Cleveland Bay

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about a breed of horse. For the body of water in Australia, see Cleveland Bay (Queensland).

Cleveland Bay
Cleveland Bay, 1908
Cleveland Bays in harness
Country of originEngland
Traits
Distinguishing featuresBay in colour, well-muscled, used mainly for driving
Breed standards

The Cleveland Bay is a

Second World War
, the breed has experienced a resurgence in popularity since the 1970s, although only around 550 horses existed worldwide as of 2006.

They have been patronized by members of the

British Royal Family throughout their history, and they are still used to pull carriages in royal processions today. The breed has also been used to develop and improve several warmblood and draught horse breeds. Today they are used for farm work and driving, as well as under-saddle work. They are particularly popular for fox hunting and show jumping, both pure blooded and when crossed with Thoroughbreds. The Cleveland Bay is a rare breed, and both the United Kingdom-based Rare Breeds Survival Trust and the United States-based Livestock Conservancy
consider the population to be at critical limits for extinction.

Characteristics

Cleveland Bays

The Cleveland Bay generally stands between 16 and 16.2 

chestnut Thoroughbred stallions that were crossed into Cleveland Bay and Yorkshire Coach Horse bloodlines at some points in the history of both breeds.[3] The uniformity in colour is encouraged as it makes creating matching driving teams and pairs very easy.[4] When the breed was first developed, the horses almost always had a countershaded dorsal stripe, but these disappeared with the outcrossings of the eighteenth century.[5]

The breed has a large head, slightly convex profile, and a long, well-muscled neck. The

Thoroughbreds).[1]

Part-bred horses can be registered under certain conditions. A horse with at least one grandparent may be registered in the UK stud-book.[8] The Australasian society refers to part-breds as Sporthorses; they require at least 25% Cleveland Bay blood.[9]

Uses

The Cleveland Bay is a versatile horse and is still used today for many tasks, including driving and farmwork.

Breyer Animal Creations, and the stallion participated in that year's Breyer model horse festival.[12]

British royal horses

In the 1920s, Cleveland Bays replaced black

Windsor Greys pull carriages of senior royal family members, and the Cleveland Bays pull dignitaries and do other work.[14] Post is driven daily between Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace with two Bays pulling a Clarence Brougham.[15] Purebred and crossbred Cleveland Bays make up the majority of the bay horses in the Royal Mews, the British royal stables, where they receive intense training to desensitize them before they are put to work drawing royal carriages.[16] The King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery predominantly use bay-colored horses of several breeds; those pulling the limbers and caissons are frequently Cleveland Bays. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, used the breed during the 1970s and 1980s in combined driving competitions, borrowing horses from the Royal Mews and returning them for state duties.[17][18]
: 115–120 

  • Trooping the Colour parade (2023)
    Trooping the Colour parade (2023)
  • The messengers delivering post between palaces[15]
    The messengers delivering post between palaces[15]
  • Bays of the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery
    Bays of the
    King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery
  • Duke of Edinburg driving a four-in-hand of Cleveland Bays in a competition[a]
    Duke of Edinburg driving a four-in-hand of Cleveland Bays in a competition[a]

History

Developed in the Cleveland area of Yorkshire, England,[6] the Cleveland Bay is said to be the oldest of the established English horse breeds, and the only horse native to Britain that does not belong to the heavy horse group.[4][19][17][20] The closest breed in type, although completely unrelated, is the Irish Draught.[21]

Development

The earliest breeding of the ancestors of the Cleveland Bay was done in large part by English churches and monasteries, to meet a need for pack horses to carry trade goods between abbeys and monasteries in northeast England.

Marseilles and transported back to England.[22] The Andalusian blood came from horses bred at the royal stud in Cordoba and given to English royalty by the King of Spain. The stallions were often available for breeding to local horses, and the first infusion of Andalusian blood was added to the native Chapman Horses. The Spanish horses also made their way to the outlying estates of English nobility, and were then taken by Oliver Cromwell's men after the English Civil War. Once in the hands of Cromwell's men, many of the stallions were made available for locals to cross with the existing Chapman Horses, adding a second infusion of Andalusian bloodlines. In the late seventeenth century a second infusion of Barb blood was added when Cleveland breeders purchased horses directly from soldiers at Tangier or from the Moors themselves.[23]

Between 1685 and 1785 this Chapman Horse/Andalusian/Barb cross developed into the original Cleveland Bay. During this century the type grew bigger due to better feeding, and by 1785 had developed through

chestnut Thoroughbred sire in the family tree.[3]

Establishment

Stallion "Rothbury"

The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society was formed in 1883,

Wild West Show.[28]

Before the

King George V.[29][30]

Decline and re-emergence

However, interest in the Cleveland Bay was waning, due to increased mechanisation, and the Great Depression of the early 1930s reduced exports by almost a third.[29] There was a brief revival of interest in the late 1930s in the United States when Alexander Mackay-Smith imported some as foundation stock for hunters.[31] The decline continued, quickening after the Second World War; in 1960 the War Office stopped offering premiums on stallions, and many breeders discontinued breeding.[29]

By 1962, only four purebred stallions were present in the UK. Queen Elizabeth II saved the breed by purchasing Mulgrave Supreme, a stallion that was about to be sold to a buyer in the United States. The stallion was bred to pure- and part-bred mares, and within 15 years there were 36 purebred stallions in the UK. Elizabeth II was a patron of the Society from 1977, and during the Society's centenary year of 1984 she acted as its president.[4]

In the late 1960s and 1970s, interest in the breed increased, and part-bred Cleveland Bays were in demand for use as riding horses, especially for use as

1976 Montreal Olympics. In the late 1960s and '70s, horses continued to be exported to many countries. Japan, the United States and Australia have continued to import the horses from England, and in New Zealand crosses between Cleveland Bays and native mares were in demand on cattle and sheep stations.[33]

The Cleveland Bay Horse Society keeps a separate register for part-bred horses.

American Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers their status to be critical,[28] which means there is an estimated global population of less than 2,000, and fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States.[34] The UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust also considers their status to be critical, with less than 300 breeding females registered worldwide.[35] The Equus Survival Trust also considers the breed population to be at critical levels, meaning there are between 100 and 300 breeding females left in the world.[36] About 135 purebred horses are registered in the US and Canada.[31] There are also small populations in Japan, New Zealand, and Australia.[19] In 2006, an estimated 550 Cleveland Bay horses existed worldwide, of which about 220 were mares; the 2005 foal crop produced fewer than 50 horses.[12]

Influence on other breeds

The Cleveland Bay was used in the creation of the

Hanoverian breeds.[4] In the late eighteenth century, the Cleveland Bay was used to create the short-lived Yorkshire Coach Horse through crosses with Thoroughbreds. These Yorkshires were used mainly to pull mail and passenger coaches, hence their name. Called by some the "New Cleveland Bay", foreigners often could not distinguish between the two breeds, and many horses registered as Cleveland Bays in European coach horse studbooks were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses.[38] In the nineteenth century, the Cleveland Bay was crossed with French and Belgian draught horses to create the Vladimir Heavy Draft, a Russian breed developed to fill that country's need for a heavy draught breed.[27][39]

Notes

  1. ^ 1976 FEI Driving World Championship for Four-in-Hand Het Loo Palace in The Netherlands FEI.org [18]: 44–45 

References

  1. ^ a b c Dent 1978, pp. 18–19.
  2. ^ a b "Cleveland Bay History". Cleveland Bay Horse Society. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  3. ^ a b Dent 1978, p. 50.
  4. ^ a b c d e Hendricks 1995, pp. 131–132.
  5. ^ Hayes 1976, p. 254.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Bongianni 1988, p. Entry 13.
  7. ^ Dent 1978, p. 26.
  8. ^ Rules and Regulations. Cleveland Bay Horse Society. Archived 9 May 2008.
  9. ^ "Quick Guide to Registration of Horses" (PDF). Cleveland Bay Horse Society of Australasia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  10. ^ Edwards 1994, p. 373.
  11. ^ Dent 1978, p. 59.
  12. ^ a b "Rare Cleveland Bay Stallion to Visit Kentucky Horse Park". The Horse. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  13. ^ Edwards 1994, p. 302.
  14. ^ "Highlights of the Royal Mews - Carriage horses". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 30 January 2024. Cleveland Bays ... are used to pick up high commissioners and ambassadors presenting their credentials to the monarch, for other day-to-day activities, and as workhorses.
  15. ^ a b "The Royal Mews Today". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 30 January 2024. Every day since 1843, the messenger Brougham carriage has set out from the Royal Mews to collect and deliver post between Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace.
  16. ^ Bryant, Jennifer O. (6 March 2011). "Behind the Scenes: Great Britain's Royal Mews". The Horse. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  17. ^ a b c Edwards 1994, pp. 304–305.
  18. ^
    OL 11598049M
    .
  19. ^ a b c "Cleveland Bay Horse". International Museum of the Horse. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  20. ^ Edwards & Geddes 1987, pp. 78–79.
  21. ^ Dent 1978, p. 16.
  22. ^ Dent 1978, pp. 38–39.
  23. ^ Dent 1978, pp. 42–45.
  24. ^ Dent 1978, p. 46.
  25. ^ a b Hayes 1976, p. 340.
  26. ^ a b Dent 1978, pp. 57–58.
  27. ^ a b Dent 1978, pp. 55–56.
  28. ^ a b c "Cleveland Bay Horse". American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  29. ^ a b c d Dent 1978, pp. 61–64.
  30. ^ Dent 1978, p. 52.
  31. ^ a b "The Society". Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  32. ^ Dent 1978, pp. 65–70.
  33. ^ Dent 1978, pp. 73–75.
  34. ^ "Parameters of Livestock Breeds on the ALBC Conservation Priority List (2007)". American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  35. ^ "Watchlist (2009)". Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  36. ^ "Equus Survival Trust Equine Conservation List" (PDF). Equus Survival Trust. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  37. ^ Edwards 1994, p. 307.
  38. ^ Dent 1978, pp. 49–50.
  39. ^ Edwards & Geddes 1987, p. 113.

Sources

Further reading

External links

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