Claude Pepper

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Claude Pepper
Richard W. Bolling
Succeeded byJoe Moakley
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Florida
In office
January 3, 1963 – May 30, 1989
Preceded byBob Sikes
Succeeded byIleana Ros-Lehtinen
Constituency3rd district (1963–1967)
11th district (1967–1973)
14th district (1973–1983)
18th district (1983–1989)
United States Senator
from Florida
In office
November 4, 1936 – January 3, 1951
Preceded byWilliam Luther Hill
Succeeded byGeorge Smathers
Member of the Florida House of Representatives
from the Taylor County district
In office
1929–1931
Preceded byW. T. Hendry
Succeeded byAnton H. Wentworth
Personal details
Born
Claude Denson Pepper

(1900-09-08)September 8, 1900
near Dudleyville, Alabama, U.S.
DiedMay 30, 1989(1989-05-30) (aged 88)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Mildred Webster
​
​
(m. 1936; died 1979)​
Education
Student Army Training Corps
Battles/warsWorld War I
Claude Pepper's voice
Claude Pepper on homelessness in the United States
Recorded March 24, 1984

Claude Denson Pepper (September 8, 1900 – May 30, 1989) was an American politician of the

left-liberalism and the elderly.[1][2]

Born in

1950 Senate Democratic primary to Congressman George Smathers
, and returned to private legal practice the following year.

In 1962, Pepper won election to a newly created district in the United States House of Representatives. He emerged as a staunch

anti-Communist, and strongly criticized Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Pepper served as chairman of the House Committee on Aging, and pursued reforms to Social Security and Medicare. From 1983 to 1989, he served as chairman of the powerful House Rules Committee. He died in office in 1989, and was honored with a state funeral. In 2000, the United States Postal Service issued a 33¢ Distinguished Americans series
postage stamp honoring Pepper.

Early life

Claude Denson Pepper was born on September 8, 1900, in

Ensley steel mill before beginning studies at the University of Alabama.[3]

While in college he joined the

LL.B. in 1924.[3]

Career

Pepper taught law at the University of Arkansas (where his students included J. William Fulbright) and then moved to Perry, Florida, where he opened a law practice.[3] Pepper was a member of the Florida Democratic Party's executive committee from 1928 to 1929.[5]

He was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1928 and served from 1929 to 1931.[3][6][7][8] During his term, Pepper served as chairman of the House's Committee on Constitutional Amendments.[9] In response to the Great Depression, Governor Doyle E. Carlton proposed austerity measures including layoffs of state employees and large tax cuts.[10] Pepper was among those who opposed Carlton's program, and popular support was with Carlton, so Pepper was among many legislators who lost when they ran for renomination in 1930.[10]

After being defeated for renomination, Pepper moved his law practice to Tallahassee, the state capital.[9] In 1931, he met Mildred Webster outside the governor's office.[9] They began dating, and they married in St. Petersburg on December 29, 1936.[9] They remained married until her death in 1979, and had no children.[9]

Florida government

Pepper served on the Florida Board of Public Welfare from 1931 to 1932,[9] and was a member of the Florida Board of Bar Examiners in 1933.[5]

U.S. Senate

Newsman covering U.S. Senator Claude Pepper's campaign in 1938.

In 1934, Pepper ran for the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate, challenging incumbent

Lend-Lease Act. He joined other Southern senators to filibuster an anti-lynching bill in 1937,[12] but broke with them to support anti-poll tax legislation in the 1940s.[13]

In 1943, a confidential analysis by

Conservative Coalition, he usually lost on domestic policy. He was, however, more successful in promoting an international foreign policy based on friendship with the Soviet Union. In 1946, Pepper appeared frequently in the national press and began to eye the 1948 presidential race. He considered running with his close friend and fellow liberal, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, with whom he was active in the Southern Conference for Human Welfare.[15]

"Eisenhower Boom"

Pepper was re-elected in 1944.

By 1947, momentum was growing for the

William B. Green, president of the American Federation of Labor, criticized the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) for supporting the "Eisenhower Boom".[21]

On July 2, 1948, the White House sent George E. Allen, friend and adviser to both Truman and Eisenhower, to the general to persuade him to make yet another denial about his candidacy.[22] On July 3, 1948, Democratic state organizations in Georgia and Virginia openly backed Eisenhower, as did former New York state court judge Jeremiah T. Mahoney.[23][24][25][26] The same day, Progressive presumptive candidate Wallace scorned the Eisenhower boom's southern supporters, saying, "They have reason to believe that Ike is reactionary because of his testimony on the draft and UMT [Universal Military Training]."[27] On July 4, 1948, rumors abounded, e.g., Eisenhower would accept an "honest draft"[28] or (from the Los Angeles Times) Eisenhower would accept the nomination if made by Truman himself.[29] On July 5, 1948, a New York Times survey completed the previous day revealed that support for Eisenhower as Democratic nominee for president was "increasing among delegates", fueled by an "Anti-Truman Group" led by James Roosevelt of California, Jacob Arvey of Illinois, and William O'Dwyer of New York.[30][31][32] US Senator John C. Stennis of Mississippi declared his support for Eisenhower.[33] At 10:30 PM that night, Eisenhower issued an internal memo at Columbia for release by the university's PR director that "I will not, at this time, identify myself with any political party, and could not accept nomination for public office or participate in a partisan political contest."[34] Support persisted nonetheless,[35] and on July 6, 1948, a local Philadelphia group seized on Eisenhower's phrases about "political party" and "partisan political contest" and declared their continued support for him.[36] The same day, Truman supporters expressed their satisfaction with the Eisenhower memo and confidence in the nomination.[37] By July 7, 1948, the week before the 1948 Democratic National Convention, the Draft Eisenhower movement drifted onwards, despite flat denials by Eisenhower[38] and despite public declarations of confidence by Truman [39] and Democratic Party national chairman J. Howard McGrath.[40] Nevertheless, 5,000 admirers gathered in front of Eisenhower's Columbia residence to ask him to run.[41]

In 1948, Pepper supported not his friend Henry A. Wallace but Eisenhower.

Liberal Party of New York State, Democratic local leaders (Jacob Arvey of Chicago, Frank Hague of New Jersey, Mayor William O'Dwyer of New York City, and Mayor Hubert Humphrey of Minneapolis), as well as ADA leaders Leon Henderson and James Roosevelt II.[44] Eisenhower made repeated statements that he would not accept the Democratic Party's nomination well into July, just ahead of the 1948 Democratic National Convention.[45] When Eisenhower, who accepted to become president of Columbia University in January 1948) made three statements refusing the nomination during July 1948, Pepper and others gave up and provided lukewarm support to Harry S. Truman.[citation needed] His third and last denial, sent by telegram to Pepper, ended the "Eisenhower Boom", and delegates began to reconsider Truman.[46] (Pepper also made a bid for presidential candidacy but withdrew it.[47]) On the evening of July 9, 1948, Roosevelt conceded at "Eisenhower-for-President headquarters" that the general would not accept a nomination.[48] During the convention (July 12–14, 1948) and after, concern persisted that the Eisenhower Boom had weakened Truman's hopes in the November 1948 elections.[49][50]

In 1950, Pepper lost his bid for a third full term in 1950 by a margin of over 60,000 votes.

George A. Smathers. A former supporter of Pepper, Smathers repeatedly attacked "Red Pepper" for having far-left sympathies, condemning both his support for universal health care and his alleged support for the Soviet Union. Pepper had traveled to the Soviet Union in 1945 and, after meeting Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, declared he was "a man Americans could trust."[51] Because of his left-of-center sympathies with people like Wallace and actor-activist Paul Robeson and because of his bright red hair, he became widely nicknamed "Red Pepper".[1]

At a speech made on November 11, 1946, before a pro-Soviet group known as Ambijan, which supported the creation of a Soviet Jewish republic in the far east of the USSR, Pepper told his listeners that "Probably nowhere in the world are minorities given more freedom, recognition and respect than in the Soviet Union [and] nowhere in the world is there so little friction, between minority and majority groups, or among minorities." Democracy was "growing" in that country, he added, and he asserted that the Soviets were making such contributions to democracy "that many who decry it might well imitate and emulate rather than despair."

Two years later, on November 21, 1948, speaking to the same group, he again lauded the Soviet Union, calling it a nation which has recognized the dignity of all people, a nation wherein discrimination against anybody on account of race is a crime, and which was in fundamental sympathy with the progress of mankind.[52]

Communist allegations

Regarding the

tantamount to election, the Republican Party still being in infancy there). The contest was extremely heated, and revolved around policy issues, especially charges that Pepper represented the far left and was too supportive of Stalin. Pepper's opponents circulated widely a 49-page booklet titled The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper.[53]
Pepper was defeated in the primary by Smathers.

Law practice

Pepper returned to law practice in Miami and Washington, failing in a comeback bid to regain a Senate seat in the 1958 Democratic primary in which he challenged his former colleague, Spessard Holland.[54] However, Pepper did carry eleven counties, including populous Dade County where he later staged a remarkable comeback.

U.S. House

Portrait of Pepper in the Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives

In 1962, Pepper was elected to the

James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. from New York, Hugh Mitchell from Washington, Alton Lennon from North Carolina, Garrett Withers from Kentucky, and Magnus Johnson from Minnesota) to be elected to the House after their Senate careers.[citation needed] (Matthew M. Neely from West Virginia and Charles A. Towne
from New York via Minnesota were also elected to the House after their Senate careers, but they had been elected to the House before their Senate careers as well.)

Pepper remained a member of the House until his death in 1989, rising to chair of the powerful Rules Committee in 1983. Despite a reputation as a leftist in his youth, Pepper turned staunchly anti-communist in the last third of his life, opposing Cuban leader Fidel Castro and supporting aid to the Nicaraguan Contras. Pepper voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968,[55][56] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[57] Pepper would be the only Representative from Florida who would vote in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[58]

In the early 1970s, Pepper chaired the Joint House–Senate Committee on Crime; then, in 1977, he became chair of the new

House Select Committee on Aging, which became his base as he emerged as the nation's foremost spokesman for the elderly, especially regarding Social Security programs. He succeeded in strengthening Medicare.[citation needed] In 1980 the committee under Pepper's leadership initiated what became a four-year investigation into health care scams that preyed on older people; the report, published in 1984 and commonly called "The Pepper Report", was entitled "Quackery, a $10 Billion Scandal".[59]

In the 1980s, he worked with Alan Greenspan in a major reform of the Social Security system that maintained its solvency by slowly raising the retirement age, thus cutting benefits for workers retiring in their mid-60s, and in 1986 he obtained the passage of a federal law that abolished most mandatory retirement ages.[citation needed] In his later years, Pepper, who customarily began each day by eating a bowl of tomato soup with crackers, sported a replaced hip and hearing aids in both ears, but continued to remain an important and often lionized figure in the House.[citation needed]

In 1988, Pepper sponsored a legislation to create the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[60] Enacted during his final term, the NCBI has revolutionized the exchange, sharing and analysis of genetic information and aided researchers worldwide to achieve advances in medical, computational and biological sciences.[60]

Pepper became known as the "grand old man of Florida politics". He was featured on the cover of Time magazine in 1938 and 1983. During this time, Republicans often joked that he and House Speaker Tip O'Neill were the only Democrats who really drove President Ronald Reagan crazy.

Personal life and death

On May 26, 1989, Pepper was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George H. W. Bush.[61] Four days later, Pepper died in his sleep from stomach cancer.[61] His body lay in state for two days in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol;[62] he was the 26th American so honored and was the last person to lie in state in the Capitol rotunda with an open casket. Pepper was buried at Oakland Cemetery in Tallahassee.[63] A special election was held in August 1989 to fill his seat, won by Republican Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, who served until retiring at the conclusion of the 115th Congress.[64]

Legacy

Statue of Claude Pepper in Miami

A number of places in Florida are named for Pepper, including the Claude Pepper Center

Alliance of Civilizations and an institute on aging)[66] and the Claude Pepper Federal Building in Miami, as well as several public schools.[67][68] Large sections of U.S. Route 27 in Florida are named Claude Pepper Memorial Highway.[69] Since 2002, the Democratic Executive Committee (DEC) of Lake County has held an annual "Claude Pepper Dinner" to honor Pepper's tireless support for senior citizens.[70] The Claude Pepper Building (building number 31) at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland is also named for him.[71]

Pepper's wife Mildred was well known and respected for her humanitarian work and was honored with a number of places in Florida named in her honor.[72][73][74] A year after his passing, Claude Pepper was honored in a play written by Shepard Nevel and directed by Phillip Church. Pepper[75] premiered in June 1990 to a full house at the Colony Theater in Miami Beach. In 1993, Bradenton, Florida actor Kelly Reynolds portrayed Pepper in several performances held at area schools, libraries and nursing homes.[76]

Awards

In 1982, Pepper received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an annual presentation of the Jefferson Awards.[77]

In 1983, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[78][79]

In 1985, the Roosevelt Institute awarded Pepper its Four Freedoms medal.[80]

Also in 1985, Pepper was awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters from Florida State University for his public service.[81]

Pepper would be posthumously inducted into the Florida Civil Rights Hall of Fame on February 29, 2012, in a ceremony held by Florida Governor Rick Scott in the Florida State Capitol. He was one of the first three along with Mary McLeod Bethune and Charles Kenzie Steele Sr to be inducted into it.[82]

Bibliography

  • Eyewitness to a Century with Hays Gorey (1987) – an autobiography

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Thomas, Reginald (May 31, 1989). "Claude Pepper, Fiery Fighter For Elderly Rights, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  2. ^ "Courtly Champion of America's Elderly". The New York Times Magazine. November 29, 1981. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  3. ^
    JSTOR 30148692
    .
  4. ^ a b Danese, Tracy E. (1997). Claude Pepper and Ed Ball: A Study in Contrasting Political Purposes. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University. p. 70.
  5. ^ a b Directory of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, IL: Northwestern University. 1945. p. 116.
  6. ^ "ELECTION NOTICE". Tallahassee Democrat. November 30, 1928. p. 11.
  7. ^ "Guides @ UF: Federal Documents at University of Florida: Home". Archived from the original on September 6, 2016.
  8. ^ "AGE 1WO ANTI-CARLTON ELEMENT LOSES IN BIG RACES". The Tampa Tribune. June 5, 1930. p. 2.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Rawls, Mallary (May 4, 2015). "Claude Pepper's Time in Tallahassee". Florida State University Special Collections. Tallahassee, FL.
  10. ^
    Newspapers.com
    .
  11. ^ "FL US Senate – D Runoff Race – Jun 26, 1934". 1934.
  12. ^ Hobbs, Tameka Bradley (2000). Lynched twice: the murder of A.C. Williams (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2006.
  13. OCLC 1027206038
    .
  14. JSTOR 4634869
    .
  15. ^ "Claude D. Pepper – Encyclopedia of Alabama".
  16. ^ "Eisenhower Boom is Deplored by Him: Eisenhower Decries Boom for Him As Landon Offers Kansas Backing". The New York Times. September 10, 1947. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  17. ^ "Cole of House Hits Eisenhower Boom". The New York Times. September 14, 1947. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  18. ^ "Eisenhower Boom a Gridiron Morsel". The New York Times. December 14, 1947. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  19. ^ "Democrats Urged to Run Eisenhower". The New York Times. April 4, 1948. p. 45. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  20. ^ "Eisenhower Says Position Is 'Absolutely Unchanged'". The New York Times. April 6, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  21. ^ "Green Hits CIO Talk of Eisenhower Boom". The New York Times. April 14, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  22. ^ "Eisenhower Query Laid to President: Newspaper Says George Allen Will Ask Clear Declination". The New York Times. July 3, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  23. ^ "Georgia, Virginia Back Eisenhower, Denounce Truman". The New York Times. July 3, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  24. ^ "Virginia Raises Eisenhower Boom". The New York Times. July 3, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  25. ^ "Georgia Champion Boom for Eisenhower". The New York Times. July 3, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  26. ^ "Eisenhower Draft Urged by Mahoney: 'Strongest' Candidate, Ex-Justice Says". The New York Times. July 3, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  27. ^ "Eisenhower Draft Urged by Mahoney: 'Strongest' Candidate, Ex-Justice Says". The New York Times. July 3, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  28. ^ "Quoting Eisenhower as Receptive Denied". The New York Times. July 5, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  29. ^ "Report Says Eisenhower Asks Choice by Truman". The New York Times. July 5, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  30. ^ "Eisenhower Boom Gaining Headway in Fight on Truman: Survey of 48 States Reveals Battle Faced by President in Swings of Delegates". The New York Times. July 5, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  31. ^ "50 Top Democrats Back Rights Plank: They Meet in Minneapolis and Issue Statement". The New York Times. July 5, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  32. ^ "Illinois May Nominate: Arvey Predicts Convention Stampede for Eisenhower". The New York Times. July 5, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  33. ^ "Stennis for Eisenhower". The New York Times. July 6, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  34. ^ "Eisenhower Says He Couldn't Accept Nomination for Any Public Office". The New York Times. July 6, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  35. ^ Moscow, Warren (July 7, 1948). "Eisenhower Boom Rolls on into Party Despite His Stand". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  36. ^ "Committee Presses Eisenhower Draft". The New York Times. July 6, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  37. ^ "Eisenhower Stand Buoys Truman Men". The New York Times. July 6, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  38. ^ "Eisenhower Draft Wanes Amid Split: Eisenhower Draft Recedes As New York Leaders Split". The New York Times. July 8, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  39. ^ "Truman's Confidence Grows: Aides See Opposition Halted". The New York Times. July 7, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  40. ^ "Eisenhower's No 'Final' to M'Grath: Democratic Chairman Holds Truman Nomination Assured". The New York Times. July 8, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  41. ^ "5,000 Admirers Call at Eisenhower Home". The New York Times. July 8, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  42. ^ "Pepper Proposes New Party Policy; Advocates Dropping Partisanship and Drafting Eisenhower as a Crisis President". The New York Times. July 7, 1948. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  43. ^ "A.D.A. is Target of Republicans: Humphrey Linked to Group Described as Subversive". The New York Times. October 11, 1964. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  44. ^ "In the Nation: Ike and Teddy". The New York Times. June 26, 1979. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  45. ^ Moscow, Warren (July 7, 1948). "Eisenhower Boom Rolls on into Party Despite His Stand". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  46. ^ "Eisenhower Draft Recedes As New York Leaders Split". The New York Times. July 8, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  47. ^ Lawrence, W.H. (July 14, 1948). "Barkley to Be Truman Running Mate: Floor Fight Looming on Civil Rights". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  48. ^ "James Roosevelt Bows to General: Prime Mover in Eisenhower Boom Accepts 'No'". The New York Times. July 10, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  49. ^ Krock, Arthur (July 11, 1948). "Anti-Truman Campaign a Boomerang to Party". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  50. ^ "Liberals Seen Set to Back President: Former Eisenhower Groups Begin Task of Retracing Steps to Truman's Side". The New York Times. July 22, 1948. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  51. ^ a b Fund, John. Political Journal: George Smathers, RIP, January 24, 2007.
  52. ^ Claude Pepper, "Keep up Your Great Fight—Continue Your Great Work", Ambijan Bulletin 7, 7 (December 1948), pp. 6–7.
  53. ^ Pepper & Gorey (1987), p. 205.
  54. ^ "Pepper Loses In Florida Primary". Los Angeles Times. September 10, 1958.[permanent dead link]
  55. ^ "H.R. 7152. PASSAGE".
  56. ^ "To Pass H.R. 2516, A Bill to Establish Penalties for Interference With Civil Rights. Interference With a Person Engaged in One of the 8 Activities Protected Under This Bill Must Be Racially Motivated to Incur the Bill's Penalties".
  57. ^ "To Pass H.R. 6400, the 1965 Voting Rights Act".
  58. ^ "H.R. 7152. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Adoption of a Resolution (H. Res. 789) Providing for House Approval of the Bill As Amended by the Senate. 1964/h182 -- House Vote #182 -- Jul 2, 1964". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  59. ^ "Quackery, a $10 Billion Scandal: A Report of the Subcommittee on Health and Long-Term Care, Select Committee on Aging, US House of Representatives" (PDF). US Government Printing Office. 1984. Lay summary: Bellamy, Jann (October 30, 2014). ""Quackery: A $10 Billion Scandal" « Science-Based Medicine". Science-Based Medicine.
  60. ^
    ISBN 978-8-1219-2507-5
    .
  61. ^ a b Rosebblatt, Robert A. (May 31, 1989). "Rep. Pepper, Crusader for Elderly, Dies at 88". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA.
  62. ^ "Lying in State or in Honor". US Architect of the Capitol (AOC). Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  63. Sun-Sentinel
    . Deerfield Beach, FL.
  64. ^ Dan, Sewell (August 30, 1989). "Cuban-Americans, GOP Celebrate Winning Claude Pepper's Congressional Seat". Associated Press. New York, NY.
  65. ^ "Claude Pepper Center – Pepper Legacy Today".
  66. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 19, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  67. ^ Designs for Democracy. "1960s Modern Federal Buildings: Office Building, Miami, Florida". Archives.gov. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  68. ^ "Claude Pepper Elementary School". Dade Schools.net. Miami, FL: Miami-Dade County Public Schools. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  69. ^ "List of designated Roads in Florida" (PDF). FDOT.gov. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Transportation. pp. 1, 4, 8, 14–17, 21–26, 28, 32, 45, 48, 53–54. Retrieved December 15, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  70. ^ "Claude pepper Dinner". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando, FL. August 15, 2006.
  71. ^ NIH Office of Management. "Building 31, Claude Pepper Building". orf.od.nih.gov. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  72. ^ City of Sweetwater, Elderly Program: Mildred & Claude Pepper Senior Center Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved April 22, 2014
  73. ^ Elderly Housing Development & Operations Corp., Claude and Mildred Pepper Towers Archived May 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, April 19, 2012
  74. ^ Florida State University, Mildred and Claude Pepper Library Archived July 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, 2010
  75. ^ "ACT OF DEVOTION THE ONE-MAN PLAY ABOUT THE LATE CLAUDE PEPPER REPRESENTS YEARS OF WORK BY ITS AUTHOR". Sun Sentinel. June 26, 1990. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  76. ^ "Claude Pepper comes to life in play", Sarasota Herald Tribune, December 6, 1993, p. 1B [1]
  77. ^ "National – Jefferson Awards Foundation". Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  78. American Academy of Achievement
    .
  79. ^ Wade, Larry (July 14, 1983). "American Academy of Achievement fills Coronado with famous names" (PDF). Coronado Journal.
  80. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards". Roosevelt Institute.org. Hyde Park, NY: Franklin D. Roosevelt Institute. September 29, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  81. ^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded" (PDF). Ir.fsu.edu. Florida State University. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
  82. ^ "Claude Pepper among first inductees into Florida Civil Rights Hall of Fame". FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY NEWS. March 2, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2021.

Further reading

  • Clark, James C., "Claude Pepper and the Seeds of His 1950 Defeat, 1944–1948", Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 74, no. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 1–22. in JSTOR
  • Clark, James C. Red Pepper and Gorgeous George: Claude Pepper's Epic Defeat in the 1950 Democratic Primary (2011)
  • Crispell, Brian Lewis, Testing the Limits: George Armistead Smathers and Cold War America (1999)
  • Danese, Tracy E. Claude Pepper and Ed Ball: Politics, Purpose, and Power (2000)
  • Denman, Joan E. "Senator Claude D. Pepper: Advocate of Aid to the Allies, 1939–1941", Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 83, no. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 121–148. in JSTOR
  • Finley, Keith M. Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965 (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2008).
  • Swint, Kerwin C., Mudslingers: The Twenty-five Dirtiest Political Campaigns of All Time. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2006.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claude Pepper.
Party political offices
Preceded by
1944
 Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Florida
1936–1951
Served alongside: Charles O. Andrews, Spessard Holland 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Patents Committee
1944–1947 		Position abolished
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Robert L. F. Sikes
 Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Florida's 3rd congressional district

1963–1967 		Succeeded by
Charles Bennett
Preceded by
Edward J. Gurney
 Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Florida's 11th congressional district

1967–1973 		Succeeded by
New constituency Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Florida's 14th congressional district

1973–1983 		Succeeded by
Daniel A. Mica
Preceded by Chair of the House Aging Committee
1977–1983 		Succeeded by
New constituency Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Florida's 18th congressional district

1983–1989 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Richard Bolling
 Chair of the House Rules Committee
1983–1989 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Elmer Austin Benson
 Most Senior Living U.S. senator
Sitting or Former
March 13, 1985 – May 30, 1989 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam Era
(Michael Blassie
)
 Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda
1989 		Succeeded by
Jacob Chestnut
John Gibson
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude_Pepper&oldid=1218968512"