of $86 billion in 2010.[152] Austin is considered to be a major center for high tech.[153] Thousands of graduates each year from the engineering and computer science programs at the University of Texas at Austin provide a steady source of employees that help to fuel Austin's technology and defense industry sectors. As a result of the high concentration of high-tech companies in the region, Austin was strongly affected by the dot-com boom in the late 1990s and subsequent bust.[153] Austin's largest employers include the Austin Independent School District, the City of Austin, Dell, the U.S. Federal Government, NXP Semiconductors, IBM, St. David's Healthcare Partnership, Seton Family of Hospitals, the State of Texas, the Texas State University, and the University of Texas at Austin.[153]
Other high-tech companies with operations in Austin include
Austin is also emerging as a hub for
Whole Foods Market, an international grocery store chain specializing in fresh and packaged food products, was founded and is headquartered in Austin.[158]
Other companies based in Austin include
In 2018, Austin metro-area companies saw a total of $1.33 billion invested. In 2018, Austin's venture capital investments accounted for more than 60 percent of Texas' total investments.[159]
Top employers
According to Austin's
Employer | Employees (2022)[160] |
Employees (2013)[160] |
Employees (2004)[161] |
Employees (1998)[162] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Government of Texas | 39,306 | 36,948 | NR | NR |
University of Texas at Austin | 29,597 | 24,183 | 21,000 | 20,342 |
H-E-B | 20,749 | 11,277 | NR | NR |
City of Austin | 15,548 | 12,372 | 10,617 | 10,606 |
Federal government of the United States
|
15,000 | 10,500 | 10,200 | NR |
Dell Computer Corporation
|
13,000 | 14,000 | 16,500 | 10,700 |
Ascension Seton | 12,086 | 12,609 | 6,393 | NR |
Amazon.com
|
11,000 | NR | NR | NR |
St. David's Healthcare Partnership | 10,854 | 7,950 | 5,000 | NR |
Austin Independent School District | 10,565 | 11,465 | 10,714 | 9,159 |
IBM | NR | 6,000 | 6,200 | 7,000 |
Freescale Semiconductor | NR | NR | 6,500 | NR |
Texas State University | NR | NR | 5,103 | NR |
Motorola | NR | NR | NR | 10,000 |
Internal Revenue Service | NR | NR | NR | 5,700 |
Texas Department of Health
|
NR | NR | NR | 5,634 |
Advanced Micro Devices
|
NR | NR | NR | 4,200 |
Texas Department of Public Safety | NR | NR | NR | 4,000 |
Transportation
In 2009, 72.7% of Austin (city) commuters drove alone, with other
In mid-2019, TomTom ranked Austin as having the worst traffic congestion in Texas, as well as 19th nationally and 179th globally.[167]
Highways
Central Austin lies between two major north–south freeways:
In the mid-1980s, construction was completed on
Tollways
Despite the overwhelming initial opposition to the toll road concept when it was first announced, all three toll roads have exceeded revenue projections.[168]
Airports
Austin's primary airport is
Intercity transit
Railway segments between Austin and San Antonio have been evaluated for a proposed regional passenger rail project called "Lone Star Rail". However, failure to come to an agreement with the track's current owner, Union Pacific Railroad, ended the project in 2016.[171]
Greyhound Lines operates the current Austin Bus Station at the Eastside Bus Plaza [172] Grupo Senda's Turimex Internacional service operates bus service from Austin to Nuevo Laredo and on to many destinations in Mexico from their station in East Austin.[173] Megabus offers daily service to San Antonio, Dallas/Fort Worth and Houston.[174]
Public transportation
The Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (CapMetro) provides public transportation to the city, primarily with its CapMetro Bus local bus service, the CapMetro Express express bus system, as well as a bus rapid transit service, CapMetro Rapid. CapMetro opened a 32-mile (51 km) hybrid rail system, CapMetro Rail, in 2010.[175] The system consists of a single line serving downtown Austin, the neighborhoods of East Austin, North Central Austin, and Northwest Austin plus the suburb of Leander.
Since it began operations in 1985, CapMetro has proposed adding light rail services to its network. Despite support from the City Council, voters rejected light rail proposals in 2000[176] and 2014.[177] However, in 2020, voters approved CapMetro's US$10 billion transit expansion plan, Project Connect, by a comfortable margin. The plan proposes 2 new light rail lines, an additional bus rapid transit line (which could be converted to light rail in the future), a second commuter rail line, several new MetroRapid lines, more MetroExpress routes, and a number of other infrastructure, technology and service expansion projects.[178]
Capital Area Rural Transportation System connects Austin with outlying suburbs and surrounding rural areas.
Ride sharing
Austin is served by several ride-sharing companies including Uber and Lyft.[179][180][181] On May 9, 2016, Uber and Lyft voluntarily ceased operations in Austin in response to a city ordinance that required ride sharing company drivers to get fingerprint checks, have their vehicles labeled, and not pick up or drop off in certain city lanes.[182][183] Uber and Lyft resumed service in the summer of 2017.[184] The city was previously served by Fasten until they ceased all operations in the city in March 2018.[185]
Austin is also served by Electric Cab of North America's six-passenger
Cycling and walking
The city's bike advocacy organization is Bike Austin.[188] BikeTexas, a state-level advocacy organization, also has its main office in Austin.[189]
Bicycles are a popular transportation choice among students, faculty, and staff at the University of Texas. According to a survey done at the University of Texas, 57% of commuters bike to campus.[190]
The City of Austin and CapMetro jointly own a
In 2018,
Parking lots
As of 2 November 2023, Austin (Texas) is the biggest city in the US that abolished the requirement for parking minimum - for encouraging walking, biking, public transit, lowering the cost of housing and increase the amount of housing units that can be built in the city territory. Portland and Minneapolis also took this action.[197]
Culture
"Keep Austin Weird" has been a local motto for years, featured on bumper stickers and T-shirts. This motto has not only been used in promoting Austin's eccentricity and diversity, but is also meant to bolster support of local independent businesses.[22] According to the 2010 book Weird City the phrase was begun by a local Austin Community College librarian, Red Wassenich, and his wife, Karen Pavelka, who were concerned about Austin's "rapid descent into commercialism and overdevelopment."[18] The slogan has been interpreted many ways since its inception, but remains an important symbol for many Austinites who wish to voice concerns over rapid growth and development. Austin has a long history of vocal citizen resistance to development projects perceived to degrade the environment, or to threaten the natural and cultural landscapes.[198]
According to the
South Congress is a shopping district stretching down South Congress Avenue from Downtown. This area is home to coffee shops, eccentric stores, restaurants, food trucks, trailers, and festivals. It prides itself on "Keeping Austin Weird," especially with development in the surrounding area(s). Many Austinites attribute its enduring popularity to the magnificent and unobstructed view of the Texas State Capitol.[35]
The Rainey Street Historic District is a neighborhood in Downtown Austin formerly consisting of bungalow style homes built in the early 20th century. Since the early 2010s, the former working class residential street has turned into a popular nightlife district. Much of the historic homes have been renovated into hotels, condominiums, bars and restaurants, many of which feature large porches and outdoor yards for patrons.[201] The Rainey Street district is also home to the Emma S. Barrientos Mexican American Cultural Center.
Austin has been part of the
Old Austin
"Old Austin" is an
The growth and popularity of Austin[207] can be seen by the expansive development taking place in its downtown landscape.[208] This growth can have a negative impact on longtime small businesses that cannot keep up with the expenses associated with gentrification and the rising cost of real estate.[209] A former Austin musician, Dale Watson, described his move away from Austin, "I just really feel the city has sold itself. Just because you're going to get $45 million for a company to come to town – if it's not in the best interest of the town, I don't think they should do it. This city was never about money. It was about quality of life."[210] Though much is changing rapidly in Austin, businesses such as Thundercloud Subs are thought by many to maintain classic Austin business cultural sentiments unique to the history of the city; as Diana Burgess stated, "I definitely appreciate that they haven't raised their prices a ton or made things super fancy. I think it speaks to that original Old Austin vibe. A lot of us that grew up here really appreciate that."[211]
Annual cultural events
The
Other annual events include
Austin's Zilker Park Tree is a Christmas display made of lights strung from the top of a Moonlight tower in Zilker Park. The Zilker Tree is lit in December along with the "Trail of Lights," an Austin Christmas tradition. The Trail of Lights was canceled four times, first starting in 2001 and 2002 due to the September 11 Attacks, and again in 2010 and 2011 due to budget shortfalls, but the trail was turned back on for the 2012 holiday season.[216]
From 1962 to 1998, the Austin Aqua Festival, or "Aqua Fest", took place on the shores of Town Lake (now known as Lady Bird Lake). Originally conceived as a summer tourism draw, the multi-day event evolved from water-themed activities to a broader civic festival due to growth and community interest. Eventually attendance and financial solvency began to dwindle as larger music and summer festivals grew in prominence.
Cuisine and breweries
Notable Austin cuisine includes
Austin is also home to a large number of
Austin has a large
Music
As Austin's official slogan is The Live Music Capital of the World, the city has a vibrant live
The longest-running concert music program on American television,
Film
Austin hosts several film festivals, including the
Austin has been the location for a number of motion pictures, partly due to the influence of The
Austin also hosted the
Theater
Austin has a strong theater culture, with dozens of itinerant and resident companies producing a variety of work. The
The Paramount Theatre, opened in downtown Austin in 1915, contributes to Austin's theater and film culture, showing classic films throughout the summer and hosting regional premieres for films such as Miss Congeniality.[237] The Zilker Park Summer Musical is a long-running outdoor musical.[238]
The Long Center for the Performing Arts is a 2,300-seat theater built partly with materials reused from the old Lester E. Palmer Auditorium.
Ballet Austin is among the fifteen largest ballet academies in the country.[239] Each year Ballet Austin's 20-member professional company performs ballets from a wide variety of choreographers, including their international award-winning artistic director, Stephen Mills. The city is also home to the Ballet East Dance Company, a modern dance ensemble, and the Tapestry Dance Company which performs a variety of dance genres.
The Austin improvisational theatre scene has several theaters: ColdTowne Theater, The Hideout Theater, The Fallout Theater, and The Institution Theater. Austin also hosts the Out of Bounds Comedy Festival, which draws comedic artists in all disciplines to Austin.
Libraries
The
The Central Library, which is an anchor to the redevelopment of the former
Museums and other points of interest
Museums in Austin include the
The
Austin also has many odd statues and landmarks, such as the
The Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge houses the world's largest urban population of Mexican free-tailed bats. Starting in March,[249][250] up to 1.5 million bats take up residence inside the bridge's expansion and contraction zones as well as in long horizontal grooves running the length of the bridge's underside, an environment ideally suited for raising their young. Every evening around sunset, the bats emerge in search of insects, an exit visible on weather radar. Watching the bat emergence is an event that is popular with locals and tourists, with more than 100,000 viewers per year. The bats migrate to Mexico each winter.[251]
The Austin Zoo, located in unincorporated western Travis County, is a rescue zoo that provides sanctuary to displaced animals from a variety of situations, including those involving neglect.
The HOPE Outdoor Gallery was a public, three-story outdoor
Sports
Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue |
---|---|---|---|---|
Austin FC | Soccer | 2019 | Major League Soccer | Q2 Stadium |
Austin Huns | Rugby | 1972 | Texas Rugby Union
|
Huns Field at Nixon Lane |
Austin Outlaws | Football | 2003 | Women's Football Alliance | House Park |
Austin Spurs | Basketball | 2005 | NBA G League | H-E-B Center at Cedar Park |
Round Rock Express | Baseball | 2000 | Pacific Coast League (AAA) | Dell Diamond |
Texas Stars | Ice hockey | 2009 | American Hockey League | H-E-B Center at Cedar Park |
Texas Smoke
|
Fastpitch softball | 2023 | Women's Professional Fastpitch | Tornado Softball Field |
Austin Sol | Ultimate | 2016 | American Ultimate Disc League
|
Westlake Chaparral Stadium |
Many Austinites support the athletic programs of the University of Texas at Austin known as the
Austin was the most populous city in the United States without a
Natural features like the bicycle-friendly Texas Hill Country and generally mild climate make Austin the home of several endurance and multi-sport races and communities. The Capitol 10,000 is the largest 10 k race in Texas, and approximately fifth largest in the United States.[263] The Austin Marathon has been run in the city every year since 1992. Additionally, the city is home to the largest 5 mile race in Texas,[264] named the Turkey Trot as it is run annually on Thanksgiving. Started in 1991 by Thundercloud Subs, a local sandwich chain (who still sponsors the event), the event has grown to host over 20,000 runners. All proceeds are donated to Caritas of Austin, a local charity.
The Austin-founded American Swimming Association hosts several swim races around town. Austin is also the hometown of several cycling groups and the disgraced cyclist Lance Armstrong.[265] Combining these three disciplines is a growing crop of triathlons, including the Capital of Texas Triathlon held every Memorial Day on and around Lady Bird Lake, Auditorium Shores, and Downtown Austin.[266]
Austin is home to the
The summer of 2014 marked the inaugural season for
In 2017,
The Austin Country Club is a private golf club located along the shores of the Colorado River, right next to the Pennybacker Bridge. Founded in 1899, the club moved to its third and present site in 1984, which features a challenging layout designed by noted course architect Pete Dye.[278][279]
Government
City government
Austin is administered by an 11-member
November 2014 marked the first election under the new system. The Federal government had forced San Antonio and Dallas to abandon at-large systems before 1987; however, the court could not show a racist pattern in Austin and upheld the city's at-large system during a 1984 lawsuit. In five elections between 1973 and 1994 Austin voters rejected single-member districts.[281]
Austin formerly operated its city hall at 128 West 8th Street.[282] Antoine Predock and Cotera Kolar Negrete & Reed Architects designed a new city hall building, which was intended to reflect what The Dallas Morning News referred to as a "crazy-quilt vitality, that embraces everything from country music to environmental protests and high-tech swagger."[283] The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.[284] The city hall, at 301 West Second Street, opened in November 2004.[285] Kirk Watson is the current mayor of Austin, assuming the office for a second non-consecutive term on January 6, 2023.
In the 2012 elections, City Council elections were moved from May to November and City council members were given staggered term limits [286] In 2022 Proposition D moved the term of the Austin Mayor to coincide with Presidential election years, so Kirk Watson would only serve two years unlike his predecessor Steve Adler[287]
Law enforcement in Austin is provided by the Austin Police Department, except for state government buildings, which are patrolled by the Texas Department of Public Safety. The University of Texas Police operate from the University of Texas.
Fire protection within the city limits is provided by the Austin Fire Department, while the surrounding county is divided into twelve geographical areas known as emergency services districts, which are covered by separate regional fire departments.[288] Emergency medical services are provided for the whole county by Austin-Travis County Emergency Medical Services.[289][290]
Mayor
District | Name | Party (officially nonpartisan) | References |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Natasha Harper-Madison | Democratic |
[291] |
2 | Vanessa Fuentes | Democratic |
[292] |
3 | Jose Velasquez | Democratic |
[293] |
4 | Jose "Chito" Vela | Democratic |
[294] |
5 | Ryan Alter | Democratic |
[295] |
6 | Mackenzie Kelly | Republican |
[296] |
7 | Leslie Pool | Democratic |
[297] |
8 | Paige Ellis | Democratic |
[298] |
9 | Zohaib Qadri | Democratic |
[299] |
10 | Alison Alter | Democratic |
[300] |
In 2003, the city adopted a resolution against the
Crime
As of 2019, Austin is one of the safest large cities in the United States.[301] In 2019, the FBI named Austin the 11th safest city on a list of 22 American cities with a population above 400,000.[302]
FBI statistics show that overall violent and property crimes dropped in Austin in 2015, but increased in suburban areas of the city.[303] One such southeastern suburb, Del Valle, reported eight homicides within two months in 2016.[304] According to 2016 APD crime statistics, the 78723 census tract had the most violent crime, with 6 murders, 25 rapes, and 81 robberies.[305] The city had 39 homicides in 2016, the most since 1997.[306][307]
Notable incidents
One of the first American mass school shooting incidents took place in Austin on August 1, 1966, when Charles Whitman shot 43 people, killing 13 from the top of the University of Texas tower.[308] The University of Texas tower shooting led to the formation of the SWAT team of the Austin Police Department.[308][309][310]
In 1991,
In 2010, Andrew Joseph Stack III deliberately crashed his Piper PA-28 Cherokee into Echelon 1, a building in which the Internal Revenue Service was a lessee of, housing 190 employees.[312] The resulting explosion killed one and injured 13 IRS employees, partially damaged the building and cost the IRS a total of $38.6 million.[313] (see 2010 Austin suicide attack)
A
In 2020, Austin was the victim of a cyberattack by the Russian group Berserk Bear, possibly related to the U.S. federal government data breach earlier that year.[316][317]
On April 18, 2021, a
A mass shooting took place in the early morning of June 12, 2021, on Sixth Street, which resulted in 14 people injured and one dead. The man killed was believed to be an innocent bystander who was struck as he was standing outside a bar. A 19-year-old suspect was formally charged and arrested in Killeen nearly two weeks after the shooting.[323][324][325]
In 2024, Zacharia Doar, a 23-year old Palestinian-American man, was attacked and stabbed in the chest on West 26th Street, West Campus, after returning from a rally in support of Palestinian human rights. The assailant was arrested at the scene and charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.[326][327]
Other levels of government
Austin is the
Politics
Former Governor Rick Perry had previously referred to it as a "blueberry in the tomato soup", meaning, Austin had previously been a Democratic city in a Republican state.[331] However, Texas currently has multiple urban cities also voting Democratic and electing Democratic mayors in elections.[332]
After the most recent redistricting, Austin is currently divided between the 10th, 37th and 35th Congressional districts.[333]
Year | Republican | Democratic |
---|---|---|
2020 | 26.4% 161,337 | 71.4% 435,860 |
2016 | 27.4% 126,750 | 66.3% 306,475 |
2012 | 36.2% 140,152 | 60.1% 232,788 |
2008 | 34.3% 136,981 | 63.5% 254,017 |
2004 | 42.0% 147,885 | 56.0% 197,235 |
2000 | 46.9% 141,235 | 41.7% 125,526 |
1996 | 39.9% 98,454 | 52.3% 128,970 |
1992 | 31.9% 88,105 | 47.3% 130,546 |
1988 | 44.9% 105,915 | 54.1% 127,783 |
1984 | 56.8% 124,944 | 42.8% 94,124 |
1980 | 45.7% 73,151 | 46.9% 75,028 |
1976 | 46.7% 71,031 | 51.6% 78,585 |
1972 | 56.3% 70,561 | 43.2% 54,157 |
1968 | 41.6% 34,309 | 48.1% 39,667 |
1964 | 31.0% 19,838 | 68.9% 44,058 |
1960 | 44.9% 22,107 | 54.9% 27,022 |
Issues
A controversial turning point in the political history of the Austin area was the 2003 Texas redistricting. Before then, Austin had been entirely or almost entirely within the borders of a single congressional district–what was then the 10th District–for over a century. Opponents characterized the resulting district layout as excessively partisan gerrymandering, and the plan was challenged in court by Democratic and minority activists. The Supreme Court of the United States has never struck down a redistricting plan for being excessively partisan. The plan was subsequently upheld by a three-judge federal panel in late 2003, and on June 28, 2006, the matter was largely settled when the Supreme Court, in a 7–2 decision, upheld the entire congressional redistricting plan with the exception of a Hispanic-majority district in southwest Texas. This affected Austin's districting, as U.S. Rep. Lloyd Doggett's district (U.S. Congressional District 25) was found to be insufficiently compact to compensate for the reduced minority influence in the southwest district; it was redrawn so that it took in most of southeastern Travis County and several counties to its south and east.[334]
Environmental movement
The distinguishing political movement of Austin politics has been that of the environmental movement, which spawned the parallel neighborhood movement, then the more recent conservationist movement (as typified by the Hill Country Conservancy),[335] and eventually the current ongoing debate about "sense of place" and preserving the Austin quality of life. Much of the environmental movement has matured into a debate on issues related to saving and creating an Austin "sense of place."[198] In 2012, Austin became just one of a few cities in Texas to ban the sale and use of plastic bags. However, the ban ended in 2018 due to a court ruling that regarded all bag bans in the state to contravene the Texas Solid Waste Disposal Act.[336] In 2016, Austin became the first Gold designee of the SolSmart program,[337] a national program from the U.S. Department of Energy that recognizes local governments for enacting solar-friendly measures at the local level.[338][339]
Education
According to the 2015–2019 Census estimates, 51.7% of Austin residents aged 25 and over have earned at least a
Higher education
Austin is home to the
Other institutions of higher learning in Austin include
The University of Texas System and Texas State University System are headquartered in downtown Austin.
Public primary and secondary education
Approximately half of the city by area is served by the
Private and alternative education
The Austin metropolitan area is also served by 27 charter school districts and over 100 private schools.[343] Austin has a large network of private and alternative education institutions for children in PreK–12th grade exists. Austin is also home to several child developmental institutions.
Media
Austin's main daily newspaper is the
Commercial radio stations include
).Network television stations (affiliations in parentheses) include
Alex Jones, journalist, radio show host and filmmaker, produces his talk show
Notable people
International relations
Austin has two types of relationships with other cities, sister and friendship.
Sister cities
Austin's sister cities are:[353]
- Adelaide, Australia (1983)
- Angers, Pays de la Loire, France (2011)
- Antalya, Antalya Province, Turkey (2009)
- Gyeonggi-do, South Korea (2001)
- London, England, United Kingdom (2014)
- Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany (1991)
- Lima, Peru (1981)
- Maseru, Lesotho (1978)
- Ōita, Ōita, Japan (1990)
- Orlu, South East, Nigeria (2000)
- Pune, Maharashtra, India (2018)
- Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico (1968)
- Taichung, Taiwan (1986)
- Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China (1997)
The cities of Belo Horizonte, Brazil and Elche, Spain were formerly sister cities, but after an Austin City Council vote in 1991, their statuses were deactivated.[354]
Friendship cities
Covenants between two city leaders:[355]
- Siem Reap, Cambodia (2011)
- Villefranche-sur-Mer, France (2010)
- Tehuacán, Mexico (2019)
- San Luis Potosi, Mexico (2024)
See also
- List of companies based in Austin, Texas
- List of people from Austin, Texas
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Travis County, Texas
- Music in Austin
- Neighborhoods in Austin
Notes
- ^ All elected officials in the city of Austin are officially nonpartisan; party affiliation is for informational purposes only.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- Mueller Airport from August 1942 to June 1999, and at Camp Mabry since July 1999. For more information, see Threadex
- ^ Although Council's attempt to address homelessness and the cost of living had prohibited camping in certain areas of the city, very lax enforcement of that policy frustrated the public and led to reinstatement of the widespread ban.[122]
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Further reading
- Shank, Barry (1994). Dissonant Identities: The Rock'n'Roll Scene in Austin, Texas. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-8195-6276-0.
- Thompson, Karen; Howell, Kathy R. (2000). Austin, Texas. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-0832-0.
- Wright, Lawrence. "The Astonishing Transformation of Austin, Texas". The New Yorker, February 6, 2023.
External links
- AustinTexas.gov - official city website
- Austin Chamber of Commerce
- Historic photographs from the Austin History Center, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
- Austin from the Handbook of Texas Online
- Geographic data related to Austin, Texas at OpenStreetMap