Clan MacDonell of Glengarry

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

MacDonell of Glengarry
Clann Dòmhnaill Ghlinne Garaidh
Pipe music
Glengarry's March[4]
Chief
Colin Patrick MacDonell of Glengarry
The 24th Chief of Glengarry (Mac Mhic Alasdair)
Historic seatStrome Castle
Invergarry Castle
Septs of MacDonell of Glengarry
Alastair, Alexander, Allister, Carroon, Chomghain, Cowan, Cunningham, Greenfield, Kennedy, MacAlasdair, MacCowan, MacGillies, MacIlchomhghain, MacInnes, MacIntyre, MacIver, MacLellan, MacPhail, MacWalrick, Sanders, Saunders, Sanderson[5]
Clan branches
MacDonells of Glengarry (chiefs)[6]
McDonells of Barrisdale[6]
MacDonalles of Knoydart[6]
MacDonells of Greenfield[6]
MacDonells of Lundie[6]
MacDonells of Scotus
MacDonells of Ardnabie
MacDonells of Invergarry
MacDonells of Leek
MacDonells of Lochgarry
Allied clans
Rival clans

Clan MacDonell of Glengarry, also known as Clan Ranald of Knoydart & Glengarry (

Fort William, Highland.[8] The progenitor of the MacDonells of Glengarry is Reginald, 4th great-grandson of the warrior Somerled. The clan chief is traditionally designated as the "Son of Alexander's son" (Scottish Gaelic: Mac Mhic Alasdair).[9][10][11]

The MacDonells of Glengarry have historically possessed land holdings in the districts of Ross-shire and Lochaber in the Scottish Highlands. Their territories occasionally resulted in land disputes with other clans, most notably Clan Mackenzie. The clan supported the House of Stuart during the Jacobite rebellions, pledging their allegiance to the Jacobite cause. After the Jacobite Uprisings, the clan suffered during the Highland Clearances.[8] As the result of the Clearances, members of the clan emigrated to other parts of the world, specifically to New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the United States of America.

Clan MacDonell of Glengarry has a chief that is recognized by the Court of the Lord Lyon, and the Lord Lyon King of Arms, who is the heraldic authority in Scotland.

History of the MacDonells of Glengarry

R.R. McIan's Victorian era romanticised depiction of a Macdonald, lord of the Isles.

Origins

Further information: Clan Donald and Lord of the Isles

The MacDonells of Glengarry are one of the branch clans of

MacDonalds of Clanranald both descend from John and Amie's eldest son, Reginald
.

14th century

Reginald, 1st of Clanranald and Glengarry succeeded through his mother Amie MacRuari in the majority of the old lands of Clann Ruaidhrí.

Rollaig Orain
, and succeeded by his son.

The first son, John 3rd of Glengarry, died without heirs and was therefore succeeded by his half-brother Alexander "of the Woods", 4th chief of Glengarry, progenitor of Glengarry.[6] Alexander is sometimes considered the first true chief of Glengarry but is usually regarded as the fourth of Glengarry. From Alexander, the clan takes the Gaelic patronymic of Mac Mhic Alasdair, meaning "son of the son of Alexander".[6][10]

15th century

The MacDonells of Glengarry resided in the glens near Loch Garry.
seanachie MacVuirich recorded a death account of Alexander "of the Woods", who is referred to as "a powerful, bold, warlike Lord of the Clanranald", who died on the Isle of Abbas in 1460; However, due to the contemporary records being referenced by the Crown holding unto their lands, there is no mention of his territorial magnate.[19]

His successor, John MacAlister Ranaldsoune, 5th of Glengarry, inherited the lands of Glengarry from his father. The clan was part of the MacDonalds of Clanranald around this time, and took part in several battles, including supporting

Fraser of Lovat after being invited to a "friendly" interview with him in Achteraw in Abertarff, Inverness-shire in 1501. This resulted in a conflict between the MacDonells of Glengarry and the Frasers of Lovat, in which the Frasers were defeated and surrendered the lands of Abertarff to the Glengarry MacDonells.[21] According to A and A MacDonald, proceedings were initiated by Alexander MacIain of Glengarry before the Lords of Council against the murderers of his father.[21]

Alexander Ranaldson, 6th of Glengarry, was considered to be a rebellious chief. The MacDonells of Glengarry did not play an important part in the politics of Clan Donald until the late 15th century.

Camerons of Lochiel.[22] Most of the chiefs submitted to James IV of Scotland, and even the MacDonalds of Clanranald accepted charters in 1494.[6] Alexander Ranaldson did not receive a charter, suggesting that he continued to have a rebellious attitude at this time after the fall of the Lords of the Isles. In response, James IV tasked the Earl of Huntly and the Duke of Argyll in carrying out his policy in dividing the territories that once belonged to the Lordship of the Isles for their own holdings for their own clan lands.[22] Alexander Ranaldson married a daughter of MacDonald of Lochalsh, who was a descendant of Robert II of Scotland.[23]

16th century

A visualization of the heraldric arms for the chiefs of Clan MacDonell of Glengarry (1875).[24]

In 1501, Alexander Ranaldson was summoned for occupying the lands in Morar without a title, while the eldest son of the Earl of Huntly was granted a portion of land in Glengarry. Alexander Ranaldson continued to rebel against the Scottish Crown in response, supporting Domhnall Dubh and his insurrection against the Scottish Crown, but not participating in the rebellion directly.[6][25] In 1510, James IV granted Alexander, Earl of Huntly more lands in Glengarry, but shortly after the King's death at the Battle of Flodden, Donald Gallda of Lochalsh, father-in-law to Alexander Ranaldson, proclaimed himself Lord of the Isles, with Alexander Ranaldson supporting him.[26] During the rebellion, The MacDonells invaded Urquhart Castle, expelled the garrison, and plundered the lands of Clan Grant, causing John Grant of Freuchie to obtain a decree from the Lords of Council for his loss.[26] After Donald Gallda's death, Alexander Ranaldson inherited half of the estate of his father-in-law, which included lands in Lochalsh, Lochcarron and Lochbroom and proclaimed himself Lord of the Isles, but this didn't go anywhere. After the failed rebellions of Domhnall Dubh and Donald Gallda, Alexander Ranaldson submitted to royal authority and was pardoned for past offences in 1531.[6] He received a Crown charter on 9 March 1539 for the lands of Glengarry, Morar, half the lands of Loch Alsh, Lochcarron, Loch Broom and also Strome Castle.[6] This did not stop Alexander Ranaldson following Donald Gorm Macdonald of Sleat in trying to reclaim the Lordship of the Isles.[6] Donald Gorm was killed attacking Eilean Donan Castle and the rebellion collapsed.[6] Subsequently, Alexander Ranaldson was amongst the island chiefs who were tricked into meeting James V at Portree and was imprisoned at Edinburgh where he remained until the king died in 1542.[6] Clan MacDonell of Glengarry supported Clan Cameron in their Raids of Urquhart in October 1544 and April 1545. Alexander Ranaldson was also present at the Battle of the Shirts, supporting John Moidartach and the MacDonalds of Clanranald and Clan Cameron against Clan Fraser of Lovat. It is said that only eight MacDonalds and five Frasers survived the battle.[27] Alexander Ranaldson soon died in 1590.[6]

Angus MacAlester, 7th of Glengarry, succeeded as chief of Glengarry. Angus MacAlester was politically astute, and used the influence of his father-in-law, the chief of Clan Grant, to gain a charter from

Clanranald as his chief.[28]

The feud against Clan Mackenzie began in the later 16th century, when two members of Glengarry sought revenge against a man who was suspected of murdering their father, and burned down the man's house, along with his family. Unknown to the Glengarry members, a Mackenzie clansman was among those who were killed along with the murderer. Kenneth Mackenzie, 1st Lord Mackenzie of Kintail went to the Privy Council to present his accusation against the MacDonells. Angus MacAlester, fearing penetlies in consequence, fled Edinburgh, causing escalation between the two clans. In 1574, Angus MacAlester led a raid on the mainland of Lochcarron, resulting in the burning of houses and slaughtering inhabitants of the MacKenzie lands. The MacDonells stocked their boats with plunder that they took from the MacKenzies, but the MacKenzies intercepted the MacDonells in small rowing boats at night on their way to the Isle of Skye, overturning the boat, and killing many men, including their chief Angus MacAlester. The survivors swam to the Isle of Skye and escaped, leaving their pillaged plunders behind.[29]

Donald MacAngus, 8th of Glengarry, succeeded Angus as chief of Glengarry, who is reputed to have lived for over one hundred years.[6] In February 1576, Donald MacAngus complained to the Privy Council that Hugh Fraser, 5th Lord Lovat prevented him and his followers transporting timber by water on Loch Ness towards Inverness, and Lovat was ordered not to interfere.[30] It would appear that Angus McAngus was favored by the Court, due to his law-abiding status and peaceful relations with neighboring clans. However, Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll, upon succeeding as chief of the Campbells in 1577, invaded and plundered the lands of the MacLeans and the MacDonalds, including making preparations for an invasion of the mainland, with the lands of Glengarry as his principle attack.[31] Threatened by the Earl of Argyll, Donald MacAngus appealed to the Privy Council for protection. Realizing his situation, the Council prohibited the Earl of Argyll and his followers from harming the lands of Glengarry. The council also sent letters to the Frasers of Lovat, MacKenzie of Kintail, Grant of Freuchie, MacKintosh, Munro of Fowlis, Ross of Balnagown, MacDonald of Keppoch, and Chisholm of Strathglass, charging them to "pass to assist and defend with their kin and followers Donald MacAngus and his friends and servants".[32] The Earl of Argyll conceded, and ended his intended invasion.[33]

17th century

A depiction of the coats of arms for MacDonell, Lord MacDonell and Aros. Published in "The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom" by James Balfour Paul in 1904.[34]

Hostiles between the MacDonells of Glengarry and Clan Mackenzie began to become more aggressive in the 17th century. In November 1601, Angus, younger son of Donald MacAngus, accompanied by a large following of his father's dependents, including the MacDonalds of Clanranald, came to the lands of Torridon and laid violence on the lands of the Mackenzies. A complaint was made to the Privy Council against Donald MacAngus, with the same charges made against his son, Angus. However, neither have appeared in the Privy Court.[35] In response, the Council commissioned Kenneth Mackenzie against Clan MacDonell of Glengarry, and procured through the interest of the 1st Earl of Dunfermline by invading Glengarry's lands of Morar, plundering as he went. Similarly, the MacDonells wasted the lands of Loch Alsh and Applecross.

The violence came to head at the

Kilchrist. According to tradition, a bagpiper for the MacDonells of Glengarry marched around the burning church playing a spirited tune, which was later known as "Kilchrist", a victory for the MacDonells.[29][38][39] Despite this event, some sources suggest the MacDonells were overtaken at Torbreck in a public-house, which was set on fire by the MacKenzies as revenge for the burning of Kilchrist, and thirty-seven of them were burned alive, leaving few Glengarry men to escape.[40] However, no documented public retribution by the Mackenzies was recorded for this atrocity.[41]

By this time, the Privy Council ordered both clans to cease hostilities and swear an oath to keep peace in the Highlands. The MacDonells conceded and abandoned their claims of lands in Ross-shire. Despite the loss of other lands to the Mackenzies during this time, Donald MacAngus were later compensated by the acquisition of Knoydart in 1611. Following this event, the two powerful clans maintained friendly relations, benefiting both themselves and the wider district over which they held sway. Invited in 1626 by Lord Ochiltree, the Lord Chancellor of Scotland to discuss Royal policy for the Western Isles, Donald MacAngus disagreed with the proposals and was imprisoned for a time.[6] Despite this, in March 1627 he obtained a charter under the great seal that erected Glengarry into a free barony.[6]

When the

Ormondists. According to MacVuirich, the Highlanders were "esteemed and honoured for their taking of great towns from the enemy until they broke from the army of Preston".[42] Aeneas was eventually taken prisoner and sent to Kilkenny, but was eventually released by the Marquis of Antrim.[42] After his service during the war, Oliver Cromwell forfeited his estates when Scotland was incorporated into the Protectorate (1653-1659), temporarily losing his lands to the control of Cromwell. They were returned after the 1660 Restoration and he received the Jaccobite peerage title Lord MacDonell and Aros.[6] In 1665, a serious quarrel broke out between the MacDonells of Glengarry and the town of Inverness; The dispute started at a fair when a townsman accidentally dropped a cheese, leading to an argument with a woman selling the cheese. The situation escalated quickly, with swords being drawn and shots fired. The town guards intervened, but the conflict resulted in two deaths and several injuries. The MacDonells threatened revenge on the town due to their longstanding feud with the Mackintoshes, who were friendly with Inverness. The town sought support from neighboring Mackintoshes, while the MacDonells proposed a treaty with demanding conditions. The case was brought before the Privy Council, which ruled in favor of the MacDonells, ordering Inverness to pay Glengarry £4,800 in damages and fees, including the fees due to the surgeon who attended the wounded MacDonells.[43] Aeneas produced neither male heirs, nor any eligible children, and the title died with him in 1680.[44]

Ranald, 2nd of Scotus, and 10th of Glengarry succeeded as chief of Glengarry in 1680. When James II & VII was expelled in the 1688 Revolution, the Glengarry MacDonells were among the 2% of Scots who remained Catholics. Ranald was at this point an old man past active exertion. However, this did not stop him from acting as head of the Catholic Jacobite faction during the 1689 Jacobite rising. Ranald's son, Alastair Dubh MacDonell, acted on behalf of his father as chief and leader of the Glengarry clan.[45] The Scots Parliament confiscated Glengarry's lands, although the MacDonells continued to hold Invergarry Castle.[46] The clan, along with 2500 clansmen, fought under John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee at the Battle of Killiecrankie. By late 1691, Invergarry was closely besieged and the Scottish government was determined to "make an example" of the MacDonells. However, after agreeing to pardon Ranald MacDonell of his treason, they switched targets to the MacDonalds of Glencoe, which resulted in the Glencoe Massacre.[47] Ranald died in 1705, and was succeeded by his second son.

18th century

Clan tartan. Illustration by R. R. McIan from James Logan's The Clans of the Scottish Highlands, published in 1845.

Alastair Dubh MacDonell, 1st of Titular, Lord MacDonald, and 11th of Glengarry has been described as "one of the most distinguished warriors of his day in the Highlands". Alastair Dubh and his father were among the first of the Highlanders who joined Viscount Dundee in the attempt to restore

General Wade's report on the Highlands in 1724, estimated the clan strength at 800 men.[53] Alastair Dubh died at Invergarry in 1721, and was eulogized in the song-poem Alistair à Gleanna Garadh by his kinswoman Sìleas na Ceapaich, which hearkens back to the mythological poetry attributed to Amergin Glúingel and which remains an iconic and oft imitated work of Scottish Gaelic literature.[54]
Alastair Dubh was succeeded by his son, John.

John, 2nd of Titular, Lord MacDonald, and 12th of Glengarry succeeded as chief. John obtained a charter for himself and male heirs of the lands of Knoydart from

Falkirk and eventually died three days later.[57] He was replaced by his kinsman, Donald MacDonnell of Lochgarry, who lead the Glengarry regiment at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746, under the command of James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth. Glengarry's numbered up to 530, the largest in the entire Jacobite army.[58] During the battle, the MacDonald regiments were located on the extreme left wing of the Jacobite army, instead of their preferred place on the right wing. According to legend, these regiments refused to charge when ordered to do so, due to the perceived insult of being placed on the left wing.[59] The Glengarry regiment disbanded in May 1746 after their defeat at Culloden. Charles Edward Stuart found himself in a challenging situation when he sought shelter at Invergarry Castle by way of Fort Augustus. At that time, the castle was deserted and lacked basic necessities such as furniture and provisions. After Charles left to hide in the moors of the Highlands, Invergarry Castle was afterwards plundered and burnt to the ground by Cumberland's troops.[60] Aeneas's elder brother Alastair Ruadh, later 13th of Glengarry, was captured in November 1745 by a Royal Navy frigate while travelling from France to join in the Jacobite Rising. Imprisoned in the Tower of London, he was released in 1747 and at some point became a Hanoverian mole inside the Jacobite Movement, with devastating results.[61] While his motivations are still disputed, Scottish historian Andrew Lang confirmed that Alistair Ruadh was in fact 'Pickle the Spy' in 1747.[62]

19th century to modern day

George IV's visit to Scotland
in 1822. The occasion is best remembered for popularizing the idea of tartans and traditional Highland dress.

His kinsman Fr.

Diocese of Kingston. Sir James MacDonell, brother of the 14th Chief of Glengarry, fought under Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, winning glory for the clan at the Battle of Waterloo during the Napoleonic Wars.[29] The Duke of Wellington awarded him £1000 for his part in the battle calling him "the bravest man in the British Army". General MacDonell insisted on splitting this money with his sergeant, James Graham
.

Aneas Ranaldson, 16th of Glengarry sold his estate and, along with a significant portion of his clan, departed and emigrated to Australia in 1840. This event caught the attention of contemporary publications, "We cannot regard the expatriation of the head of an old Highland family, with its clan associations, its pipe music, and its federal recollections, from the battle of Inverlochy downwards, without some regret and emotion".[64] The departure marked a significant change for the clan and its longstanding connections to their ancestral lands, evoking a sense of sentimentality and reflection. Aneas Ranaldson later returned to Knoydart where he died in 1851.[64]

The 17th chief of Glengarry, Alexander Ranaldson, also returned from Australia, but later sold his estate to the Marquess of Huntly and emigrated with his sons to New Zealand where he later died in 1862.[29] He was succeeded by his younger brother, Charles Ranaldson, 18th chief of Glengarry, but died on his way home from New Zealand, rendering the chief line from the 11th chief of Glengarry, Alasdair Dubh, extinct.[65] However, he was "posthumously" succeeded by his distant relative, Aneas Ranald, 19th of Glengarry through the Scotus branch, thus continuing the chief succession of the clan.[65][66]

Aeneas Ranald Wesdrop, 10th of Titular, 20th chief was educated at

military mission in Tbilisi, making the journey on a 36-hour train from Baku in December 1917.[68] Aneas Ranald Donald, 12th of Titular, 22nd chief succeeded as chief in 1941 and died in 1999. His brother, Aeneas Ranald Euan MacDonell, 13th of Titular, 23rd chief, succeeded him in 1999. Ranald MacDonell died in 2021, he was succeeded by his younger brother.[69]

The current chief is Colin Patrick MacDonell, 24th Chief of Glengarry.[70]

Castles

Castles that have been owned by Clan MacDonell of Glengarry include:

Clan profile

Tartan

Tartan image Notes
According to W & A K Johnston's 1906 edition, this tartan was registered for Clan MacDonell of Glengarry. There is a sample certified by 'Glengarry' in the Highland Society of London collection from 1815 to 1816, although it is unknown whether the thread count is accurate.[77]

See also

References

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  3. ^ "Collins Scottish clan & family encyclopedia". 1994.
  4. ^ "The clans and tartans of Scotland". 1976.
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  7. ^ the clan ranald of knoydart & glengarry. Internet Archive. 1979.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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  9. ^ Macdonald, Angus; Macdonald, Archibald (1896). The clan Donald. Vol. II. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. Inverness, The Northern Counties Publishing Company, ltd.
  10. ^ a b Lee, Henry James (1920). History of the clan Donald, the families of MacDonald, McDonald and McDonnell. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. New York, R.L. Polk and Company, Inc.
  11. ISBN 978-0-517-54659-8
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  14. ^ Lee, Henry James (1920). History of the clan Donald, the families of MacDonald, McDonald and McDonnell. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. New York, R.L. Polk and Company, Inc. pp. |page=56.
  15. ^ Eyre-Todd 1923, 2: pp. 269–270.
  16. ^ Macdonald; Macdonald 1900, 3: pp. 226–238.
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  68. ^ On Secret Service East of Constantinople by Peter Hopkirk, John Murray, 1994
  69. ^ "Obituary: Ranald MacDonell of Glengarry, anglicised clan chief who steeped himself in Scots history". HeraldScotland. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
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  73. ^ Lee, Henry James (1920). History of the clan Donald, the families of MacDonald, McDonald and McDonnell. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. New York, R.L. Polk and Company, Inc. pp. |page=136.
  74. ^ "The Chief of Glengarry". 16 October 2008. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  75. ^
    ISBN 978-0-00-411117-9
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  76. ^ Adam; Innes of Learney 1970: pp. 541–543.
  77. ^ "Tartan Details - The Scottish Register of Tartans". www.tartanregister.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2023.

Sources

External links
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