Climate change in the United Kingdom
The
Climate change has been discussed by British politicians since the late 20th century, but it has attracted greater political, public and media attention in the UK from the 2000s. Public opinion polls show concern amongst the majority of Britons. The British royal family have also prioritised the issue, with King Charles III having been outspoken "about climate change, pollution and deforestation" for the "last 50 years."[6] Various climate change activism initiatives have taken place in the UK.
Greenhouse gas emissions
In 2021, net
Emissions decreased in the 2010s due to the closure of almost all coal-fired power stations.[9] In 2020 emissions per person were somewhat over 6 tonnes when measured by the international standard production based greenhouse gas inventory,[10] near the global average.[11] But consumption based emissions include GHG due to imports and aviation so are much larger,[12] about 10 tonnes per person per year.[13]
The UK has committed to
Impacts on the natural environment
Temperature and weather changes
The Central England temperature series, recorded since 1659 in the Midlands, shows an observed increase in temperature, consistent with anthropogenic climate change rather than natural climate variability and change.[23] According to the Met Office, climate change will affect the climate of the United Kingdom with warmer and wetter winters and hotter and drier summers. Spanish plumes will continue but bring more intense weather conditions such as hotter summer weather and summer thunderstorms.[24]
By 2014, the United Kingdom's seven warmest and 4 out of its 5 wettest years had occurred between the years of 2000–2014. Higher temperatures increase evaporation and consequently rainfall. In 2014, England recorded its wettest winter in over 250 years with widespread flooding.[25]
In parts of the south east of the UK, the temperature in the hottest days of the year increased by 1 °C per decade in the years 1960 - 2019. The
Extreme weather events
The Met Office outlines that more frequent and intense extreme weather events will affect the UK due to climate change.[24]
Floods
Due to increased rainfall from warmer and wetter winters, increased flooding is expected.[24] An interactive map from the UK government shows areas at risk of flooding.[29]
Heat waves
Sea level rise
Between 1900 and 2022, the UK's sea level rose by 16.5 centimetres (6.5 in). The rate of rise more than doubled between the early 20th and early 21st century to a rate of 3-5.2 millimetres per year.[34] By 2050, it is predicted that around a third of England's coast will be impacted, leading to almost 200,000 homes needing to be abandoned. The most affected regions will be the South West, North West and East Anglia.[35]
Water and drought
Droughts in the United Kingdom are expected to become more severe.[36][37][38] Water quality in rivers and lakes may decline due to higher temperatures, reduced river flows and increased algal blooms in summer, and increased river flows in winter.[39]
Impacts on ecosystems
Warming temperatures are impacting wildlife and plant life. Some species' ranges are shifting north, and Scottish alpine plants have declined.[40] With spring coming earlier each year, many plant and animal species are unable to adapt quickly enough.[34] Birds are impacted by climate change, with warm weather species like cattle egrets and purple herons observed breeding in the UK for the first time in the 2010s, while cold-adapted birds like lapwings have declined.[40] More regular droughts also have cumulative implications for many British species and ecosystems.[41] For example, in 2022, Ouse Washes wetlands was at risk of drying out.[41]
Climate change will also impact
Impacts on people
Economic impacts
According to the Government, the number of households in flood risk will be up to 970,000 homes in the 2020s, up from around 370,000 in January 2012.[43] The effects of flooding and managing flood risk cost the country about £2.2bn a year, compared with the less than £1bn spent on flood protection and management.[44] UK agriculture is also being impacted by drought and weather changes.[45]
In 2020
The British government and the economist
Health impacts
Climate change has significant implications for
Climate change had made
Mitigation and adaptation
Mitigation
In 2019, Prime Minister
Calculations in 2021 indicated that, to give the world a 50% chance of avoiding a temperature rise of 2 degrees or more, the United Kingdom should increase its climate commitments by 17%.[55]: Table 1 For a 95% chance, it should increase the commitments by 58%. To give a 50% chance of staying below 1.5 degrees, the UK should increase its commitments by 97%.[55]
Energy
Under
Renewable energy in the United Kingdom contributes to production for electricity, heat, and transport.
From the mid-1990s, renewable energy began to play a part in the UK's electricity generation, building on a small hydroelectric capacity. Wind power, which is abundant in the UK, has since become the main source of renewable energy. As of 2022[update], renewable sources generated 41.8% of the electricity produced in the UK;[59] around 6% of total UK energy usage. Q4 2022 statistics are similar, with low carbon electricity generation (which includes nuclear) at 57.9% of total electricity generation (same as Q4 2021).[60]
Wind energy production was 26,000 GWh in Q4 2022 (from 2,300 GWh in Q1 2010), and the installed capacity of 29,000 MW (5,000 in 2010)[61] ranked the UK 6th in the world in 2022.
In 2022, bioenergy comprised 63% of the renewable energy sources utilized in the UK, with wind accounting for the majority of the remaining share at 26%, while heat pumps and solar each contributed approximately 4.4%.[59]
Interest has increased in recent years due to UK and EU targets for reductions in carbon emissions, and government incentives for renewable electricity such as theElectric vehicles
Adaptation
The UK Climate Change Risk Assessment sets out the risks facing the UK. It informs the National Adaptation Programme.[66]
The
A systematic review in Climatic Change concluded many households in the UK struggled to achieve long-term adaptive capacity.[68] Increased flood risk has implications for the UK's privatised insurance sector and relevant governance of it.[69] The Bank of England has outlined a policy of maintaining financial stability amid climate change impacts on the UK.[70] The town of Happisburgh, where homes are being affected by coastal erosion and sea level rise, is the location of a "Pathfinder" project where owners of homes about to fall into the sea were offered market prices to relocate inland.[35]
Policies and legislation
The
There is in place national legislation, international agreements and the EU directives. The Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 aimed to boost heat and electricity micro-generation installations in the UK, helping to cut emissions and reduce fuel poverty. The Climate Change Act 2008[73] makes it the duty of the Secretary of State to ensure the net UK carbon account for all six Kyoto greenhouse gases for 2050 is at least 80% lower than 1990. It also created the independent Climate Change Committee to advise the government on policies to reach its goals. The Act made the UK the first country to legally mandate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.[54]
These targets have since been expanded on in the UK’s Sixth Carbon Budget of 2021, which set the targets of reducing carbon emissions by 78% in relation to 1990 levels by 2035, and reaching net zero emissions by 2050.[74]
In May 2019, Parliament approved a motion declaring a
The Health and Care Act 2022 includes a target of carbon neutrality for the National Health Service by 2040, and an 80% reduction in emissions by 2028-32.[77]
The United Kingdom does not have a
International cooperation
British diplomats have been involved in the negotiation of international agreements in
Education
In the United Kingdom, the Teach the Future campaign aims to rapidly repurpose the education system around the climate emergency and ecological crisis;[89] they are cohosted by the UK Student Climate Network and SOS-UK and are in the process of devolving their campaign to Scotland and Northern Ireland from England.
They have 3 asks of the Government[90]
- A government commissioned review into how the English formal education system is preparing students for the climate emergency and ecological crisis
- The inclusion of the climate emergency and ecological crisis in English teaching standards and training
- The enactment of an English Climate Emergency Education Act - the first student written bill in history
Society and culture
Public opinion
By 2021, YouGov recorded that 72% of Britons believe that climate change is caused by human activity, which had increased from 49% in 2013.[91] According to the Office for National Statistics, as of October 2021, 75% of British adults said that they either very or somewhat worried about climate change, whilst 19% were neither worried or unworried. British women were more likely than men to be worried about the impact of climate change, as were younger compared to older age groups.[92]
Politics
In 1989, Margaret Thatcher made two speeches that are considered among the earliest statements by a world leader on climate change.[54]
Climate change has been discussed by members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom; in 2019, Carbon Brief analysed mention of climate change in the UK parliamentary record from Hansard. It found that mention of the "greenhouse effect" and "global warming" had appeared in British parliamentary records since the 1980s, with the term "climate change" used more since the late 1990s. The first mention was by Jestyn Philipps in 1969. It concluded that Labour MPs were the most vocal party on the issue, mentioning climate change 8,463 times, compared to 5,860 by Conservative MPs and 2,426 by Liberal Democrat MPs.[93]
Before 2005 and 2006, climate change received little political attention in the UK.[82] However, between 2006 and 2010, campaigns by environmental non-governmental organization generated attention towards climate change in British media, and it became a bipartisan issue in UK politics.[82] The Climate Change Act 2008 passed with the support of 463 MPs from several political parties, and only 5 against.[54] Under David Cameron, the Conservative Party adopted environmental policies as a means to connect with younger voters, with Cameron's support of the Big Ask campaign being a critical turning point.[54][82] The Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition maintained political momentum on climate policy, but criticism from the political right later weakened Cameron's international leadership on the issue.[82] The Conservatives prioritised the issue during the premiership of Boris Johnson.[94]
Despite shifts in public and political opinion in the 21st century,
Activism and cultural responses
In February 2014 during major flooding the Church of England said that it will pull its investments from companies that fail to do enough to fight the "great demon" of climate change and ignore the church's theological, moral and social priorities.[103] In 2007, a London Live Earth concert took place to raise awareness of climate change[104] and in 2019, numerous musicians, record labels and venues in the British music industry formed environmental pressure group Music Declares Emergency to demand mitigation.[105]
Litigation
In December 2020, three British citizens, Marina Tricks, Adetola Onamade, Jerry Amokwandoh, and the climate litigation charity, Plan B, announced that they were taking legal action against the UK government for failing to take sufficient action to address the climate and ecological crisis.
In 2022, it was claimed in
Media coverage
British
Monarchy
The
By region
London
London is particularly vulnerable to climate change, with concern among hydrological experts that households in the city may run out of water before 2050.[125]
Scotland
Wales
See also
- 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference, a 2009 conference held in Oxford
- A Green New Deal
- Climate change in Europe
- Climate change in Ireland
- Committee on Climate Change
- Environmental effects of aviation in the United Kingdom
- Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom
- Environmental issues in the United Kingdom
- Green Party of England and Wales
- London Climate Change Agency
- Scottish Greens
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External links
- Climate change in the UK at the Met Office website
- UK Climate Change Committee
- United Kingdom Summary | World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal
- What will climate change look like near me? at BBC News
- Climate change insights at the Office for National Statistics
- Adapting to climate change at the UK government website