Clan Campbell
Clan Campbell | |||
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Na Caimbeulaich Seat Inveraray Castle | | ||
Historic seat | Castle Campbell | ||
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Clan Campbell (
History
Origins
In traditional genealogies of Clan Campbell, the clan's origins are in the ancient
The original seat of Clan Campbell was either Innes Chonnel Castle on Loch Awe or Caisteal na Nigheann Ruaidh on Loch Avich. The clan's power soon spread throughout Argyll, though at first the Campbells were under the domination of the Lords of Lorne, chiefs of Clan MacDougall. The MacDougalls killed the Campbell chief Cailean Mór (Colin Campbell) in 1296. (See: Battle of Red Ford.) All subsequent chiefs of Clan Campbell have taken MacCailean Mór as their Gaelic patronymic.[5]
Between 1200 and 1500, the Campbells emerged as one of the most powerful families in Scotland, dominant in Argyll and capable of wielding a wider influence and authority from Edinburgh to the Hebrides and western Highlands.[6]
Wars of Scottish Independence
Early in the 14th century, the family of Colin Campbell became firm supporters of King
15th century and royal relations
The Campbells gave support to the Crown throughout the 15th century.[5] By the end of the 15th century, the power of the Lords of the Isles (chiefs of Clan Donald), the Crown's most powerful rivals, had been broken, and the Campbells were the main power in the area.[5] From this time onward, the Campbells acted as the central authority in the area; this transition of power might be the real cause of the ancient enmity between the Campbells and the MacDonalds.[5]
Descendants of Sir Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell (Donnchadh), and his wife Lady Marjorie Stewart are descendants of Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, and Robert II Stewart, King of Scotland. Lady Marjorie Stewart (born circa 1390) was the daughter of King Robert II's son, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany.[6] This makes all descendants of Sir Duncan Campbell and Lady Marjorie Stewart descendants of Robert I Bruce and of most of the early kings of Scotland.[6]
The title of 1st Lord Campbell was created in 1445. In the second half of the 15th century, the Campbells played an increasingly prominent role in Scotland. During his reign, James I of Scotland launched a great political assault on the Albany Stewarts and their allies in the west. However, Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell (Donnchadh), escaped the fate of his Albany kinsmen, who all were either executed or exiled.[6]
In the
16th century and clan conflicts
In 1513, the 2nd Earl of Argyll was killed along with many of his clan at the Battle of Flodden.[11][12]
The Battle of Langside took place in 1568 where the chief of Clan Campbell, Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll, commanded the forces who fought for Mary, Queen of Scots.[11]
In 1567, a conflict took place between the Clan Campbell and Clan Arthur. Duncan MacArthur and his son of the Loch Awe MacArthur family, became the victims of their own success when jealousy of their power drove neighbours to drown them in Loch Awe during a skirmish with the Clan Campbell. In the archives of Inveraray Castle a charter dated 1567 confirms that a pardon was granted to the Campbells of Inverawe for what became known as the "drowning of Clan Arthur".[13] It is believed that the MacArthurs trying to defend themselves were driven into the loch. Centuries later in the 1970s an ancient sword was unearthed on the shore of the loch.[14][15]
For two centuries from the mid-15th century the
17th century and Civil War
The support that the Campbells gave to the central Government brought them rewards: In 1607, Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll was granted the former MacDonald lands of Kintyre and in 1615 Campbell of Cawdor was allowed to purchase the
At the
In 1648, at the
In 1672, a feud took place between the Clan Campbell and
In 1678, Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll led the Campbell of Argyll militia on an expedition to the Isle of Mull and took Duart Castle from the Clan Maclean.[24] However, Argyll was beheaded on 30 June 1685 for his participation in Argyll's Rising in support of the Monmouth Rebellion to depose Catholic James VII and II and place the Protestant James, Duke of Monmouth on the throne.[25] Later in 1692, Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll again gained possession of the Maclean's Duart Castle.[26]
In 1692, 38 unarmed people of the Clan
18th century and Jacobite Uprisings
Jacobite rising of 1715
During the Jacobite risings of the 18th century the Clan Campbell supported the British-Hanoverian Government. On 23 October 1715, chief John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll learned that a detachment of rebels was passing by Castle Campbell, towards Dunfermline. He sent out a body of cavalry which attacked the rebel party and defeated it in what is now known as the Skirmish of Dunfermline and took a number of prisoners, taking only light casualties.[28] A month later the British Government forces, including men from Clan Campbell, fought and defeated the Jacobites at the Battle of Sheriffmuir in 1715. However, there were in fact a small number of Campbells who took the side of the Jacobites led by the son of Campbell of Glenlyon whose father had commanded the Government troops at the Massacre of Glencoe against the MacDonalds 22 years earlier. These two families then settled their differences and swore to be brothers in arms, fighting side by side in the Sheriffmuir. However, the British Government forces led by chief John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll defeated the Jacobites.[29]
The Black Watch
Jacobite rising of 1745
Just before 1745, the strength of the Clan Campbell had been put at a total of 5,000 men.
Castles
Castles that have belonged to the Clan Campbell have included amongst many others:
- Inveraray Castle in Argyll is the current seat of the Chief of Clan Campbell.[34] The present symmetrical mansion with towers and turrets was built in 1743 and replaced an earlier 15th century castle.[34] It contains a "clan room" with information for members of Clan Campbell.[34]
- Castle Campbell, which was originally known as Castle Gloom,[34] passed by marriage from the Clan Stewart to Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll who renamed it Castle Campbell.[34] During the Civil War it was burned by General Monk for Oliver Cromwell and the Clan Ogilvy are also said to have torched it in revenge for the burning of Airlie Castle.[34]
- Innes Chonnel Castle, possibly the earliest seat of Clan Campbell.[34]
- Clan MacGregor but they went to the Campbells of Glenorchy who built or re-built the castle.[34] The castle was strengthened and improved after being damaged by the MacGregors at the end of the sixteenth century.[34] Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy who was known as Black Duncan of the Seven Castles was responsible for building castles at Kilchurn, Achallader, Loch Dochart, Finlarig, Balloch (Taymouth) and Edinample.[34] In 1654, the Campbells withstood a two-day siege in Kilchurn Castle by General Middleton who retreated from Cromwell's forces.[34]
- Achallader Castle,[34] was seat of Sir Duncan Campbell of Glen Orchy which he acquired in 1590.
- Finlarig Castle,[34] was another seat of the Campbell of Breadalbane branch of the clan.
- Edinample Castle,[34] was another seat of the Campbell of Glenorchy branch of the clan.
- Taymouth Castle, originally built by Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy in around 1580 and known as Balloch Castle, the current building was built between 1801 and 1842 and incorporates the cellars of the original stronghold.[34]
- Saddell Castle was owned by the Campbells from the late 17th century onwards.
- Torosay Castle,[34] built by John Campbell of Possil in 1858.
- Castle Sween was granted to Colin Campbell in 1481 when he became the first Earl of Argyll, but it was captured by the MacDonalds in 1647.
- Carnasserie Castle,[34] has belonged to the Clan Campbell since the 16th century.
- Kilmartin Castle, passed to the Campbells in 1674.[34]
- Ardkinglas Castle.[34]
- Auchenbreck Castle, held by the Campbell of Auchinbreck branch of the clan but demolished by 1870.[34]
- Cawdor Castle, originally seat of the chiefs of Clan Calder, it later passed to the Clan Campbell of Cawdor.[34]
- Jacobite risings.[34]
- Lesmoir Castle[35]
- Castle and Lands of Auchruglen - East Ayrshire.
Tartans
Although mills produce many fabrics based on the Campbell tartan, the clan chief recognizes only four:
- Campbell or old Campbell:[37] In darker tones, it is more commonly known as the Black Watch tartan or the Government sett. The Black Watch, first raised in 1695 to police the "black trade" of cattle smuggling in the Highlands, taking role later as a militia in 1725 by General Wade (after the act of Union in 1707), became what was the first Highland regiment in the British Army.[36] All Campbell tartans are based upon the Old Campbell tartan, as are many other clan tartans. The Black Watch variant was used, and is in current use, by several military units throughout the Commonwealth.[36]
- Campbell of Breadalbane:[37] the tartan of the Campbells of the Breadalbane and Glenorchy branches.[37]
- Campbell of Cawdor:[37] the tartan of the Campbells of the Cawdor branch.[37]
- Campbell of Loudoun:[37] the tartan of the Campbells of the Loudoun branch.[37]
George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll added a white line to his tartan to distinguish himself as the clan chief. He was the only member of the family to do so, but the tartan has persisted as "Campbell of Argyll" which, as with any other tartan not listed above, is not recognized as official by the clan.[38]
Chief
- Argyllshire, a member of the Queen's Body Guard for Scotland, and a member of the Royal Company of Archers.[39]
Branches
Duke of Argyll |
Marquess of Breadalbane | Earl of Cawdor | Earl of Loudoun |
---|---|---|---|
Campbell of Aberuchill | Campbell of Ardchattan | Campbell of Barcaldine | Campbell of Cawdor |
Campbell of Clathick | Campbell of Lawers | Campbell of Lochaw | Campbell of Lochdochart |
Campbell of Lochnell | Campbell of Monzie | Campbell of Moy | Campbell of Ottar |
Campbell of Park | Campbell of Possil | Campbell of Smiddygreen | Campbell of Craignish |
Campbell of Auchinbreck | Campbell of Auchawillig | Campbell of Ardentinny | Campbell of Ardkinglas |
Campbell of Gargunnock | Campbell of Inverneil | Lord Stratheden | Campbell of Netherplace |
Campbell of Glenlyon | Campbell of Lix |
Campbell of Blythswood | Campbell of Glenfalloch |
- Campbell of Aberuchill
- Campbell of Ardkinglas
- Campbell of Argyll
- Campbell of Auchinbreck
- Campbell of Barbreck (Old)
- Campbell of Barcaldine
- Campbell of Breadalbane and Holland
- Campbell of Carrick Buoy
- Campbell of Cawdor
- Campbell of Craignish
- Campbell of Dunstaffnage
- Campbell of Duntroon
- Campbell of Gartsford
- Campbell of Glen Lyon
- Campbell of Glenorchy
- Campbell of Inverawe
- Campbell of Inverneill
- Campbell of Kenmore and Melfort
- Campbell of Lochnell
- Campbell of Loudoun
- Campbell of Lundie (Old)
- Campbell of Marchmont
- Campbell of Ormidale (Old)
- Campbell of Otter (Old)
- Campbell of Possil
- Campbell of Skipness
- Campbell of Strachur
- Campbell of Succoth
See also
- Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells
- Campbell of Argyll Militia
- "The Campbells Are Coming"
References
- docx). Sabhal Mòr Ostaig. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Official List of Septs of Clan Campbell". Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ a b Campbell, A, A History of Clan Campbell; Volume 1, From Origins to the Battle of Flodden, p.254-255
- ^ "The story of the Campbells, one of the mightiest of all the clans of Scotland". The National. 15 June 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ ISBN 0-00-470547-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.
- ^ "Clan Drummond". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ Cawdor, John Frederick Vaughan Campbell; Innes, Cosmo (1859). The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor: A Series of Papers Selected from the Charter Room at Cawdor. pp. 102–104.
- ^ Shaw, Lachlan (1827). The history of the province of Moray. J. Grant. p. 156.
- ^ Wimberley, Douglas (1893). "Campbells of Inverliver". Memorials of four old families, viz. Campbell of Kilmartin [and some notes on the family of Campbell of Inverness], Gordon of Lesmoir, Irvine of Drum, Wimberley of South Witham & Beechfield. With pedigrees and ... illustrations. Inverness: D. Wimberley. p. 26.
- ^ a b "Clan Campbell Timeline". inveraray-castle.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ Guthrie, William (1767). A General History of Scotland. Vol. 4. Paternoster Row, London: A. Hamilton, Robinson and Roberts. pp. 371-372. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
- ISBN 9780091447403. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ "MacArthurs of Tirevadich". Clanarthur.com. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "History of the MacArthur Clan". Rampantscotland.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.
- ^ Campbell, Alistair of Airds (2002). A History of Clan Campbell: From Flodden to the Restoration. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 113–117.
- ^ Castle Campbell historic-scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ISBN 0-00-470547-5.
- ISBN 1-57181-934-7.
- ^ Campbell, Alastair (2004). A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day. Edinburgh University Press. p. 15.
- ^ "Battle of [email protected]". Archived from the original on 14 April 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f g Anderson, William (1862). The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland. Fullarton. pp. 524–5 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Campbell, Alastair (2004). A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day. Edinburgh University Press. p. 22.
- ^ Campbell, Alastair (2004). A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 39–60.
- ^ Campbell, Alastair (2004). A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day. Edinburgh University Press. p. xviii.
- ^ Campbell, Alastair (2004). A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 80–93.
- ^ Chambers, Robert. (1856). Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen - Significant Scots John Campbell. (New edition along with the supplemental volume says by the Rev. Thos. Thomson). electricscotland.com. Retrieved 25, February 2012.
- ^ Battle of Sheriffmuir clan-cameron.org. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- W. & A.K. Johnston. pp. 25–26. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Siege of Fort William clan-cameron.org. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ Forbes, Robert, Bishop of Ross; Blaikie, Waltar Biggar (1895). The Lyon In Mourning : or, A Collection of Speeches, Letters, Journals etc. relative to the affairs of Prince Charles Edward Stuart. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society. pp. 213-217.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISBN 978-1-84884-020-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-899874-36-1.
- ISBN 1-899874-10-0p.238
- ^ a b c Government, or Black Watch Retrieved 11 September 2007
- ^ a b c d e f g Which are the authentic Campbell tartans? Archived 14 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11 September 2007
- ^ "Clan Campbell Tartans". Ccsna.org. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "ccsna.org". ccsna.org. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Works cited
- Boardman, Steve, The Campbells 1250–1513. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2006. ISBN 0-85976-662-4.
- Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland