Client state
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In the field of international relations, a client state, is a state that is economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful controlling state.[1] Alternative terms[according to whom?] for a client state are satellite state, associated state, and dominion, condominium, self-governing colony, and neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state, puppet state, and tributary state.
Controlling states in history
Persia, Greece, Ancient China and Rome
Ancient states such as
Ottoman Empire
The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but most notable were the Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, the Sharifate of Mecca, and the Sultanate of Aceh.[citation needed]
19th and 20th centuries
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2014) |
Russian Empire
At the time, Great Britain and Austria-Hungary both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.[9]
First French Empire
During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras (1789–1815), France conquered most of western Europe and established several client states.
At first, during the French Revolutionary Wars, these states were erected as "Républiques soeurs" ("sister republics"). They were established in Italy (the Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy and the Parthenopean Republic in Southern Italy), Greece (Îles Ioniennes), Switzerland (the Helvetic Republic and the Rhodanic Republic), and Belgium and the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).
During the First French Empire, while Napoleon I and the French Army occupied much of Europe, such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, first under Joseph Bonaparte and later under Marshal Joachim Murat. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Etruria. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by Napoleon's third brother, Louis Bonaparte.
A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the Holy Roman Empire to create the Confederation of the Rhine, a client state created to provide a buffer between France and its two largest enemies to the east, Prussia and Austria. Two of those states were Napoleonic creations: the Kingdom of Westphalia, which was controlled by Jérôme Bonaparte, the Emperor's youngest brother; and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg as was Poland, then the Duchy of Warsaw.
During the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, Napoleon attempted to subjugate Portugal and Spain into a client Kingdom of Spain, but the French were eventually driven out of Iberia in a costly war.
France after decolonisation
In the 20th century, France exercised a sphere of influence, or
British Empire
The Indian princely states were nominally sovereign entities in the British Empire and in 1947, were given a choice to either accede to independent India or Pakistan or get independence (the Nizam of Hyderabad did opt for independence but his kingdom was annexed by Indian forces in 1948). Egyptian independence in 1922 ended its brief status as a British protectorate and Iraq was made a kingdom in 1932. But in both cases, the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Other instances include Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under Lord Lugard), and the Unfederated Malay States; the policy of indirect rule.
Germany
World War I
- Kingdom of Poland[12] (1917–1918)
- Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
- Ukrainian State[13] (1918)
- Duchy of Courland and Semigallia[14] (1918)
- Democratic Republic of Georgia[15] (1918)
World War II
- Vichy France (1940–1944)
- Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)
- Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
- Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)
United States
The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the Compact of Free Association (the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau) have been called client states.[16][17][18]
- China (1945–1949) → Taiwan (1949–1979)
- Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
- Philippines (1965–1986)
- South Korea (1948–1953)
- South Vietnam (1955–1975)
Imperial Japan
In the late 19th century, the Empire of Japan gradually reduced Joseon Korea's status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to direct rule. Manchukuo, in contrast, remained a puppet state throughout World War II.
- Azad Hind (1943–1945)
- State of Burma (1943–1945)
- Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)
- China (East Hebei Autonomous Government and North Shanxi Autonomous Government)[19]
- Great Way Government (1937–1938)
- Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)
- Reorganised National Government of the Republic of China (1940–1945)
- Joseon (After the First Sino-Japanese War)[20]
- Korean Empire[21][22][unreliable source] (1905–1910)
- Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945)
- Manchukuo (1932–1945)
- Mengjiang (1939–1945)
- Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)
- Empire of Vietnam (1945)
Soviet Union
Soviet proxy, "satellite", or client states included much of the Warsaw Pact member states whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other nations with Marxist–Leninist governments were routinely criticised as being Soviet proxies as well, among them Cuba following the Cuban Revolution, the Chinese Soviet Republic, North Korea,[23] North Vietnam, South Yemen, the People's Republic of Angola, the People's Republic of Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Within the Soviet Union itself, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, had seats at the United Nations, but were actually proper Soviet territory.
See also
References
- ^ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
- ISBN 9783161497179.
- ^ Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994, page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king
- ^ Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012) p 481.
- ISBN 978-1424069606.
- ISBN 9781315509440.
- ISBN 9780521522519.
- ISBN 9780701172930.
- ISBN 9780335093076.
- ^ "The French African Connection". Al Jazeera. April 7, 2014. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
- ^ Haski, Pierre (July 21, 2013). "The Return of Françafrique". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
- ^ The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a puppet state by Norman Davies in Europe: A history (Google Print, p. 910); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in A Concise History of Poland (Google Print, p. 218); by Piotr J. Wroblel in Chronology of Polish History and Nation and History (Google Print, p. 454); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in Poland: Key to Europe (Google Print, p. 68: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").
- ^ Kataryna Wolczuk. The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. p. 37.
- ISBN 0-313-32355-0.
- ISBN 978-1-78023-030-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-7742-2.
- ^ Chen, Millie (2020). "The Marshall Islands and U.S. Imperial Relations". Mundi. 1 (1). Temple University.
- ^ Rampell, Ed (8 January 2019). "George H.W. Bush: Dirty Tricks and Regime Change in Nuclear-Free Palau". Island Times. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ^ "China grapples with preserving reminders of Japanese occupation". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
- ^ "Transimperial Genealogies of Korea as a Protectorate: The Egypt Model in Japan's Politics of Colonial Comparison | Cross-Currents". cross-currents.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
- ^ "How Japan Took Control of Korea | HISTORY". www.history.com. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
- ^ "Japanese Rule Over Korea - A Liberation Day Korea History - Koryo Tours". koryogroup.com. 15 August 2020. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
- ^ Mizokami, Kyle (8 January 2016). "Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons". The Week.