Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
)
The Americas, Western Hemisphere
The classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics. Anthropologists have named various cultural regions, with fluid boundaries, that are generally agreed upon with some variation. These cultural regions are broadly based upon the locations of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century. When Indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed by nation-states, they retain their original geographic classification. Some groups span multiple cultural regions.
Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico
In the
Arctic region
. Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.
Arctic
- Paleo-Eskimo, prehistoric cultures, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 2500 BCE–1500 CE
- Arctic small tool tradition, prehistoric culture, 2500 BCE, Bering Strait
- Pre-Dorset, eastern Arctic, 2500–500 BCE
- Saqqaq culture, Greenland, 2500–800 BCE
- Independence I, northeastern Canada and Greenland, 2400–1800 BCE
- Independence II culture, northeastern Canada and Greenland, 800–1 BCE)
- Groswater, Labrador and Nunavik, Canada
- Dorset culture, 500 BCE–1500 CE, Alaska, Canada
- Unangan), Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and Kamchatka Krai, Russia
- Inuit, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland
- Thule, proto-Inuit, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 900–1500 CE
- Birnirk culture, prehistoric Inuit culture, Alaska, 500 CE–900 CE
- Greenlandic Inuit, Greenland
- Inuvialuit, western Canadian Arctic
- Iñupiat, north and northwest Alaska
- Thule, proto-Inuit, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 900–1500 CE
- Yupik peoples (Yup'ik), Alaska and Russia
- Pacific Yupik), Alaska Peninsula, coastal and island areas of south central Alaska
- Central Alaskan Yup'ik people, west central Alaska
- Cup'ik, Hooper Bay and Chevak, Alaska
- Nunivak Cup'ig people(Cup'ig), Nunivak Island, Alaska
- Siberian Yupik, Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island, Alaska
Subarctic
- Ahtna(Ahtena, Nabesna)
- Anishinaabe – see also Northeastern Woodlands
- Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba
- Ojibwa(Chippewa, Ojibwe) Ontario, Manitoba, Minnesota
- Atikamekw, Quebec
- Chipewyan, Alaskan interior, Western Canada
- Cree, Central and Eastern Canada, North Dakota
- Carrier), British Columbia
- Babine, British Columbia
- Wet'suwet'en, British Columbia
- Deg Hit’an (Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Kaiyuhkhotana), Alaska[2]
- Tanaina), Alaska
- Dunneza), Alberta, British Columbia
- Loucheaux), Alaska, Yukon
- Hän, Alaska, Yukon
- Holikachuk, Alaska
- Montagnais), Labrador, Quebec
- Nahane)
- Upper Kuskokwim)
- Koyukon, Alaska
- Naskapi
- Sekani
- Mountain), Northwest Territories
- Deh Cho), Alberta, British Columbia[3]
- Tagish
- Tahltan
- Lower Tanana
- Middle Tanana
- Upper Tanana
- Tanacross
- Tasttine(Beaver)
- Tli Cho
- Inland Tlingit
- Tsetsaut (extinct)
- Tsilhqot'in(Chilcotin)
- Northern Tutchone
- Southern Tutchone
- Yellowknives
Pacific Northwest coast
- Alsea, Oregon
- Heiltsuk
- Nuxalk
- Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
- Chehalis (Upper and Lower), Washington
- Chehalis (BC), Fraser Valley
- Chemakum, Washington (extinct)
- Chetco – see Tolowa
- Wasco)
- Klallam
- Clatsop
- Comox, Vancouver Island/BC Georgia Strait
- Hanis, Oregon
- Miluk), Oregon
- Upper Coquille
- Cowichan, Southern Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait
- Lower Cowlitz, Washington
- Duwamish, Washington
- Eyak, Alaska
- Galice
- Gitxsan, British Columbia
- Haida (Dialects: Kaigani, Skidegate, Masset), BC & Alaska
- Haisla BC North/Central Coast
- Haihai
- Kimsquit
- Kitimaat
- HeiltsukBC Central Coast
- HohWashington
- Yoncalla), Oregon
- Central Kalapuya, Oregon
- Ahantchuyuk
- Mary's River
- Lakmiut
- Mohawk, Oregon
- Santiam
- North Kalapuya, Oregon
- Tfalati (Atfalati)
- Tualatin
- Yamhill(Yamel)
- Yoncalla), Oregon
- S'Klallam (Port Gamble))
- Klickitat
- Kwalhioqua
- Kwakwaka'wakw, British Columbia
- Koskimo
- 'Namgis
- Laich-kwil-tach (Euclataws or Yuculta)
- Lummi, Washington
- Makah, Washington
- Muckleshoot, Washington
- Musqueam, BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver)
- Nisga'a, British Columbia
- Nisqually, Washington
- Nooksack, Washington
- Nuu-chah-nulthWest Coast of Vancouver Island
- Nuxalk (Bella Coola) – BC Central Coast
- Oowekeno – see Wuikinuxv
- Pentlatch, Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait
- Puyallup, Washington
- Quileute, Washington
- Quinault, Washington
- Rivers Inlet – see Wuikinuxv
- Chasta Costa), Oregon, California
- Saanich Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait
- Samish, Washington
- Sauk-Suiattle, Washington
- Sechelt, BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Shishalh)
- Shoalwater Bay Tribe, Washington
- Siletz, Oregon
- Siuslaw, Oregon
- Skagit
- Skokomish, Washington
- Sliammon, BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Mainland Comox)
- Snohomish
- Snoqualmie
- Snuneymuxw(Nanaimo), Vancouver Island
- Songhees (Songish), Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca
- Sooke, Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca
- Squamish (Skwxwu7mesh), British Columbia
- Squaxin Island Tribe Washington
- SpokaneWashington
- StillaguamishWashington
- Sto:lo, BC Lower Mainland/Fraser Valley
- Kwantlen
- Katzie
- Steilacoom, Coast Salish, Puget Sound, Washington (extinct)[4]
- Suquamish, Washington
- Swinomish, Washington
- Tait
- TakelmaOregon
- Talio
- Tillamook (Nehalem) Oregon
- Tlatlasikoala
- Tlingit, Alaska
- Tolowa-Tututni, Northern California
- Tsimshian
- Tsleil-waututh (Burrard), British Columbia
- Tulalip, Washington
- Twana, Washington
- Tzouk-e (Sooke), Vancouver Island
- Lower Umpqua, Oregon
- Upper Umpqua, Oregon
- Upper SkagitWashington
- Wuikinuxv (Owekeeno), BC Central Coast
Northwest Plateau
Chinook peoples
- Clackamas, OR
- Clatsop, OR
- Cathlamet), Washington
- Multnomah
- Wasco-Wishram, OR and WA
- Watlata, WA
Interior Salish
- Chelan
- Coeur d'Alene Tribe, ID, MT, WA
- Entiat, WA
- Flathead(Selisch or Salish), ID, MT
- Kalispel (Pend d'Oreilles), MT, WA
- Lower Kalispel, WA
- Upper Kalispel, MT
- In-SHUCK-ch, BC (Lower Lillooet)
- Lil'wat, BC (Lower Lillooet)
- Methow, WA
- Nespelem, WA
- Nlaka'pamux (Thompson people), BC
- Nicola people (Thompson-Okanagan confederacy)
- Sanpoil, WA
- Secwepemc, BC (Shuswap people)
- Sinixt (Lakes), BC, ID, and WA
- Sinkayuse (Sinkiuse-Columbia), WA (extinct)
- Spokane people, WA
- Okanagan), BC, WA
- St'at'imc, BC (Upper Lillooet)
- Wenatchi (Wenatchee), WA
Sahaptin people
- Cowlitz, (Upper Cowlitz, Taidnapam), Washington
- Klickitat, Washington
- Nez Perce, Idaho
- Tenino (Tygh, Warm Springs), Oregon
- Umatilla, Idaho, Oregon
- Walla Walla, WA
- Wanapum, WA
- Wauyukma
- Wyam(Lower Deschutes)
- Yakama, WA
Other or both
- Cayuse, Oregon, Washington
- Celilo (Wayampam), Oregon
- Cowlitz, Washington
- Kalapuya, northwest Oregon
- Tualatin, northwest OregonR
- Mohawk River, northwest Oregon
- Santiam, northwest Oregon
- Yaquina, northwest Oregon
- Klamath, Oregon
- Kutenai(Kootenai, Ktunaxa), British Columbia, ID, and MT
- Lower Snake people: Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam
- Modoc, formerly California, now Oklahoma and Oregon
- Molala(Molale), Oregon
- Nicola Athapaskans (extinct), British Columbia
- Palus(Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
- Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan), Washington
Great Plains
Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes.
- Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Northeastern Woodlands)
- Saulteaux (Nakawē), Manitoba, Minnesota and Ontario; later Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, Saskatchewan
- Odawa people (Ottawa), Ontario,[5]Michigan, later Oklahoma
- Potawatomi, Michigan,[5] Ontario, Indiana, Wisconsin, later Oklahoma
- Apache (see also Southwest)
- Lipan Apache, New Mexico, Texas
- Kiowa Apache), Oklahoma
- Querecho Apache, Texas
- Arapaho (Arapahoe), formerly Colorado, currently Oklahoma and Wyoming
- Besawunena
- Nawathinehena
- Arikara (Arikaree, Arikari, Ree), North Dakota
- Atsina(Gros Ventre), Montana
- Blackfoot
- Kainai Nation (Káínaa, Blood), Alberta
- Northern Peigan(Aapátohsipikáni), Alberta
- Southern Piegan(Aamsskáápipikani), Montana
- Siksika (Siksikáwa), Alberta
- Cheyenne, Montana, Oklahoma
- Suhtai, Montana, Oklahoma
- Comanche, Oklahoma, Texas
- Plains Cree, Montana
- Crow(Absaroka, Apsáalooke), Montana
- Escanjaques, Oklahoma
- Hidatsa, North Dakota
- Iowa (Ioway), Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Kaw (Kansa, Kanza), Oklahoma
- Kiowa, Oklahoma
- Mandan, North Dakota
- Métis people (Canada), North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
- Missouri(Missouria), Oklahoma
- Omaha, Nebraska
- Osage, Oklahoma, formerly Arkansas, Missouri
- Otoe(Oto), Oklahoma
- Pawnee, Oklahoma
- Ponca, Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Quapaw, formerly Arkansas, Oklahoma
- Sioux
- Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
- Santee, Nebraska
- Yankton, South Dakota
- Yanktonai, formerly Minnesota, currently Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota
- Lakota (Teton), Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan
- Sičháŋǧu(Brulé, Burned Thighs)
- Oglála(Scatters Their Own)
- Itázipčho (Sans Arc, No Bows)
- Húŋkpapȟa (Hunkpapa)
- Mnikȟówožu (Miniconjou)
- Sihásapa (Blackfoot Sioux)
- Oóhenuŋpa (Two Kettles)
- Nakoda(Stoney), Alberta
- Assiniboine(Assiniboin), Montana, Saskatchewan
- Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
- Teyas, Texas
- Tonkawa, Oklahoma
- Tsuu T’ina, (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina), Alberta
- Kitikiti'sh), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
Eastern Woodlands
Northeastern Woodlands
- Abenaki (Tarrantine), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, and Vermont
- Annamessex, Annemessex, formerly Eastern Shore of Maryland
- Subarctic, Plains)
- Algonquin,[7] Quebec, Ontario
- Nipissing,[7] Ontario[5]
- Ojibwe (Chippewa, Ojibwa, Ojibway), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin,[5] and North Dakota
- Mississaugas, Ontario
- Saulteaux (Nakawē), Ontario
- Odawa people (Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario;[5]later Oklahoma
- Potawatomi, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,[5] Ontario, Wisconsin; later Kansas and Oklahoma
- Accomac people, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia
- Accohannock, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia
- Gingaskin, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia
- Adena culture (1000–200 BCE) formerly Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland
- Assateague, formerly Maryland[8]
- Attawandaron (Neutral Confederacy), formerly Ontario[5]
- Beothuk, formerly Newfoundland[5]
- Chowanoke, formerly North Carolina
- Choptank people, formerly Maryland[8]
- Conoy, Virginia,[8]Maryland
- Fort Ancient culture(1000–1750 CE), formerly Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia
- Erie, formerly Pennsylvania, New York[5]
- Etchemin, formerly Maine
- Winnebago), southern Wisconsin and Nebraska, formerly northern Illinois,[5]Iowa, and Nebraska
- Honniasont, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia
- Hopewell tradition, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE–500 CE
- Housatonic, formerly Massachusetts and New York[9]
- Illiniwek), formerly Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri[5]
- Haudenosaunee), Ontario, Quebec, and New York[5]
- Kickapoo, formerly Michigan,[5] Illinois, and Missouri; now Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico
- Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, ca. 1300–1580 CE
- Delaware), formerly Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario, Wisconsin and Oklahoma
- Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York,[10] now Wisconsin
- Esopus, formerly New York,[10] later Ontario and Wisconsin
- Hackensack, formerly New York[10]
- Rumachenanck), New York[12]
- Kichtawank), New York[12]
- Minisink, formerly New York[10]
- Navasink,[12] formerly north shore of New Jersey
- Sanhican(Raritan), formerly Monmouth County, New Jersey
- Sinsink (Sintsink), formerly Westchester County, New York[12]
- Siwanoy, formerly New York and Connecticut
- Tappan, formerly New York[13]
- Waoranecks[14]
- Warranawankongs[14]
- Wiechquaeskeck, formerly New York[10]
- Wisquaskeck (Raritan), formerly Westchester County, New York[12]
- Unami-speaking subgroups
- Acquackanonk, formerly Passaic River in northern New Jersey
- Okehocking, formerly southeast Pennsylvania[14]
- Unalachtigo, formerly Delaware, New Jersey
- Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York,[10] now Wisconsin
- Manahoac, Virginia[16]
- Mascouten, formerly Michigan[5]
- Massachusett, formerly Massachusetts[7][17]
- Ponkapoag, formerly Massachusetts
- Meherrin, Virginia,[18] North Carolina
- Menominee, Wisconsin[5]
- Fox), formerly Michigan,[5]now Iowa
- Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,[5]and Maine
- Mohegan,[7] Connecticut
- Monacan, Virginia[19]
- Montauk),[7]New York
- Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia
- Nansemond, Virginia
- Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland[5]
- Narragansett, Rhode Island[7]
- Niantic, coastal Connecticut[7][17]
- Nipmuck), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[17]
- Nottaway, Virginia[18]
- Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, and Maine[5]
- Patuxent, Maryland[8]
- Paugussett, Connecticut[7]
- Peoria, Illinois, now Oklahoma
- Mitchigamea, formerly Illinois, now Oklahoma
- Moingona, formerly Illinois, now Oklahoma
- Tamaroa, formerly Illinois, now Oklahoma
- Wea, formerly Indiana, now Oklahoma
- Pennacook tribe, formerly Massachusetts, New Hampshire[22]
- Penobscot, Maine
- Pequot, Connecticut[7]
- Tionontate), Ontario[5]
- Piscataway, Maryland[8]
- Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts[17]
- Podunk, formerly New York,[17] eastern Hartford County, Connecticut
- Powhatan Confederacy, Virginia[8]
- Appomattoc, Virginia
- Arrohateck, Virginia
- Chesapeake, Virginia
- Chesepian, Virginia
- Chickahominy, Virginia[18]
- Kiskiack, Virginia
- Mattaponi, Virginia
- Nansemond, Virginia[18]
- Paspahegh, Virginia
- Potomac (Patawomeck), Virginia
- Powhatan, Virginia
- Pamunkey, Virginia[18]
- Quinnipiac, Connecticut,[7] eastern New York, northern New Jersey
- Rappahannock, Virginia
- Sac), formerly Michigan,[5]now Iowa, Oklahoma
- Schaghticoke, western Connecticut[7]
- Shawnee, formerly Ohio,[5] Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, now Oklahoma
- Stegarake, formerly Virginia[16]
- Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia[18]
- Conestoga (Susquehannock), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia[5]
- Doeg), Virginia[23]
- Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York
- Poospatuck), Long Island, New York[17]
- Wabanaki, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec[7]
- Wampanoag, Massachusetts[7]
- Wangunk (Mattabeset), formerly Connecticut[7]
- Wawyachtonoc, formerly Connecticut, New York[9]
- Weapemeoc, formerly northern North Carolina
- Wicocomico, formerly Maryland, Virginia
- Maliseet), Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[5]
- Wendake, Quebec
Southeastern Woodlands
- Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi[24]
- Ais, eastern coastal Florida[25]
- Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida[26]
- Amacano, Florida west coast[27]
- Apalachee, northwestern Florida[28]
- Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast[28]
- Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana[19][24]
- Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana[19][24]
- Biloxi, Mississippi[24][28]
- Caddo Confederacy, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas[28][30]
- Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas[24]
- Cahinnio, southern Arkansas[30]
- Doustioni, north central Louisiana[30]
- Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas[30]
- Hainai, eastern Texas[30]
- Hasinai, eastern Texas[30]
- Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana[30]
- Nabedache, eastern Texas[30]
- Nabiti, eastern Texas[30]
- Nacogdoche, eastern Texas[30]
- Nacono, eastern Texas[30]
- Nadaco, eastern Texas[30]
- Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas[30]
- Nasoni, eastern Texas[30]
- Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas[30]
- Neche, eastern Texas[30]
- Nechaui, eastern Texas[30]
- Ouachita, northern Louisiana[30]
- Tula, western Arkansas[30]
- Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana[30]
- Calusa, southwestern Florida[26][28]
- Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast[24]
- Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),[31] North Carolina, South Carolina[28]
- Chacato, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[24]
- Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi[28]
- Chatot people(Chacato, Chactoo), west Florida
- Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana[24]
- Cheraw(Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
- Cherokee, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma[32]
- Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
- Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi,[28] later Oklahoma[32]
- Chicora, coastal South Carolina[19]
- Chine, Florida
- Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia[19] later in Florida[33]
- Chitimacha, Louisiana[28]
- Choctaw, Mississippi, Alabama,[28] and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma[32]
- Chowanoke), North Carolina
- Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina[24][34]
- Coree, North Carolina[19]
- Croatan, North Carolina
- Cusabo coastal South Carolina[28]
- Eno, North Carolina[24]
- Grigra (Gris), Mississippi[35]
- Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida[26]
- Guacozo, Florida
- Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia[24][28]
- Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast[26]
- Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi[28]
- Jaega (Jobe), eastern coastal Florida[25]
- Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
- Jororo, Florida interior[26]
- Keyauwee, North Carolina[24]
- currently Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
- Koroa, Mississippi[24]
- Luca, southwestern Florida coast[26]
- Lumbee, North Carolina
- Machapunga, North Carolina
- Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys[26]
- Mayaca, Florida[26]
- Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida[25]
- Mayajuaca, Florida
- Mikasuki(Miccosukee), Florida
- Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28]
- Mocoso, western Florida[25][26]
- Mougoulacha, Mississippi[19]
- Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, later Oklahoma
- Abihka, Alabama,[29] later Oklahoma
- Alabama, formerly Alabama,[29] southwestern Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi,[24][28] now Oklahoma and Texas
- Apalachicola Province, (Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy), Alabama and Georgia[36]
- Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29]
- Eufaula tribe, Georgia, later Oklahoma
- Kialegee Tribal Town, Alabama, later Oklahoma
- Osochee (Osochi, Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[24][29]
- Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29]
- Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Alabama, Georgia, later Oklahoma
- Tukabatchee, Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29]
- Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28]
- Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi[28] later Oklahoma
- Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina[24]
- Norwood culture, Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000–4500 BCE
- Ofo, Arkansas and Mississippi,[28] eastern Tennessee[24]
- Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama[24]
- Okelousa, Louisiana[24]
- Opelousas, Louisiana[24]
- Pacara, Florida
- Pamlico, formerly North Carolina
- Pascagoula, Mississippi coast[19]
- and North Carolina
- Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[28]
- Potoskeet, North Carolina
- Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi[29]
- Roanoke, North Carolina
- Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina[24]
- Santee Sioux), South Carolina[24]
- Santa Luces, Florida
- Saponi, North Carolina,[38] Virginia[18]
- Saura, North Carolina
- Saxapahaw (Sissipahaw, Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina[24]
- Secotan, North Carolina
- Seminole, Florida and Oklahoma[32]
- Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast[24]
- Shakori, North Carolina
- Shoccoree (Haw), North Carolina,[24] possibly Virginia
- Sissipahaw, North Carolina
- Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina[24]
- Surruque, east central Florida[39]
- Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
- Taensa, Mississippi[35]
- Taposa, Mississippi
- Tawasa, Alabama[40]
- Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida[24][26]
- Timucua, Florida and Georgia[24][26][28]
- Acuera, central Florida[41]
- Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida[41]
- Arapaha, north central Florida and south central Georgia?[41]
- Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia[41]
- Icafui (or Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia[41]
- Mocama (or Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia[41]
- Northern Utina north central Florida[41]
- Ocale, central Florida[41]
- Oconi, interior southeast Georgia[41]
- Potano, north central Florida[41]
- Saturiwa, northeast Florida[41]
- Tacatacuru, coastal southeast Georgia[42]
- Tucururu (or Tucuru), central? Florida[41]
- Utina (or Eastern Utina), northeast central Florida[43]
- Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia[41]
- Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia[41]
- Yustaga, north central Florida[41]
- Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi[34]
- Tocaste, Florida[26]
- Tocobaga, Florida[24][26]
- Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28]
- Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
- Topachula, Florida
- Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi[28]
- Utiza, Florida[25]
- Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida[44]
- Vicela, Florida[25]
- Viscaynos, Florida
- Waccamaw, South Carolina
- Waccamaw Siouan, North Carolina
- Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina[24]
- Westo, Virginia and South Carolina,[19] extinct
- Winyaw, South Carolina coast[24]
- Yamasee, Florida, Georgia[19]
- then northwest Georgia, now Oklahoma
Great Basin
- Ahwahnechee, Yosemite Valley, California
- Bannock, Idaho[46]
- California
- Fremont culture (400 CE–1300 CE), formerly Utah[48]
- Kawaiisu, southern inland California[46]
- Mono, southeastern California
- Eastern Mono, southeastern California
- Owens Valley Paiute, eastern California and Nevada[46]
- Northern Paiute, eastern California, Nevada, Oregon, southwestern Idaho[46]
- Mono Lake Paiute, Mono Lake, California
- Shoshoni), California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming
- Eastern Shoshone people:
- Mountain Sheep Eaters, joined the Northern Shoshone[50]
- Northern Shoshone, Idaho[46]
- Western Shoshone people:
- Gosiute), Great Salt Desert and Great Salt Lake, Utah[53]
- Bitterroot Eaters, Halleck, Mary's River, Clover Valley, Smith Creek Valley, Nevada[53]
- Mentzelia Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada[53]
- Fish Eaters, Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah[53]
- Deep Creek Gosiute, Deep Creek Valley, Antelope Valley[53]
- Pinenut Eaters, northernmost band[53]
- Railroad Valley, Nevada[53]
- Tsogwiyuyugi, Elko, Nevada[53]
- Ricegrass Eaters, Ione Valley, Nevada[53]
- Ryegrass Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada[53]
- Buffalo Berry Eaters[53]
- Timbisha, aka Panamint or Koso, southeastern California
- Ute, Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico[46]
- Capote, southeastern Colorado and New Mexico[54]
- Moanunts, Salina, Utah[55]
- Muache, south and central Colorado[54]
- Pahvant, western Utah[55]
- Sanpits, central Utah[55]
- Timpanogots, north central Utah[55]
- Uintah, Utah[54]
- Taviwach, central and northern Colorado[54]
- Weeminuche, western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico[54]
- Yampa), Colorado and eastern Utah[54]
- Washo, Nevada and California[56]
- Palagewan
- Pahkanapil
California
Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Plateau tribes.[57]
- Pit River tribe, northeastern California[58]
- Atsugewi, northeastern California[58]
- Cahuilla, southern California[58]
- Chumash, coastal southern California[58]
- Chilula, northwestern California[58]
- Chimariko, extinct, northwestern California[59]
- Cupeño, southern California[58]
- Eel River Athapaskan peoples
- Esselen, west-central California[58]
- Hupa, northwestern California[58]
- Acjachemem, southwestern California
- Karok, northwestern California[58]
- Kitanemuk, south-central California[58]
- Konkow, northern-central California[58]
- Kumiai
- La Jolla complex, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE
- Luiseño, southwestern California[58]
- Maidu, northeastern California[58]
- Konkow, northern California
- Mechoopda, northern California
- Southern Maidu, northern California
- Me-wuk, central California[58]
- Coast Miwok, west-central California[58]
- Lake Miwok, west-central California[58]
- Valley and Sierra Miwok
- Western Mono, central California[58]
- Nisenan, eastern-central California[58]
- Nomlaki, northwestern California[58]
- Costanoan, west-central California[58]
- Patwin, central California[58]
- Southern Patwin, central California
- Pauma Complex, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE
- Pomo, northwestern and central-western California[58]
- Salinan, coastal central California[58]
- Antoniaño[62]
- Migueleño
- Serrano, southern California[58]
- Shasta northwestern California[58]
- Konomihu, northwestern California
- Okwanuchu, northwestern California
- Allilik (Fernandeño), southern California[58]
- Tolowa, northwestern California[58]
- San Clemente tribe, coastal southern California[58]
- Tubatulabal, south-central California[58]
- Wappo, north-central California[58]
- Whilkut, northwestern California[58]
- Wintu, northwestern California[58]
- Wiyot, northwestern California[58]
- Yana, northern-central California[58]
- Yahi
- Yokuts, central and southern California[58]
- Foothill Yokuts, central California[58]
- Northern Valley Yokuts, central California[58]
- Tachi tribe, Southern Valley Yokuts, south-central California[58]
- Ukomno'm, northwestern California[58]
- Huchnom, northwestern California[63]
- Yurok, northwestern California[58]
Southwest
This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona, Southern Colorado, New Mexico, Western Texas, Southern Utah, Chihuahua, and Sonora
- Southern Athabaskan
- Chiricahua Apache, New Mexico and Oklahoma
- Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico
- Lipan Apache, New Mexico, formerly Texas
- Mescalero Apache, New Mexico
- Diné), Arizona and New Mexico
- San Carlos Apache, Arizona
- Tonto Apache, Arizona
- Western Apache(Coyotero Apache), Arizona
- White Mountain Apache, Arizona
- Comecrudo, Tamaulipas
- Cotoname (Carrizo de Camargo)
- Genízaro (detribalized Apache, Navajo, and Ute descendants), Arizona, New Mexico
- Halchidhoma, Arizona and California
- Hualapai, Arizona
- Havasupai, Arizona
- Hohokam, formerly Arizona
- Karankawa, formerly Texas
- Copano, formerly Texas
- La Junta, Texas, Chihuahua
- Mamulique, Texas, Nuevo León
- Manso, Texas, Chihuahua
- Mojave, Arizona, California, and Nevada
- O'odham, Arizona, Sonora
- Ak Chin, Arizona
- Pima), Arizona
- Tohono O'odham, Arizona and Mexico
- Qahatika, Arizona
- Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham, Arizona and Mexico
- Piipaash (Maricopa), Arizona
- Pima Bajo
- Pueblo peoples, Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas
- Ancestral Pueblo, formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah
- Arizona Tewa, Hano), Arizona, joined the Hopi during the Pueblo Revolt
- Hopi, Arizona
- Keres people, New Mexico
- Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico
- Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santo Domingo Pueblo), New Mexico
- Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico
- San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico
- Zia Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tewa people, New Mexico
- Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico
- San Juan Pueblo), New Mexico
- Pojoaque Pueblo, New Mexico
- San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tiwa people, New Mexico
- Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico
- Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico
- Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico
- Taos Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tigua Pueblo), Texas
- Piro Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tompiro, formerly New Mexico
- Towa people
- Walatowa), New Mexico
- Pecos (Ciquique) Pueblo, New Mexico
- Ashiwi), New Mexico
- Quechan (Yuma), Arizona and California
- Quems, formerly Coahuila and Texas
- Solano, Coahuila, Texas
- Tamique (Aranama), formerly Texas
- Toboso, Chihuahua and Coahuila
- Walapai, Arizona
- Yoreme), Arizona, Sonora
- Yavapai, Arizona
- Tolkapaya(Western Yavapai), Arizona
- Yavapé(Northwestern Yavapai), Arizona
- Kwevkapaya(Southeastern Yavapai), Arizona
- Wipukpa(Northeastern Yavapai), Arizona
Mexico and Mesoamerica
The regions of Oasisamerica, Aridoamerica, and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap.
Aridoamerica
.svg)
- Acaxee
- Taraname), southeast Texas
- Coahuiltecan, Texas, northern Mexico
- Chichimeca
- Caxcane)
- Guachichil
- Guamare
- Pame
- Tecuexe
- Zacatec
- Cochimí, Baja California[64]
- Cocopa, Arizona, northern Mexico
- Garza, Texas, northern Mexico
- Guachimontone
- Guamare
- Guaycura, Baja California
- Guarijío, Huarijío, Chihuahua, Sonora[64]
- Wixáritari), Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Durango
- Kiliwa, Baja California
- Mayo,[64] Sonora and Sinaloa
- Monqui, Baja California
- Kw'al, Baja California[65]
- Opata
- Otomi, central Mexico
- Patiri, southeastern Texas
- Pericúe, Baja California
- Pima Bajo[64]
- Seri[64]
- Tarahumara[64]
- Tepecano
- Tepehuán[64]
- Terocodame, Texas and Mexico
- Teuchitlan tradition
- Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition
- Yaqui,[64] Sonora and now southern Arizona
- Zacateco
Mesoamerica
- Nahua, Guatemalaand Mexico
- Cora people
- Huastec
- Juchitán District, Oaxaca
- Lenca
- Maya, Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico
- Mazatec
- Mixtec
- Olmec
- Otomi
- Pipil
- Purépecha, also known as Tarascan
- Tlapanec
- Xinca
- Zapotec
- Toltec (900–1168 CE), Tula, Hildago
Circum-Caribbean
Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians.[66]
Caribbean
Anthropologist
Bahamas, except for Trinidad and Tobago.[66]
- Arawak
- Caquetio, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Venezuela
- Carib, Lesser Antilles
- Ciboney, Greater Antilles, c. 1000–300 BCE[67]
- Guanajatabey), Cuba, 1000 BCE
- Ciguayo, Hispaniola
- Ortoiroid, c. 5500–200 BCE[68]
- Coroso culture, Puerto Rico, 1000 BCE–200 CE[68]
- Krum Bay culture, Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500–200 BCE[68]
- Saladoid culture, 500 BCE–545 CE[68]
Central America
The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador, most of Honduras, all of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador.[66]
- Bagaces, Costa Rica
- Bokota, Panama
- Boruca, Costa Rica
- Bribri, Costa Rica
- Cabécar, Costa Rica
- Ulua), formerly El Salvador[69]
- Cayada, Ecuador
- Changuena, Panama
- Wounaan), Colombia, Panama
- Choluteca, Honduras
- Coiba, Costa Rica
- Coito, Costa Rica
- Corobici, Costa Rica
- Desaguadero, Costa Rica
- Dorasque, Panama
- Guatuso, Costa Rica
- Guaymí, Panama
- Guetar, Costa Rica
- Kuna (Guna), Panama and Colombia
- Lenca, Honduras and El Salvador
- Mangue, Nicaragua
- Maribichocoa, Honduras and Nicaragua
- Miskito, Hondrus, Nicaragua
- Nagrandah, Nicaragua
- Ngöbe Buglé, Bocas del Toro, Panama
- Nicarao, Nicaragua
- Nicoya, Costa Rica
- Orotiña, Costa Rica
- Paparo, Panama
- Paya, Honduras
- Pech, northeastern Honduras
- Piria, Nicaragua
- Poton, Honduras and El Salvador
- Quepo, Costa Rica
- Rama, Nicaragua
- Sigua, Panama
- Subtiaba, Nicaragua
- Suerre, Costa Rica
- Mayagna), Honduras and Nicaragua
- Tjër Di), Panama
- Tojar, Panama
- Tolupan(Jicaque), Honduras
- Ulva, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua
- Voto, Costa Rica
- Yasika, Nicaragua
Colombia and Venezuela
The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of
Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.[66]
- Abibe, northwestern Colombia
- Aburrá, central Colombia
- Achagua (Axagua), eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
- Agual, western Colombia
- Amaní, central Colombia
- Ancerma, western Colombia
- Andaki), Huila Department, Colombia
- Andoke, southeastern Colombia
- Antiochia, Colombia
- Arbi, western Colombia
- Arma, western Colombia
- Atunceta, western Colombia
- Auracana, northeastern Colombia
- Buriticá, western Colombia
- Caquetio, western Venezuela
- Calamari, northwestern Colombia
- Calima culture, western Colombia, 200 BCE–400 CE
- Caramanta, western Columbia
- Carate, northeastern Colombia
- Carare, northeastern Colombia
- Carex, northwestern Colombia
- Cari, western Colombia
- Carrapa, western Colombia
- Cartama, western Colombia
- Cauca, western Colombia
- Corbago, northeastern Colombia
- Cosina, northeastern Colombia
- Catio, northwestern Colombia
- Cenú, northwestern Colombia
- Cenufaná, northwestern Colombia
- Chanco, western Colombia
- Coanoa, northeastern Colombia
- Cuiba, east Colombia west Venezuela
- Cuica, western Venezuela
- Cumanagoto, eastern Venezuela
- Evéjito, western Colombia
- Fincenú, northwestern Colombia
- Gorrón, western Colombia
- Guahibo (Guajibo), eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela
- Guambía, western Colombia
- Guanes, Colombia, pre-Columbian culture
- Guanebucan, northeastern Colombia
- Guazuzú, northwestern Colombia
- Hiwi, western Colombia, eastern Venezuela
- Jamundí, western Colombia
- Kari'ña, eastern Venezuela
- Kogi, northern Colombia
- Lile, western Colombia
- Lache, central Colombia
- Mariche, central Venezuela
- Maco (Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, or Jojod), northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
- Mompox, northwestern Colombia
- Motilone, northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
- Naura, central Colombia
- Nauracota, central Colombia
- Noanamá(Waunana, Huaunana, Woun Meu), northwestern Colombia and Panama
- Nutabé, northwestern Colombia
- Opón, northeastern Colombia
- Pacabueye, northwestern Colombia
- Pancenú, northwestern Colombia
- Patángoro, central Colombia
- Paucura, western Colombia
- Pemed, northwestern Colombia
- Pequi people, western Colombia
- Picara, western Colombia
- Pozo, western Colombia
- Yaruro), Venezuela
- Quimbaya, central Colombia, 4th–7th centuries CE
- Quinchia, western Colombia
- Sutagao, central Colombian
- Tahamí, northwestern Colombia
- Tairona, northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th centuries CE
- Tamalameque, northwestern Colombia
- Mariche, central Venezuela
- Timba, western Colombia
- Timote, western Venezuela
- Tinigua, Caquetá Department, Colombia
- Tolú, northwestern Colombia
- Toro, western Colombia
- Tupe, northeastern Colombia
- Turbaco people, northwestern Colombia
- Urabá, northwestern Colombia
- Urezo, northwestern Colombia
- U'wa, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
- Waikerí, eastern Venezuela
- Wayuu (Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro), northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
- Xiriguana, northeastern Colombia
- Yamicí, northwestern Colombia
- Yapel, northwestern Colombia
- Yarigui, northeastern Colombia
- Yukpa, Yuko, northeastern Colombia
- Zamyrua, northeastern Colombia
- Zendagua, northwestern Colombia
- Zenú, northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE
- Zopia, western Colombia
Guianas
This region includes northern parts Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and parts of the Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil.
- Acawai (6N 60W)
- Acokwa (3N 53W)
- ), 5N 55W, Suriname
- Akawaio, Roraima, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
- Amariba (2N 60W)
- Amicuana (2N 53W)
- Apalaí (Apalai), Amapá, Brazil
- Apirua (3N 53W)
- Apurui (3N 53W)
- Aracaret (4N 53W)
- Aramagoto (2N 54W)
- Aramisho (2N 54W)
- Arebato (7N 65W)
- Arekena (2N 67W)
- Arhuaco, northeastern Colombia
- Arigua
- Arinagoto (4N 63W)
- Arua (1N 50W)
- Aruacay, Venezuela
- Atorai (2N 59W)
- Atroahy (1S 62W)
- Auaké, Brazil and Guyana
- Baniwa(Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela
- Baraüana (1N 65W)
- Bonari (3S 58W)
- Baré (3N 67W)
- Caberre (4N 71 W)
- Cadupinago
- Cariaya (1S 63 W)
- Carib (Kalinago), Venezuela
- Carinepagoto, Trinidad
- Chaguan, Venezuela
- Chaima, Venezuela
- Cuaga, Venezuela
- Cuacua, Venezuela
- Cumanagoto, Venezuela
- Guayano, Venezuela
- Guinau(4N 65W)
- Hixkaryána, Amazonas, Brazil
- Hodï, Venezuela
- Inao (4N 65W)
- Ingarikó, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela
- Jaoi(Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
- Kali'na, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela
- Lokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela
- Macapa (2N 59W)
- Macushi, Brazil and Guyana
- Maipure(4N 67W)
- Maopityan (2N 59W)
- Mapoyo(Mapoye), Venezuela
- Marawan(3N 52W)
- Mariusa, Venezuela
- Marourioux (3N 53W)
- Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
- Orealla, Guyana
- Palengue, Venezuela
- Palikur, Brazil, French Guiana
- Parauana (2N 63W)
- Parauien (3S 60W)
- Pareco, Venezuela
- Paria, Venezuela
- Patamona, Roraima, Brazil
- Pauishana (2N 62W)
- Pemon(Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
- Piapoco(3N 70W)
- Piaroa, Venezuela
- Pino (3N 54W)
- Piritú, Venezuela
- Purui (2N 52W)
- Sáliva), Venezuela
- Sanumá, Venezuela, Brazil
- Shebayo, Trinidad
- Xikiyana), Brazil, Suriname
- Tagare, Venezuela
- Tamanaco, Venezuela
- Tarumá (3S 60W)
- Tibitibi, Venezuela
- Tarëno), Brazil, Suriname
- Tocoyen (3N 53W)
- Tumuza, Venezuela
- Wai-Wai, Amazonas, Brazil and Guyana
- Wapishana, Brazil and Guyana
- Warao (Warrau), Guyana and Venezuela
- Oyana), Pará, Brazil
- Ya̧nomamö (Yanomami), Venezuela and Amazonas, Brazil
- Ye'kuana, Venezuela, Brazil
Eastern Brazil
This region includes parts of the Ceará, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, and Santa Catarina states of Brazil
- Apinaye Caroyo),[7]Rio Araguiaia
- Arara, Pará
- Atikum, Bahia and Pernambuco
- Bororo,[7] Mato Grosso
- Lakiãnõ)
- Carijo Guaraní[7]
- East Brazilian tradition, Precolumbian culture[7]
- Guato), Mato Grosso
- Guaicuru),[7]Mato Grosso do Sul
- Kaingang
- Javaé),[7]Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins
- Kaxixó, Minas Gerais
- Mebêngôkre),[7]Mato Grosso and Pará
- Laklãnõ,[7] Santa Catarina
- Mehim (Krahô, Crahao),[7] Rio Tocantins
- Ofayé, Mato Grosso do Sul
- Gavião),[7]Pará
- Pataxó, Bahia
- Pitigoares),[7]Ceará
- Tabajara, Ceará
- Tapirapé(Tapirape)
- Terena, Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Tupiniquim, Espírito Santo
- Barbados)[7]
- Shacriaba), Minas Gerais
- Shavante),[7]Mato Grosso
- Sherente),[7]Goiás
- Xucuru, Pernambuco
Andes
Tawantinsuyu, or fullest extent of the Inca Empire
, which includes much of the Andean cultural region- Andean Hunting-Collecting tradition, Argentina, 11,000–4,000 CE
- Awa-Kwaiker, northern Ecuador, southern Colombia
- Aymara, Bolivia,[70] Chile, Peru
- Callahuaya), Bolivia[70]
- Cañari, Ecuador
- Capulí culture, Ecuador, 800–1500 CE
- Cerro Narrio (Chaullabamba) (Precolumbian culture)
- Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
- Chachilla (Cayapas)
- Chanca), Peru
- Chavín, northern Peru, 900–200 BCE
- Chincha people, Peru (Precolumbian culture)
- Chipaya, Oruro Department, Bolivia[70]
- Chuquibamba culture (Precolumbian culture)
- Conchucos
- Diaguita
- Guangaia (Precolumbian culture)
- Ichuña microlithic tradition (Precolumbian culture)
- Inca Empire (Inka), based in Peru
- Jama-Coaque (Precolumbian culture)
- Killke culture, Peru, 900–1200 CE
- Kogi
- Colla), Argentina, Bolivia, Chile
- La Tolita(Precolumbian culture)
- Las Vegas culture, coastal Ecuador, 8000 BCE–4600 BCE
- Lauricocha culture, Peru, 8000–2500 BCE
- Lima culture, Peru, 100–650 CE
- Maina, Ecuador, Peru
- Manteño-Huancavilca(Precolumbian culture)
- Milagro (Precolumbian culture)
- Mollo culture, Bolivia, 1000–1500 CE
- Muisca, Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)
- Pachacama (Precolumbian culture)
- Paez (Nasa culture), Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)
- Panzaleo(Precolumbian culture)
- Pasto
- Pijao, Colombia
- Kichwa), Bolivia[70]
- Chankas
- Huancas
- Quitu culture, 2000 BCE–1550 CE
- Salinar (Precolumbian culture)
- Saraguro
- Tiahuanaco), 400–1000 CE, Bolivia
- Colorado), Ecuador
- Tuza-Piartal (Precolumbian culture)
- Uru, Bolivia,[70] Peru
- Uru-Murato, Bolivia
- Wari culture, central coast and highlands of Peru, 500–1000 CE
- Pocra culture, Ayacucho Province, Peru, 500–1000 CE
Pacific lowlands
- Amotape complex, northern coastal Peru, 9,000–7,100 BCE
- Likan Antaí), Chile
- Awá, Colombia and Ecuador
- Bara, Colombia
- Cara culture, coastal Ecuador, 500 BCE–1550 CE
- Bahía, Ecuador, 500 BCE–500 CE
- Casma culture, coastal Peru, 1000–1400 CE
- Chancay, central coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE
- Chango, coastal Peru, northern Chile
- Chimú, north coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE
- Cupisnique (Precolumbian culture), 1000–200 BCE, coastal Peru
- Lambayeque (Sican culture), north coastal Peru, 750–1375 CE
- Machalilla culture, coastal Ecuador, 1500–1100 BCE
- Manteño civilization, western Ecuador, 850–1600 CE
- Moche(Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1–750 CE
- Nazca culture (Nasca), south coastal Peru, 1–700 CE
- Norte Chico civilization(Precolumbian culture), coastal Peru
- Paiján culture, northern coastal Peru, 8,700–5,900 BCE
- Paracas, south coastal Peru, 600–175 BCE
- Recuay culture, Peru (Precolumbian culture)
- Tallán (Precolumbian culture), north coastal Peru
- Valdivia culture, Ecuador, 3500–1800 BCE
- Virú culture, Piura Region, Peru, 200 BCE–300 CE
- Huari culture), Peru, 500–1000 CE
- Yuko), Colombia
- Yurutí, Colombia
Amazon
Northwestern Amazon
This region includes
Loreto Region in Peru
.
- Arabela, Loreto Region, Peru
- Arapaso (Arapaco), Amazonas, Brazil
- Baniwa
- Barbudo, Loreto Region, Peru
- Bora, Loreto Region, Peru
- Candoshi-Shapra (Chapras), Loreto Region, Peru
- Carútana (Arara), Amazonas, Brazil
- Chayahuita (Chaywita) Loreto Region, Peru
- Cocama, Loreto Region, Peru
- Cofán (Cofan), Putumayo Department, Colombia and Ecuador
- Cubeo (Kobeua), Amazonas, Brazil and Colombia
- Dâw, Rio Negro, Brazil
- Flecheiro
- Waos), Ecuador
- Hup), Brazil, Colombia
- Jibito, Loreto Region, Peru
- Jivaroan peoples, Ecuador and Peru
- Urarina), Loreto Region, Peru
- Sebondoy), Putumayo Department, Colombia
- Kanamarí, Amazonas, Brazil
- Quichua)
- Cañari Kichua (Canari)
- Canelo Kichua (Canelos-Quichua), Pataza Province, Ecuador
- Chimborazo Kichua
- Cholos cuencanos
- Napo-Quichua), Ecuador and Peru
- Saraguro
- Sarayacu Kichua, Pastaza Province, Ecuador
- Korubu, Amazonas, Brazil
- Kugapakori-Nahua
- Macaguaje (Majaguaje), Río Caquetá, Colombia
- Machiguenga, Peru
- Marubo
- Maxuruna), Brazil and Peru
- Maxuruna)
- Miriti, Amazonas Department, Colombia
- Murato, Loreto Region, Peru
- Mura, Amazonas, Brazil
- Pirahã (Mura-pirarrã), Amazonas, Brazil
- Nukak-Makú), eastern Colombia
- Ocaina, Loreto Region, Peru
- Umana), Amazonas, Brazil
- Orejón (Orejon), Napo Province, Ecuador
- Panoan, western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru
- Sharpas
- Sioni), Amazonas Department, Colombia
- Siriano, Brazil, Colombia
- Siusi, Amazonas, Brazil
- Tariano (Tariana), Amazonas, Brazil
- Tsohom Djapá
- Tukano (Tucano), Brazil, Colombia
- Taiwano), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia
- Tucanoan)
- Buhagana, Macuna), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia
- Waikino (Vaikino), Amazonas, Brazil
- Uaimiri-Atroari), Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil
- Vanana), Amazonas, Brazil
- Witoto
- Murui Witoto, Loreto Region, Peru
- Yahua), Loreta Region, Peru
- Yaminawá), Pando Department, Bolivia[70]
- Yora
- Zaparo), Pastaza Province, Ecuador
- Suruwaha), Amazonas, Brazil
Eastern Amazon
This region includes Amazonas, Maranhão, and parts of Pará States in Brazil.
- Ararandeura), Brazil
- Bïde), Pará, Brazil
- Awá (Guajá), Brazil
- Ch'unchu, Peru
- Ge
- Guajajára (Guajajara), Maranhão, Brazil
- Guaraní, Paraguay
- Ka'apor, Maranhão, Brazil
- Kuruaya, Pará, Brazil
- Marajoara, Precolumbian culture, Pará, Brazil
- Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
- Paracana)
- Suruí do Pará, Pará, Brazil
- Tembé
- Turiwára
- Wayampi
- Zo'é people, Pará, Brazil
Southern Amazon
This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, parts of Pará, and Rondônia) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department).
- Aikanã, Rondônia, Brazil
- Akuntsu, Rondônia, Brazil
- Apiaká), Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil[71]
- Assuriní do Toncantins (Tocantins)
- Aueto), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Bakairí (Bakairi)
- Chácobo (Chacobo), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia[70]
- Tarapecosi), Brazil and Santa Cruz, Bolivia[70]
- Cinta Larga, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Enawene Nawe, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Gavião of Rondônia
- Guarayo), Bolivia[70]
- Xicao), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Itene, Beni Department, Bolivia[70]
- Irántxe (Iranche)
- Kagwahiva), Rondônia, Brazil
- Juruna, Yudjá), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kayabi), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kalapálo (Kalapalo), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Camayura), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kapixaná), Rondônia, Brazil
- Karipuná (Caripuna)
- Caritiana), Brazil
- Kayapo, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kuikuro, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Matipu, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Mehinako), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Mojo), Bolivia
- Nahuqua), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Nambikwara), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Pacawara), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia[70]
- Pacajá (Pacaja)
- Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
- Parecís (Paressi)
- Erikbaksa), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Rio Pardo people, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Maue), Brazil
- Kisedje), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Tacana (Takana), Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers, Bolivia[70]
- Tapajó (Tapajo)
- Tenharim
- Trumai, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Pano), Beni Department, Bolivia[70]
- Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Rondônia, Brazil
- Waricaca'), Rondônia, Brazil
- Waura), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Munduruku)
- Iaualapiti), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Southwestern Amazon
This region includes the
La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia
.
- Aguano(Santacrucino, Uguano), Peru
- Amahuaca, Brazil, Peru
- Popũkare), Amazonas and Acre
- Chuncha), Acre, Brazil and Junín, Pasco, Huánuco, and Ucayali, Peru
- Kitiya), Amazonas, Brazil
- Carapache), Huánuco Region, Peru
- Shipibo-Conibo), Peru and Amazonas, Brazil
- Chama), Beni Department, Bolivia[70]
- Harakmbut, Madre de Dios, Peru
- Amarakaeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Kareneri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Huachipaeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Arasairi, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Manuquiari, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Puncuri), Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Sapiteri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Toyeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru[72]
- Hi-Merimã, Himarimã, Amazonas, Brazil
- Jamamadi, Acre and Amazonas, Brazil
- Cashinahua, Huni Kuin), Peru and Acre, Brazil
- Culina), Peru
- Kwaza (Coaiá, Koaiá), Rondônia, Brazil
- Latundê, Rondônia, Brazil
- Machinere, Bolivia[70]and Peru
- Mashco-Piro, Peru
- Matís (Matis), Brazil
- Maxuruna), Brazil, Peru
- Kagwahiva’nga), Brazil
- Shipibo, Loreto Region, Peru
- Miá), Beni and Santa Cruz Departments, Bolivia
- Tucuna), Brazil, Colombia, Peru
- Toromona), La Paz Department, Bolivia[70]
- Amuesha), Cusco Region, Peru
- Xixinawá), Acre, Brazil; Madre de Dios, Peru; and Bolivia
- Yine (Contaquiro, Simiranch, Simirinche), Cuzco Region, Peru
- Yuki), Cochabamba Department, Bolivia[70]
- Yuracaré (Yura), Beni and Cochabamba Departments, Bolivia[70]
Gran Chaco
- Abipón, Argentina, historic group
- Angaite(Angate), northwestern Paraguay
- Zamuco), Bolivia and Paraguay
- Zamuko),[73]Paraguay
- Chané, Argentina and Bolivia
- Chiquitano(Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia
- Iyojwa'ja Chorote, Manjuy), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
- Guana[73](Kaskihá), Paraguay
- Guaraní,[73] Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
- Bolivian Guaraní[70]
- Chiriguano, Bolivia
- Guarayo(East Bolivian Guaraní)
- Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava), Bolivia
- Pai Tavytera(Pai, Montese, Ava), Bolivia
- Yuqui (Bia), Bolivia
- Bolivian Guaraní[70]
- Guaycuru peoples, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
- Kaiwá,[73]Argentina and Brazil
- Paraguay
- Enlhet, Maskoy), Paraguay
- South Lengua, Paraguay
- Lulé(Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina
- Maká[73] (Towolhi), Paraguay
- Chulupí, Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina and Paraguay
- Sanapaná[73] (Quiativis), Paraguay
- Vilela, Argentina
Southern Cone
- Aché, southeastern Paraguay
- Chaná (extinct), formerly Uruguay
- Chandule (Chandri)
- Charrúa, southern Brazil and Uruguay
- Henia-Camiare), Argentina
- Mánekenk, Aush), Tierra del Fuego
- Het (Querandí) (extinct), formerly Argentinian Pampas
- Chechehet
- Didiuhet
- Taluhet
- Warpes), Argentina, Chile
- Allentiac (Alyentiyak)
- Millcayac (Milykayak)
- Oico
- Chiquillanes
- Araucanized)
- Araucanian), southwestern Argentina and Chile
- Mbeguá (extinct), formerly Paraná River, Argentina
- Minuane (extinct), formerly Uruguay
- Puelche (Guennaken, Pamba) (extinct), Argentinian and Chilean Andes[74]
- Tehuelche, Patagonia
- Tehues), extinct, formerly Tierra del Fuego
- Ona), Tierra del Fuego
- Jaro)
Fjords and channels of Patagonia
- Halakwulup), Chile
- Chono (Guaiteco), formerly Chiloé Archipelago, Chile
- Yamana), Tierra del Fuego
- Caucahue (poorly known, possibly a partiality of Kaweshkar or Chono)
Languages
Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.[75]
Genetic classification
The
populations.[78]
haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations.[83][84][85] This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.[86]
See also
- Classification of the Indigenous languages of the Americas
- Indigenous languages of the Americas
- List of pre-Columbian cultures
- List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America
- Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Smithsonian Handbook of South American Indians
Notes
- ^ "Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- ^ "Dena'ina." Archived 2016-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Alaska Native Language Center. Accessed December 10, 2016.
- ^ "Slavey". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
- ^ Indian Claims Commission (1978). Indian Claims Commission Decisions, Volume 11, Part 1. Washington, DC: Native American Rights Fund. pp. 332–33.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Sturtevant and Trigger ix
- ^ a b c d "Preamble." Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 5 Dec 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Cultural Thesaurus" Archived 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. National Museum of the American Indian. Accessed 8 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger 241
- ^ a b c d Sturtevant and Trigger 198
- ^ a b c d e Goddard 72
- ^ Goddard 72 and 237
- ^ a b c d e Goddard 237
- ^ Goddard 72, 237–38
- ^ a b c Goddard 238
- ^ Goddard 72 and 238
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Trigger 161
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81–82
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger 96
- ^ Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice. "Native American Tribes in Massachusetts". History of Massachusetts. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger 255
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant, 617
- ^ Folgelson, ed. (2004), p. 315
- ^ a b c d Frank, Andrew K. Indian Removal. Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5.
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598–99
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5.
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302
- ^ Haliwa-Saponi Tribe. Archived 2009-04-22 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ^ Hann 1993
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hann 1996, 5–13
- ^ Milanich 1999, p. 49.
- ^ Milanich 1996, p. 46.
- ^ Hann 2003:11
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190
- ^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, ix
- ^ a b c d e f g Pritzker, 230
- ^ D'Azevedo, 161–62
- ^ a b c Loether, Christopher. "Shoshones" Archived 2014-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.
- ^ a b c Shimkin 335
- ^ a b c d e f Murphy and Murphy 306
- ^ a b c Murphy and Murphy 287
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 280–83
- ^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, 339
- ^ a b c d D'Azevedo, 340
- ^ Nicholas, Walter S. "A Short History of Johnsondale". RRanch.org. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- ^ Pritzker 112
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Heizer ix
- ^ Heizer 205–07
- ^ Heizer 190
- ^ Heizer 593
- ^ Heizer 769
- ^ Heizer 249
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Mexico: Map". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^ "Paipai Language (Akwa'ala)" Archived 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 10 Sept 2010.
- ^ a b c d Steward, Julian H. (1948) Editor. Handbook of South American Indians. Volume 4 The Circum-Caribbean Tribes. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143.
- ^ "Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture" Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
- ^ a b c d "Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area" Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. Southeast Archaeological Center. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
- ^ "Cacaopera" Archived 2019-09-13 at the Wayback Machine. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Languages of Bolivia" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine. Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 Oct 2012.
- ^ "Apiaká: Introduction" Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine. Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 28 March 2012
- ^ "Huachipaeri" Archived 2011-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 Feb 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Cultural Thesaurus" Archived 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. National Museum of the American Indian. (retrieved 18 Feb 2011)
- ^ "Puelche". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
- ].
- ^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas" (PDF). Department of Biology, University College, London; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Caracas, Venezuela; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; 6Laboratorio de Gene´tica Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota´; Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Canada; Subassembly of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Laboratorio de Gene´tica Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellı´n, Colombia; Université de Montréal. University College London 73:524–539. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ a b Wendy Tymchuk, Senior Technical Editor (2008). "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q". Genebase Systems. Archived from the original (Verbal tutorial possible) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendants of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ISBN 0-8129-7146-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken
page 2 Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine - ^ Than, Ker (2008). "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
Over time descendants developed a unique culture—one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas
- ^ "Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q". Genebase Systems. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
- PMID 9811914.
- PMID 14595095.
- ^ Juliette Saillard; Peter Forster; Niels Lynnerup; Hans-Jürgen Bandelt; Søren Nørby (2000). "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion". Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub-arctic branches A2b (Siberians and Inuit) and A2a (Eskimos and Na-Dené) is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area, which would have averaged the overall internal variation of haplogroup A2 in North America.
- ^ A. Torroni; T. G. Schurr; C. C. Yang; EJE. Szathmary; R. C. Williams; M. S. Schanfield; G. A. Troup; W. C. Knowler; D. N. Lawrence; K. M. Weiss; D. C. Wallace (January 1992). "Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations". Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. 130 (1). Genetics Society of America: 153–62. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6,000–10,000 years. Hence, the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the Amerinds
References
- D'Azevedo, Warren L., volume editor. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3.
- Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
- Hann, John H. A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.
- Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8.
- Heizer, Robert F., volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN 978-0-16-004574-5.
- ISBN 0-631-21864-5. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
- Steward, Julian H., editor. Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 4: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes. Smithsonian Institution, 1948.
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast. Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ASIN B000NOYRRA.
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
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