City walls of Athens
The city of
city walls from the Bronze Age
to the early 19th century. The city walls of Athens include:
- the Cyclopean fortifications of the Acropolis of Athens
- the Pelasgic wall at the foot of the Acropolis
- the so-called "Archaic Wall", whose existence and course are debated by scholars[1]
- the Demetrios Poliorketes, etc.)
- the Phaleron
- the Protocheisma, a second wall built in front of the Themistoclean Wall in 338 BC as an extra defence against the Macedonians
- the Diateichisma, built in the 280s BC as a second line of defence against Macedonian-held Piraeus
- the Valerian Wall, built in c. 260 AD, partly along the lines of older walls, partly as a new fortification, to protect the city against barbarian attacks
- the Herulian (or Post-Herulian)[2] Wall, a much smaller circuit built in c. 280 AD, enclosing the centre of the ancient city following its sack by the Heruli in 267 AD
- the Rizokastro, built in the 13th century around the Acropolis[3]
- the Wall of Haseki, constructed in 1778 by the Ottoman governor of Athens, Hadji Ali Haseki
References
Sources
- Judeich, Walther (1931). Topographie von Athen (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: Beck.
- Rous, Sarah A. (2019). Reset in Stone: Memory and Reuse in Ancient Athens. Madison: ISBN 978-0-299-32280-9. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
- Papadopoulos, J. K. (2008). "The Archaic Walls of Athens. Reality or Myth?" (PDF). Opuscula. 1: 31–46. doi:10.30549/opathrom-01-03. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
- Theocharaki, Anna Maria (2011). "The Ancient Circuit Wall of Athens: Its Changing Course and the Phases of Construction". Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 80 (1): 71–156. JSTOR 10.2972/hesp.80.1.0071.
- Theocharaki, Anna Maria (2019). The Ancient Circuit Wall of Athens. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-063321-4.
- Weir, Robert G. A. (1995). "The Lost Archaic Wall around Athens". Phoenix. 49 (3): 247–258. JSTOR 1192524.
- Winter, F. E. (1971). Greek Fortifications. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-608154244.