Clara Immerwahr

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Clara Immerwahr
University of Breslau
SpouseFritz Haber
Children1
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
Doctoral advisorRichard Abegg

Clara Helene Immerwahr (German pronunciation:

University of Breslau, and is credited with being a pacifist as well as a "heroine of the women's rights movement".[2] From 1901 until her suicide in 1915, she was married to the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Fritz Haber
.

Early life and education

Immerwahr was born on the Polkendorff Farm in

Breslau.[3]

Immerwahr studied at the

University of Breslau, attaining her degree and a PhD in chemistry under Richard Abegg in 1900,[4] after 8 semesters of study (two more than required for male doctoral candidates).[5] Her dissertation was entitled Beiträge zur Löslichkeitsbestimmung schwerlöslicher Salze des Quecksilbers, Kupfers, Bleis, Cadmiums und Zinks (Contributions to the Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts of Mercury, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc). She was the first woman Ph.D. at the University of Breslau[6] and received the designation magna cum laude.[7] Her thesis defense was held in the main hall of the university and was attended by many young women of the city, interested in seeing "Unser erster weiblicher Doktor" ("our first female doctor").[5] A few months after obtaining her degree, she gave a public lecture entitled "Chemistry and Physics in the Household."[8]

Marriage and work

Immerwahr married Fritz Haber in August 1901, four years after she had converted to Christianity in 1897.[9][10] The two had met years earlier at a dance lesson and started a brief romance, but Immerwahr turned down his marriage proposal at the time because she wanted to remain financially independent.[3]

Due to

translating some of his papers into English.[11] On 1 June 1902 she gave birth to Hermann Haber (1902–1946), the only child of that marriage.[12]

Confiding in Abegg, Immerwahr expressed her deep dissatisfaction with this subservient role:

It has always been my attitude that a life has only been worth living if one has made full use of all one's abilities and tried to live out every kind of experience human life has to offer. It was under that impulse, among other things, that I decided to get married at that time... The life I got from it was very brief...and the main reasons for that was Fritz's oppressive way of putting himself first in our home and marriage, so that a less ruthlessly self-assertive personality was simply destroyed.[6][13]

Haber continually neglected his wife and child, leaving for a tour of scientific facilities in the US when his son was only a few months old.[14] When he was in the country, he often spent lunch hours and evenings at work or with his colleagues rather than at home.[5] In a 1915 letter to Setsuro Tamaru, a Japanese colleague of Haber's, Immerwahr expressed her disappointment that her husband worked "18 hours a day, almost always in Berlin (not in Dahlem!)"[15]

During

better source needed] Immerwahr was also a witness to the accidental death of one of her former college classmates, Otto Sackur
, who was attempting to tame cacodyl chloride in Haber's lab as part of Haber's research into chemical weapons.

Death

Basel, Switzerland

Shortly after Haber's return from Belgium, Immerwahr shot herself in the chest using Haber's military pistol. On 2 May 1915, she died in her son's arms.[5][8] The morning after her death, Haber left for the first gas attack against the Russians on the Eastern Front.[17][18]

Her suicide remained largely in the dark. Six days after her death, only the small local newspaper Grunewald-Zeitung reported that "the wife of Dr H. in Dahlem, who is currently on the front, has set an end to her life by shooting herself. The reasons for this act of the unhappy woman are unknown."[19][20] There is no evidence of an autopsy. The poorly documented circumstances of her death have resulted in considerable discussion and controversy as to her reasons, including that she opposed Haber's work in chemical warfare and her suicide was a response to him personally overseeing the first successful use of chlorine gas during the Second Battle of Ypres, resulting in over 67,000 casualties.[5][8][21][22]

Immerwahr's ashes were moved from Dahlem to Basel and buried together with Haber's after his death in 1934.[5] Subsequently, their son Hermann Haber emigrated to the United States, where he committed suicide in 1946.[13]

In drama, fiction and writing

A number of works have been inspired to explore Fritz and Clara's relationship. The short film

Genius.[citation needed
] In 2014 the film Clara Immerwahr [de] was released (directed by Harald Sicheritz). Clara and Fritz are also discussed, in brief account, in the book How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States by Daniel Immerwahr,[26] when referencing the history of nitrogen's role in agriculture in American history.

References

  1. ^ Carty, Ryan (2012). "Casualty of War". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 30 (2). Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  2. ^ Germans rediscover First World War heroine in new TV drama The Telegraph, 29 May 2014
  3. ^ a b Clara Immerwahr profile, jwa.org; accessed 27 April 2015.
  4. ISBN 9781849739894
    . Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0810849792
    . Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-14-200480-7
    .
  7. ^ Hoffmann, Frederick; Kremers, Edward (1901). Pharmaceutical Review, Volume 19. Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Company. p. 137. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  8. ^
    PMID 27099403
    .
  9. ^ King, Gilbert (6 June 2012). "Fritz Haber's Experiments in Life and Death". Smithsonian.com.
  10. ISBN 9780691074580
    . Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  11. ISBN 978-3319193564
    . Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  12. ISBN 978-0941901246
    .
  13. ^ a b Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (1998). Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude: eine Biographie. Weinheim.
  14. ISSN 0044-2313
    .
  15. PMID 25645002
    .
  16. ^ Dick, Jutta. "Clara Immerwahr". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  17. ISBN 978-0-14-200480-7
    .
  18. ^ Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (1998). Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude: eine Biographie. Weinheim. p. 356.
  19. ^ "Clara Immerwahr, verh. Haber". FemBio. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  20. ^ Dick, Jutta (1 March 2009). "Clara Immerwahr". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia (Online ed.). Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  21. ISBN 978-0-9777953-7-6
    . Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  22. ISBN 978-1-84354-229-2
    .
  23. Chemical Heritage Magazine. 28 (1): 40–41. Archived from the original
    on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  24. ^ Benjamin, Chloe (30 March 2015). "The Project is Nothing, The Process is Everything: An Interview with Judith Claire Mitchell". Fiction Writers Review. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  25. ^ "The Greater Good". Justin Hopper – Writer and Script Consultant. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  26. ISBN 978-0374172145
    .

External links

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