Cliff
In geography and geology, a cliff is an area of rock which has a general angle defined by the vertical, or nearly vertical. Cliffs are formed by the processes of weathering and erosion, with the effect of gravity. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers. Cliffs are usually composed of rock that is resistant to weathering and erosion. The sedimentary rocks that are most likely to form cliffs include sandstone, limestone, chalk, and dolomite. Igneous rocks such as granite and basalt also often form cliffs.
An
Most cliffs have some form of scree slope at their base. In arid areas or under high cliffs, they are generally exposed jumbles of fallen rock. In areas of higher moisture, a soil slope may obscure the talus. Many cliffs also feature tributary waterfalls or rock shelters. Sometimes a cliff peters out at the end of a ridge, with mushroom rocks or other types of rock columns remaining. Coastal erosion may lead to the formation of sea cliffs along a receding coastline.
The British Ordnance Survey distinguishes between around most cliffs (continuous line along the topper edge with projections down the face) and outcrops (continuous lines along lower edge).
Etymology
Cliff comes from the Old English word clif of essentially the same meaning, cognate with Dutch, Low German, and Old Norse klif 'cliff'.[1] These may in turn all be from a Romance loanword into Primitive Germanic that has its origins in the Latin forms clivus / clevus ("slope" or "hillside").[2][3]
Large and famous cliffs
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2017) |
Given that a cliff does not need to be exactly vertical, there can be ambiguity about whether a given
Some of the largest cliffs on Earth are found underwater. For example, an 8,000 m drop over a 4,250 m span can be found at a ridge sitting inside the Kermadec Trench.
According to some sources, the highest cliff in the world, about 1,340 m high, is the east face of Great Trango in the Karakoram mountains of northern Pakistan. This uses a fairly stringent notion of cliff, as the 1,340 m figure refers to a nearly vertical headwall of two stacked pillars; adding in a very steep approach brings the total drop from the East Face precipice to the nearby Dunge Glacier to nearly 2,000 m.
The location of the world's highest sea cliffs depends also on the definition of 'cliff' that is used. Guinness World Records states it is
Considering a truly vertical drop,
The highest cliff in the solar system may be Verona Rupes, an approximately 20 km (12 mi) high fault scarp on Miranda, a moon of Uranus.
List
The following is an incomplete list of cliffs of the world.
Africa
Above Sea
- Anaga's Cliffs, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, 592 m (1,942 ft) above Atlantic Ocean
- Cape Hangklip, Western Cape, South Africa, 453.1 m (1,487 ft) above False Bay, Atlantic Ocean
- Cape Point, Western Cape, South Africa, 249 m (817 ft) above Atlantic Ocean
- Chapman's Peak, Western Cape, South Africa, 596 m (1,955 ft) above Atlantic Ocean
- Karbonkelberg, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 653 m (2,142 ft) above Hout Bay, Atlantic Ocean
- Kogelberg, Western Cape, South Africa, 1,289 m (4,229 ft) above False Bay, Atlantic Ocean
- Los Gigantes, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, 637 m (2,090 ft) above Atlantic Ocean
- Table Mountain, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 1,086 m (3,563 ft) above Atlantic Ocean
Above Land
- Innumerable peaks in the Drakensberg mountains of South Africa are considered cliff formations. The Drakensberg Range is regarded, together with Ethiopia's Simien Mountains, as one of the two finest erosional mountain ranges on Earth. Because of their near-unique geological formation, the range has an extraordinarily high percentage of cliff faces making up its length, particularly along the highest portion of the range.[citation needed] This portion of the range is virtually uninterrupted cliff faces, ranging from 600 m (2,000 ft) to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in height for almost 250 km (160 mi). Of all, the "Drakensberg Amphitheatre" (mentioned above) is most well known.[citation needed] Other notable cliffs include the Trojan Wall, Cleft Peak, Injisuthi Triplets, Cathedral Peak, Monk's Cowl, Mnweni Buttress, etc. The cliff faces of the Blyde River Canyon, technically still part of the Drakensberg, may be over 800 m (2,600 ft), with the main face of the Swadini Buttress approximately 1,000 m (3,300 ft) tall.
- Drakensberg Amphitheatre, South Africa 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above base, 5 km (3.1 mi) long. The Tugela Falls, the world's second tallest waterfall, falls 948 m (3,110 ft) over the edge of the cliff face.
- Karambony, Madagascar, 380 m (1,250 ft) above base.
- Mount Meru, TanzaniaCaldera Cliffs, 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
- Tsaranoro, Madagascar, 700 m (2,300 ft) above base
America
North
Several big granite faces in the Arctic region vie for the title of 'highest vertical drop on Earth', but reliable measurements are not always available. The possible contenders include (measurements are approximate):
Mount Thor, Baffin Island, Canada; 1,370 m (4,500 ft) total; top 480 m (1600 ft) is overhanging. This is commonly regarded as being the largest vertical drop on Earth [1][2][citation needed]ot:leapyear at 1,250 m (4,100 ft).
- The sheer north face of Polar Sun Spire, in the §74:MTAtoFa
of Baffin Island, rises 4,300 ft above the flat frozen fjord, although the lower portion of the face breaks from the vertical wall with a series of ledges and buttresses.[8]
Other notable cliffs include:
- Ättestupan Cliff, northern side of Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord, Greenland 1,300 m (4,300 ft)[13]
- Big Sandy Mountain, east face buttress, Wind River Range, Wyoming, 550 m
- Calvert Cliffs along the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, U.S. 25 m
- Cap Éternité of Saguenay River, Quebec, Canada, 347 m
- All faces of Devils Tower, Wyoming, United States, 195 m
- Doublet Peak, southwest face, Wind River Range, Wyoming, United States, 370 m
- El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, California, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft)
- Grand Teton, north face Teton Range, Wyoming 760 m (2,490 ft)
- Northwest Face of Half Dome, near El Capitan, California, United States; 1,444 m (4,737 ft) total, vertical portion about 610 m (2,000 ft)
- Longs Peak Diamond, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, United States, 400 m
- Mount Asgard, Baffin Island, Canada; vertical drop of about 1,200 m (4,000 ft).
- Mount Siyeh, Glacier National Park (U.S.) north face, 1,270 m (4,170 ft)
- The North Face of North Twin Peak, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada, 1,200 m
- The west face of Notch Peak in the House Range of southwestern Utah, U.S.; a carbonate rock pure vertical drop of about 670 m (2,200 ft), with 4,450 feet (1,356 m) from the top of the cliff to valley floor (bottom of the canyon below the notch)
- Painted Wall in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado, United States; 685 m (2,250 ft)
- Raftsmen's Acropolis, a rock face of the Montagne des Érables, Quebec, Canada, 800 m
- Rockwall, Kootenay National Park, British Columbia, Canada, 30 km of mostly unbroken cliffs up to 900 m [14]
- Royal Gorge cliffs, Colorado, United States, 350 m
- Faces of Shiprock, New Mexico, United States, 400 m
- All walls of the Stawamus Chief, Squamish, British Columbia, Canada, up to 500 m
- Temple Peak, east face, Wind River Range, Wyoming, 400 m
- Temple Peak East, north face, Wind River Range, Wyoming, 450 m
- Toroweap (a.k.a. Tuweep), Grand Canyon, Arizona, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft)
- Uncompahgre Peak, northeast face, San Juan Range, Colorado, 275 m (550 m rise above surrounding plateau)
- East face of the West Temple in Zion National Park, Utah, United States believed to be the tallest sandstone cliff in the world,[15] 670 m
South
- All faces of Tepuis, Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana, Auyan Tepui is about 1,000 m (location of Angel Falls) (the falls are 979 m, the highest in the world)
- All faces of Cerro Chalten(Fitz Roy), Patagonia, Argentina-Chile, 1200 m
- All faces of Cerro Torre, Patagonia, Chile-Argentina
- Pão de Açúcar/Sugar Loaf, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 395 m
- Pared de Gocta, Peru, 771 m
- Pared Sur Cerro Aconcagua. Las Heras, Mendoza, Argentina, 2,700 m
- Espirito Santo, Brazil, 540 m
- Scratched Stone (Pedra Riscada), São José do Divino/MG, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1,480 m
- Faces of the Torres del Painegroup, Patagonia, Chile, up to 900 m
Asia
Above Sea
- Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean.
- Ra's Sajir, Oman, 900 m (3,000 ft) above the Arabian Sea
- Theoprosopon, between Chekka and Selaata in north Lebanon jutting into the Mediterranean.
- Fukui prefecture, Japan 25 m above Sea of Japan
Above Land
- Various cliffs in the Ak-Su Valley of Kyrgyzstan are high and steep.
- Baintha Brakk (The Ogre), Panmah Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2,000 m
- Tibet, China, 4,600 m
- Hunza Peak south face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,700 m
- K2 west face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2900m
- The Latok Group, Panmah Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,800 m
- Lhotse northeast face, Mahalangur Himal, Nepal, 2900m
- Lhotse south face, Mahalangur Himal, Nepal, 3200 m
- Meru Peak, Uttarakhand, India, 1200 m
- Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, 4,600 m
- Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2408 meters directly from the Pacific Ocean.
- Ramon Crater, Israel, 400 m
- Shispare Sarsouthwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 3,200 m
- Spantik northwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2,000 m
- Trango Towers: East Face Great Trango Tower, Baltoro Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,340 m (near vertical headwall), 2,100 m (very steep overall drop from East Summit to Dunge Glacier). Northwest Face drops approximately 2,200 m to the Trango Glacier below, but with a taller slab topped out with a shorter overhanging headwall of approximately 1,000 m. The Southwest "Azeem" Ridge forms the group's tallest steep rise of roughly 2,286 m (7,500 ft) from the Trango Glacier to the Southwest summit.
- Uli Biaho Towers, Baltoro Glacier, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan
- Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 3,000 m
- World's End, Horton Plains, Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. It has a sheer drop of about 4000 ft (1200 m)
- Various cliffs in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Hunan Province, China. The cliffs can get to around 1,000 ft (300 m).
Europe
Above Sea
- Beachy Head, England, 162 m above the English Channel
- Beinisvørð, Faroe Islands, 470 m above North Atlantic
- Belogradchik Rocks, Bulgaria - up to 200 m high sandstone towers
- Benwee Head Cliffs, Erris, County Mayo, Ireland, 304 m above Atlantic Ocean
- Madeira, Portugal, 589 m above Atlantic Ocean
- Cap Canaille, France, 394 m above Mediterranean sea is the highest sea cliff in France
- Cape Enniberg, Faroe Islands, 750 m above North Atlantic
- Conachair, St Kilda, Scotland 427 m above Atlantic Ocean, highest sea cliff in the UK
- Croaghaun, Achill Island, Ireland, 688 m above Atlantic Ocean
- Dingli Cliffs, Malta, 250 m above Mediterranean sea
- Dvuglav, Rila Mountain, Bulgaria 460 m (south face)
- Étretat, France, 84 m above the English Channel
- Faneque, Gran Canaria, Spain, 1027 m above Atlantic Ocean
- Hangman cliffs, Devon 318 m above Bristol Channel is the highest sea cliff in England
- High Cliff, between Boscastle and St Gennys, 223 m above Celtic Sea[16]
- Hornelen, Norway, 860 m above Skatestraumen
- Hvanndalabjarg, Ólafsfjörður, Iceland, 630 m above Atlantic Ocean
- Jaizkibel, Spain, 547 m above the Bay of Biscay
- Kaliakra cliffs, Bulgaria, more than 70 m above the Black Sea
- The Kame, Foula, Shetland, 376 m above the North Atlantic, second highest sea cliff in the UK
- Le Tréport, France, 110 m above the English Channel
- Cliffs of Moher, Ireland, 217 m above Atlantic Ocean
- Møns Klint, Denmark, 143 m above Baltic Sea
- Capri, Italy, 589 m above the Mediterranean Sea
- Ontika Limestone cliff, Estonia, 55 m above Baltic Sea.
- Lysefjorden
- Slieve League, Ireland, 601 m above Atlantic Ocean
- Snake Island, Ukraine, 41 m above the Black Sea
- Vixía Herbeira, Northern Galicia, Spain, 621 m above Atlantic Ocean
- White cliffs of Dover, England, 100 m above the Strait of Dover
Above Land
- Cima Grande di Lavaredo450 m)
- Giewont (north face), Tatra Mountains, Poland, 852 m above Polana Strążyska glade
- Kjerag, Norway 984 m.
- Mięguszowiecki Szczyt north face rises to 1,043 m above Morskie Oko lake level, High Tatras, Poland
- Troll Wall, Norway 1,100 m above base
- Vihren peak north face, Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria 460 m to the (Golemiya Kazan)
- Vratsata, Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park, Bulgaria 400 m [17]
Submarine
- Bouldnor Cliff - the waters of the coast of the Isle of Wight[18]
Oceania
Above Sea
- Ball's Pyramid, a sea stack 562m high and only 200m across at its base
- The Elephant, New Zealand, has cliffs falling approx 1180m into Milford Sound, and a 900m drop in less than 300m horizontally
- Great Australian Bight
- Kalaupapa, Hawaii, 1,010 m above Pacific Ocean
- The Lion, New Zealand, 1,302 m above Milford Sound (drops from approx 1280m to sea level in a very short distance)
- Lovers Leap, Highcliff, and The Chasm, on Otago Peninsula, New Zealand, all 200 to 300 m above the Pacific Ocean
- Mitre Peak, New Zealand, 1,683 m above Milford Sound
- doleritesea cliffs dropping directly to the ocean in columnar form
- The Twelve Apostles (Victoria). A series of sea stacks in Australia, ranging from approximately 50 to 70 m above the Bass Strait
- Zuytdorp Cliffs in Western Australia
Above Land
- Mount Banks in the Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales, Australia: west of its saddle there is a 490 m fall within 100 M horizontally.[19]
As habitat
Cliff landforms provide unique habitat
Flora
The population of the rare
See also
- Cliffed coast
- List of landforms
- Steilhang
- Chink (geology)
References
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1971
- ^ a b "Francia 18/1 (1991)". francia.digitale-sammlungen.de. Archived from the original on 2015-01-29. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
- ISBN 3-87808-936-8
- ^ "Natural world: the solar system: highest cliffs". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
- ^ "Highest Cliffs". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2006-05-02.
- ISBN 9781845933500. Archivedfrom the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ "Planet Fear". Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ "Polar Sun Spire". SummitPost.Org. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ^ "Climbing in Tasermiut". bigwall.dk. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ "The American Alpine Journal" (PDF). 1986. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ "Grande Muralha da Groenlândia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ Jon Roberts: Agdlerussakasit (1750 m), east face, new route on east face; The Butler (900 m) and Mark (900 m), first ascents. American Alpine Journal (AAJ) 2004, pp. 266–267
- ^ "Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland". Geological Survey of Denmark. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Backpacking - Kootenay National Park". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
- ^ "Geology Fieldnotes". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ "Home - South West Coast Path". southwestcoastpath.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-11.
- ^ "BULGARIAN CLIMBING AND MOUNTAINEERING FEDERATION" (PDF).
- ]
- ^ Mount Wilson 1:25000 Map. NSW Govt. May 2014.
- ^ "Abiotic factor". Archived from the original on 2013-06-08.
- PMID 22984539.
External links
- Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. .