Clan Munro
Clan Munro | |||
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Clann an Rothaich Seat Foulis Castle | | ||
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Clan Munro (
During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the Munros
History
Origins
Traditional origins
Traditionally the Munros came from
According to the same traditional sources Donald Munro's grandson, Hugh Munro, was the first Munro to be authentically designated Baron of Foulis; he died in 1126. A reliable scholar,
DNA studies show that about a fifth of contemporary Munro men tested have a common patrilineal ancestor of Y chromosome Haplogroup I2a-P37.2, but this minority includes documented descendants of two sons of Hugh Munro of Foulis, "9th baron": George Munro 10th baron, and John Munro of Milntown.[14] Hence Hugh, who died in 1425, must also have borne this Y chromosome. While these findings do not exclude a much earlier founder, the degree of subsequent variation in male Munros of this haplogroup suggests a common ancestor in about the 14th century. DNA studies also indicate shared patrilineal ancestry in the first millennium with several families whose documented ancestry is from South West Ireland, most notably the Driscolls of Cork,[14] consistent with the Munro tradition of Irish origins.
Wars of Scottish Independence
By tradition, during the Wars of Scottish Independence, chief Robert Munro, 6th Baron of Foulis led the clan in support of Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.[15] Robert Munro survived the battle but his son, George, was killed. George however had already had a son of his own, also called George, who succeeded his grandfather Robert as chief and led the clan at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 where he died.[15]
Recorded origins
The clan name Munro, which in
It is a common misconception that every person who bears a clan's name is a lineal descendant of the chiefs.[20] Many clansmen although not related to the chief took the chief's surname or a variant of it as their own to show solidarity, for basic protection or for much needed sustenance.[20][21]
15th century and clan conflicts
In 1411 a major feud broke out between
In 1452, there was a rebellion by a force of tribes loyal to
In 1495, King James of Scotland assembled an army at Glasgow and many of the Highland chiefs made their submissions to him, including the Munro and Mackenzie chiefs. In 1497, MacDonald of Lochalsh rebelled against the king, invading the lands of Ross-shire where, according to early 19th-century historian Donald Gregory, he was defeated at the Battle of Drumchatt (1497) by the Munros and Mackenzies.[28] However late 19th-century historian Alexander Mackenzie disputes the Munros' presence at the battle of 1497, quoting 17th-century historian Sir Robert Gordon whose account does not include the Munros.[29] Alexander Mackenzie states that the Munros and Mackenzies actually fought each other at Drumchatt in 1501.[30]
In 1500, the Munros of Milntown began construction of Milntown Castle, which was opposed by the Rosses as being too close to their Balnagown Castle.[31]
16th century and clan conflicts
In the early 16th century a rebellion broke out by Domhnall Dubh, chief of Clan MacDonald, against the king. The MacDonalds were no longer Lords of the Isles or Earls of Ross. Cameron of Lochiel supported the rebel Domhnall Dubh. In 1502, a commission was given to the Earl of Huntly, the Lord Lovat, and William Munro of Foulis to proceed to Lochaber against the rebels.[32] There in 1505 William Munro of Foulis, whilst on "the King's business" was killed by Cameron of Lochiel.[33] It is Clan Cameron tradition that they defeated a joint force of Munros and Mackays at the Battle of Achnashellach in 1505.[34] Domhnall Dubh was captured in 1506 and Ewen Cameron was later executed.[35]
On 30 April 1527, a
In 1544
Between 1569 and 1573
17th century
Thirty Years' War
During the early 17th century the Munros continued their strong military traditions, fighting in the continental Thirty Years' War where Robert Munro, 18th Baron of Foulis, known as the Black Baron, and 700 members of Clan Munro, along with many men from the Clan Mackay, joined the army of Gustavus Adolphus, in defence of Protestantism in Scandinavia. Robert died of an infected wound in Ulm in 1633.[46] General Robert Monro of the Obsdale branch, and cousin of the Black Baron, played a more prominent role. Robert's men served with distinction and received the name of the "Invincibles" in recognition of their prowess. His account of his experience during the Thirty Years' War was published as Monro, His Expedition With the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys.[46] There were 27 field officers and 11 captains of the name of Munro in the Swedish army.[47]
Bishops' Wars and Civil War
During the
Sir George Munro, 1st of Newmore who fought in Ireland as a Covenanter later became a royalist after his uncle Robert Monro was imprisoned by Cromwell in 1648. In September 1648, George Munro's Engager Covenanter forces (who favoured the royalists) defeated Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll's Kirk Party Covenanter forces at the Battle of Stirling.[51][52] In 1649, Colonel John Munro of Lemlair, as a royalist, took part in the Siege of Inverness (1649).[53] On hearing of this rising, James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, leader of royalist forces and his invading army of foreigners landed in Ross-shire, hoping for support from the clans. However, he was opposed by the Munros, Rosses and Sutherlands who then chose to support the Scottish Argyll Covenanter Government. The Munros, led by John Munro of Lemlair, together with their allies, comprehensively defeated the invading army at the Battle of Carbisdale in 1650.[54][55] Historian Charles Ian Fraser states that the clan had no cause to be hesitant about their part in this action and that some historians, such as John Buchan have done less than justice to it.[56] By 1651 the Scottish Covenantor Government had become disillusioned with the English parliament and supported the royalists instead. William Munroe was one of four Munroes captured at the Battle of Worcester and transported to America.[57] The Restoration of Charles II took place in 1660. The then chief's brother, George Munro, 1st of Newmore commanded the king's forces in Scotland from 1674 to 1677.[58]
In 1689, chief Sir John Munro, 4th Baronet was one of the Scottish representatives who approved the formal offer of the Scottish Crown to William of Orange and his Queen.[59] In the same year George Munro, 1st of Auchinbowie, commanded royalist forces that defeated the Jacobites at the Battle of Dunkeld.[59][60]
18th century
After Queen
Jacobite rising of 1715
In what is known as the
The
The clan rivalries which had erupted in rebellion were finding an outlet in local politics. Mackenzie's Earl of Seaforth title came to an end in 1716, and it was arranged that while Clan Ross held the county parliamentary seat the Munros would represent the Tain Burghs. Ross ascendancy was secure in Tain, and from 1716 to 1745 the Munros controlled the county town of Dingwall, with one of Robert Munro's brothers as provost, although there were two armed Munro "invasions" of the town in 1721 and 1740, when opposing councillors were abducted to secure a favourable result (for the first incident Colonel Robert and his brother were fined £200 each, and after the second his parliamentary career came to an abrupt end with defeat at the 1741 election). Sir Robert Munro, 5th Baronet's younger son, George Munro, 1st of Culcairn raised an Independent Highland Company from his father's clan to fight at the Battle of Glen Shiel in 1719 where they defeated the Jacobites.[63][65]
Black Watch and war against France
Their first action came on 11 May 1745, at the Battle of Fontenoy. Allowed "their own way of fighting", each time they received the French fire Col. Sir Robert Munro ordered his men to "clap to the ground" while he himself, because of his corpulence, stood alone with the colours behind him. For the first time in a European battle, they introduced a system of infantry tactics (alternately firing and taking cover) that has not been superseded. Springing up and closing with the enemy, they several times drove them back, and finished with a successful rearguard action against the French cavalry.[40][67][68]
Jacobite rising of 1745
In June, 1745, a month after the Battle of Fontenoy, Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet was "rewarded" by an appointment to succeed General Ponsonby as Colonel of the English 37th Regiment of Foot.[68] When the Jacobite rising of 1745 broke out, Robert's friends in the Highlands hoped for his presence among them. One wrote that it would have been "the greatest service to His Majesty and the common cause", but it was not to be. The Munros supported the British Government during the Jacobite risings.
Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet had been fighting at the second
Robert's son, Sir Harry Munro, 7th Baronet, who served as an officer in Loudon's Highlanders, had been captured at the Battle of Prestonpans in September, 1745. He returned home to find Foulis Castle had been partially destroyed by Jacobites after the Battle of Falkirk. A few months after Falkirk the Jacobites were finally defeated at the Battle of Culloden by government forces. After the rising was suppressed, a Munro Independent Company under Harry continued to police the Highlands but was disbanded in 1748. Harry set about rebuilding the castle as it is today, incorporating what he could of the original building which now appears as a mansion house built in a formal Georgian style rather than the defensive fort it once was.[65]
In 1754, Lieutenant
Later clansmen
- British Empire and military
Sir
- Mountaineering
- Science and medicine
Four direct generations, from the distinguished
- Academia
Fifth President of the United States of America
President James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the great-great-grandson of Patrick Andrew Monroe who emigrated from Scotland to the United States in the mid seventeenth century. At the time, the spelling of surnames was not standardized, and Monroe is simply another spelling of Munro. He is believed to have been descended from Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis.[75]
Clergy
The Munros were also prominent members of the Scottish clergy in the north of Scotland. Andrew Munro (d.1454) was Archdeacon of Ross and for a short time Bishop of Ross.[76] Sir Donald Monro was Dean of the Isles and in 1549 wrote the Description of the Western Isles of Scotland.[77] John Munro of Tain (d.1630) was a Presbyterian minister.[78] Rev. Robert Munro (1645–1704) was a Catholic priest who was persecuted for his beliefs and died in imprisonment.[79]
Castles
- Foulis Castle seat of the Munros of Foulis, the chiefs of the Clan Munro.[80]
- Munros of Milntown, the senior cadet branch of the Clan Munro.
- Newmore Castle,[80] was seat of the Munros of Newmore.
- Teaninich Castle was seat of the Munros of Teaninich.
- Balconie Castle was the seat of the Munros of Balconie.
- Novar House,[80] was seat of the Munros of Novar.
- Lemlair House was the seat of the Munros of Lemlair.
- Contullich Castle, thought to have first been built in the 11th century,[80] owned by various branches of the Clan Munro.
- Allan, near Tain, site of castle held by the Munros.[80]
- Ardross Castle originally held by the Munros but later passed to the Clan Matheson.[80]
- Loch Slin Castle, near Tain, held by the Munros in the seventeenth century but later passed to the Clan Mackenzie.[80]
- Strome Castle, on the shore of Loch Carron, Ross-shire, was held in the early 16th century by Hector Munro, I of Erribol who was Governor of the castle on behalf of the Clan MacDonell of Glengarry who were then in possession of it, and he also married the daughter of the Glengarry chief.[81]
Chiefs
The succession of a
Tartans
Tartan image | Notes |
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Munro Ancient tartan | |
Monrois tartan as printed in Vestiarium Scoticum in 1842 |
See also
- Munro Baronets
- Munro (disambiguation)
- Munroe (disambiguation)
- Monro (disambiguation)
- Monroe (disambiguation)
- Black Watch Military regiment originally formed from highland clans including Clan Munro.
- Munro Mountains in Scotland with height over 3000 ft.
References
- ^ docx). Sabhal Mòr Ostaig. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Clan Munro Profile scotclans.com. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ ISBN 9780007551798.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Mackenzie, Alexander (1898), pp. ix–x.
- ^ Kelley, David H. (1969), pp. 65–78.
- ^ a b Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 16.
- ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1898), p. 6.
- ^ Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 5.
- ^ Gracie, James (1997), p. 12.
- ^ a b Gracie, James (1997), p. 13.
- ^ Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 16; Nisbet, Alexander. (1722), p. 350
- ^ Martine, George (1900), pp. 36–40.
- ^ Moor, C (1905), p. 45.
- ^ a b Munro, Colin (December 2015). "The Deep Ancestry of the Munros" (PDF). Newsletter of the Clan Munro (Association) Australia. Vol. 13, no. 3. Australia: Clan Munro (Association) Australia. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 17.
- ^ Clan Munro Information Sheets clanmunro.org.uk. Retrieved 09, February 2013
- ^ Munro, R.W (1978), pp. 2 - 3 - on opposite unnumbered page - paragraph K.
- ^ Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), pp. 16–18.
- ^ Clan Munro magazine. No. 26. Published by the Clan Munro Association. 2012. p. 15.
- ^ a b scotlandspeople.gov.uk. "Clan-based surnames". Scotland's People. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 15.
- ^ Gracie, James (1997), pp. 18–19.
- ^ Munro, James Phinney (1900), p. 14.
- ^ Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 19. Quoting: MacDonald, Hugh. (1914), p. 30
- ^ Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 19
- ^ Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656), p. 36.
- ^ Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656), pp. 46–47.
- ^ Gregory, Donald (1836), p. 92.
- ^ Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656), p. 77.
- ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1898), pp. 28–34.
- ^ Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656), p. 146.
- ^ Gregory, Donald (1836), p. 97.
- ^ a b c Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 21.
- ^ Battle of Achnashellach clan-cameron.org. Retrieved 09, February 2013.
- ^ Stewart, John (1974).
- ^ Innes, Cosmo and Campbell, John (1859), pp. 167–168.
- ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1898), p. 36.
- ^ The Scottish Clans and Their Tartans. p. 79. Library Edition. Published by W. & A. K. Johnston, Limited. Edinburgh and London. 1885.
- ^ Why Finlaggan ? Archived 6 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine finlaggan.com. Retrieved 09, February 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Anderson, William (1836), pp. 213–218.
- ^ Buchanan, George (1579), p. 461.
- ^ Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656), p. 155.
- ^ Keltie, John (1885), p. 92; Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656), p. 154
- ^ Munro, R.W (1978), p. iii.
- ^ Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656), p. 236.
- ^ a b Monro, Robert (1637).
- ^ Mackay, John (1885); Monro, Robert (1637)
- ^ Mackay, John (1885).
- ^ Buchan, John (1928), p. 354.
- ^ Munro, R.W (1978), p. 12 - on opposite unnumbered page - paragraph M/56.
- ^ "Battle of [email protected]". Archived from the original on 14 April 2005.
- ^ Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1894). Quoting: Rushworth, John (17th century), p. 1276
- ^ Roberts, John L (2000), p. 106.
- ^ Roberts, John L (2000), p. 110.
- ^ Battle of Carbisdale Archived 27 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine scotwars.com. Retrieved 09, February 2013.
- ^ Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 26; Buchan, John (1928), p. 354
- ^ Munro, Richard, S.
- ^ Way, George of Plean and Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994), p. 283.
- ^ a b Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 26.
- ^ Inglis, John (1911), pp. 40–44.
- ^ a b Sage, Donald (1789), pp. 4–5.
- ^ Rose, D. Murray (1897), p. 73.
- ^ a b c Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 27.
- ^ Fraser, James of Castle Leathers (1696–1737), pp. 78–80.
- ^ a b Clan Munro Magazine No. 14 by R. W. Munro
- ^ Johnston, Thomas Brumby (1899), p. 26.
- ^ Fraser, C. I of Reelig (1954), p. 28.
- ^ a b c d e McNie, Alan (1986), pp. 24–26.
- Richmond, Greater London.
- ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1898), pp. 515–536.
- ISBN 9780807145562.
- ^ "Sutton Monro, former engineering professor at Lehigh University". The Morning Call. 7 March 1995. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- JSTOR 2236626.
- ^ Groover, Mikell (2010). History of the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Lehigh University,1924–2010 (PDF) (Report). p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Monroe, Horace, Canon of Southwark (1929). Foulis Castle and the Monroes of Lower Iveagh. London: Mitchell Hughes and Clarke.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dowden, John (1912), p. 218.
- ^ Ross, Alexander (1884), pp. 142–144.
- ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1898), p. 410 - 413.
- ^ McHardy, Stuart (2006), pp. 134–138.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Coventry, Martin (2008), p. 441.
- ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1898), p. 350.
- ^ "The Chief".
- ^ Adam, F. (1970). The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands (8th ed.). Clearfield.
Bibliography
- Anderson, William (1836). The Scottish Nation: Or the families, surnames families, honours and Geographical History of the People of Scotland. Vol. III. Edinburgh: A Fullerton & Co.
- Buchan, John (1928). Montrose: A History. Edinburgh: Nelson.
- Buchanan, George; Aikman, James (1827) [Printed from original manuscript from 1579]. The History of Scotland. Glasgow and Edinburgh: Blackie, and Archibald Fullerton & Co.
- Coventry, Martin (2008). Castles of the Clans: The Strongholds and Seats of 750 Scottish Families and Clans. ISBN 978-1-899874-36-1.
- Dowden, John (1912). The Bishops of Scotland. Glasgow: J. Maitland Thomson.
- ISBN 0-7179-4535-9.
- Fraser, James of Castle Leathers (1889) [Printed from original manuscript of 1696 - 1737]. Major Fraser's manuscript; his adventure in Scotland and England; his mission to, and travels in France in search of his chief; his services in the Rebellion, and his quarrels with Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat, 1696-1737. Edinburgh: D. Douglas.
- Gordon, Sir Robert (1813) [Printed from original manuscript 1580 - 1656]. A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland. Edinburgh: A. Constable.
- Gracie, James (1997). the Munros. Lang Syne Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85217-080-6.
- ISBN 9780859760089.
- Henderson, Thomas, Finlayson (1894). Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 38.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Inglis, John, Alexander (1911). The Monros of Auchinbowie and Cognate Families. Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Innes, Cosmo; Campbell, John Frederick Vaughan of Cawdor (1859). The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor: A Series of Papers Selected from the Charter Room at Cawdor. Edinburgh.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - W. & A.K. Johnston.
- Kelley, D.H (1969). The Claimed Irish Origin of Clan Munro. Vol. 45. The American Genealogist.
- Keltie, John, S (1885). A history of the Scottish Highlands Highland clans and Highland regiments. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Mackay, John (1885). An Old Scots Brigade. Edinburgh.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - MacDonald, Hugh (1914). Highland Papers. Edinburgh: Printed by T and A Constable for the Scottish History Society.
- Mackenzie, Alexander (1898). History of the Munros of Fowlis. Inverness: Scottish Highlander Office.
- Martine, George (1900). Clark, J.T (ed.). Monro (Munro) of Fowlis in Walter Macfarlane's Genealogical Collections concerning Families in Scotland. Vol. i. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society.
- McHardy, Stuart (2006). The White Cockade and other Jacobite Tales. Edinburgh: ISBN 978-1-84158-441-6.
- McNie, Alan (1986). Your Clan Heritage, Clan Munro. ISBN 0-907614-07-8.
- Red Cross Street, London: William Jones.
- Monroe, Horace (1929). Foulis Castle and the Monroes of Lower Iveagh. London: Mitchell, Hughes and Clarke.
- Moor, C (1905). Knights of Edward I. Vol. II (F-K). Harleian Society Visitation Series 81.
- Munroe, James Phinney (1900). A Sketch of the Clan Munro and William Munroe, Deported from Scotland, settled in Lexington, Massachusetts. Boston: George H. Ellis.
- Munro, Richard, S. History and Genealogy of the Lexington, Massachusetts, Munroes.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Munro, R.W (1978). The Munro Tree 1734. Munro. ISBN 0-9503689-1-1.
- Nisbet, Alexander (1722). System of Heraldry. vol. 1.
- Roberts, John. L. (2000). Clan, King, and Covenant: History of the Highland Clans from the Civil War to the Glencoe Massacre. ISBN 0-7486-1393-5.
- Rose, D. Murray (1897). Historical notes; or, Essays on the '15 and '45. Edinburgh: W. Brown.
- Ross, Alexander (1884). The Reverend Donald Munro, M.A., High Dean of the Isles. (The Celtic Magazine, volume 9).
- Rushworth, John. Historical Collections (also known as the Rushworth Papers). From throughout 17th century. Pt. iv. vol. ii.
- Sage, Rev. Donald. A.M. Minister of Resolis (1789). Memorabilia domestica; or, Parish life in the North of Scotland. Edinburgh: J Menzies.
- Stewart, John (1974). The Camerons: A History of Clan Cameron. Clan Cameron Association.
- Way, George of Plean; Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. HarperCollins.
- The Scottish Clans and Their Tartans (Library ed.). London and Edinburgh: Johnston & Bacon. 1885. p. 79.
External links
- www.clanmunro.org.uk - Official Website of the Clan Munro (Association) (Scotland)
- www.clanmunrousa.org - Clan Munro Association USA
- www.clanmunroassociation.ca - Clan Munro Association of Canada
- www.clanmunroassociation.org.au - Clan Munro Association Australia