Climate of Turkey
Turkey's climate is varied and generally temperate, with the regions bordering the Mediterranean and Black Sea heavily affected by the coasts, and the interior being drier and more continental.
Coastal areas in the southern half of the country, including Antalya, İzmir, Adana, feature a very typical Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Coastal areas in the north are cooler and are either humid temperate or sub-Mediterranean, with cool, frequently rainy and occasionally snowy winters, and warm summers.
The lower plateaus of the interior are generally
Dry summers in the south and west, along with moderate aridity in the interior makes the country vulnerable to climate change.
Regions
Mediterranean climates
"True" Mediterranean climate
A "true", or rather
Mountains around the region still show the Mediterranean rainfall pattern, but have mild summers and below-freezing temperatures during winter, creating a zone which may be termed oro-Mediterranean.[1]
Climate data for Antalya (1991–2020, extremes 1930–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
34.9 (94.8) |
34.9 (94.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15.7 (60.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
14.1 (57.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 210.6 (8.29) |
112.7 (4.44) |
94.5 (3.72) |
63.1 (2.48) |
37.0 (1.46) |
10.1 (0.40) |
4.0 (0.16) |
5.0 (0.20) |
22.0 (0.87) |
76.6 (3.02) |
152.2 (5.99) |
262.2 (10.32) |
1,050 (41.34) |
Average precipitation days | 11.50 | 9.60 | 7.60 | 6.43 | 4.97 | 2.13 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 1.93 | 4.87 | 7.07 | 10.00 | 67.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 151.9 | 161.0 | 201.5 | 231.0 | 291.4 | 330.0 | 344.1 | 325.5 | 273.0 | 232.5 | 177.0 | 145.7 | 2,864.6 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[2] |
Pre-Mediterranean climate
A pre-Mediterranean climate (
Climate data for Diyarbakır (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
15.0 (59.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
34.4 (93.9) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.7 (101.7) |
33.4 (92.1) |
25.7 (78.3) |
16.3 (61.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.0 (77.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
9.3 (48.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
2.6 (36.7) |
6.6 (43.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
8.9 (48.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 63.6 (2.50) |
66.8 (2.63) |
67.5 (2.66) |
63.1 (2.48) |
50.0 (1.97) |
10.8 (0.43) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.4 (0.02) |
8.4 (0.33) |
37.3 (1.47) |
54.3 (2.14) |
75.2 (2.96) |
498.4 (19.62) |
Average precipitation days | 11.77 | 11.10 | 12.80 | 12.43 | 11.40 | 3.80 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 2.13 | 7.00 | 8.20 | 11.83 | 93.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 124.0 | 135.6 | 173.6 | 210.0 | 282.1 | 348.0 | 362.7 | 341.0 | 279.0 | 220.1 | 165.0 | 114.7 | 2,755.8 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[4] |
Transitional zone
Marmara dry-summer temperate climate
The climate around the
Its average temperatures range around 12–15 °C (54–59 °F) at sea level. Its summers are generally cool for the Mediterranean, but warm for
Mountains here often quickly transition into
Climate data for Istanbul (normals 1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
14.4 (58.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 96.1 (3.78) |
87.7 (3.45) |
69.8 (2.75) |
45.1 (1.78) |
37.1 (1.46) |
44.7 (1.76) |
36.3 (1.43) |
43.5 (1.71) |
81.3 (3.20) |
98.3 (3.87) |
100.5 (3.96) |
124.8 (4.91) |
865.2 (34.06) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 16.9 | 15.2 | 13.2 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 8.1 | 12.3 | 13.9 | 17.5 | 131.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.2 | 89.6 | 142.6 | 180.0 | 248.0 | 297.6 | 319.3 | 288.3 | 234.0 | 158.1 | 93.0 | 62.0 | 2,180.7 |
Source: [8][9][10] |
Thracian sub-humid climate
Inland regions northwest of the Marmara Sea have a transitional, sub-humid climate (
This area does have similarities to the pre-Mediterranean climate further south, but its lower sunshine, light winter precipitation and milder, wetter summers distinguish the two. The area's thunderstorm season peaks in May and early June, resulting in a slightly earlier season than that of the Marmara Sea.[7]
Climate data for Kırklareli (1991–2020, extremes 1959–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.5 (88.7) |
26.6 (79.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
8.7 (47.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.3 (50.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.1 (35.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.9 (2.44) |
48.3 (1.90) |
48.8 (1.92) |
39.1 (1.54) |
53.6 (2.11) |
56.2 (2.21) |
34.2 (1.35) |
19.1 (0.75) |
39.9 (1.57) |
60.6 (2.39) |
62.4 (2.46) |
61.7 (2.43) |
585.8 (23.06) |
Average precipitation days | 9.93 | 8.73 | 10.20 | 10.50 | 10.43 | 9.07 | 5.67 | 3.67 | 5.70 | 8.67 | 9.07 | 11.13 | 102.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71.3 | 81.9 | 130.2 | 165.0 | 226.3 | 234.0 | 266.6 | 266.6 | 189.0 | 136.4 | 90.0 | 65.1 | 1,922.4 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[11] |
Humid maritime climates
Western Pontic climate
A mild, humid temperate climate (
Its average temperatures range around 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) at sea level, with summer means around 20–23 °C (68–73 °F) and winter means around 4–6 °C (39–43 °F). Rainfall is well-distributed and quite frequent, generally around 900–1,500 millimetres (35–59 in) with a spring drying pattern, instead of a summer-dry one. Winter snowfall is about the same amount as the Marmara region, but winter means are raised by Foehn winds.
Climate data for Zonguldak (1991–2020, extremes 1939–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
15.2 (59.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 127.7 (5.03) |
93.9 (3.70) |
96.4 (3.80) |
57.1 (2.25) |
59.5 (2.34) |
83.0 (3.27) |
69.7 (2.74) |
81.6 (3.21) |
125.9 (4.96) |
147.5 (5.81) |
134.5 (5.30) |
161.8 (6.37) |
1,238.6 (48.76) |
Average precipitation days | 18.13 | 15.93 | 15.60 | 12.73 | 11.37 | 9.33 | 7.17 | 7.03 | 10.17 | 12.80 | 13.60 | 18.30 | 152.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.0 | 73.5 | 108.5 | 153.0 | 195.3 | 243.0 | 275.9 | 257.3 | 189.0 | 130.2 | 90.0 | 65.1 | 1,842.8 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[12] |
Central Pontic climate
In sheltered locations around Sinop and Samsun, the climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf) is noticeably drier and warmer than the Western Pontic zone, but somewhat cooler, and much drier than the Eastern Pontic zone. Meso-Mediterranean vegetation resurfaces here, and coexists with broadleaf forest.[1] Average temperatures range around 13–15 °C (55–59 °F), with summer means around 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and winter means around 6–8 °C (43–46 °F). Rainfall follows the general distribution of the region, but the area is less humid than expected in all seasons.
Climate data for Sinop (1991–2020, extremes 1936–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.9 (62.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) |
4.4 (39.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 73.4 (2.89) |
54.4 (2.14) |
60.1 (2.37) |
37.3 (1.47) |
34.5 (1.36) |
39.1 (1.54) |
35.5 (1.40) |
37.2 (1.46) |
74.6 (2.94) |
94.4 (3.72) |
82.9 (3.26) |
104.4 (4.11) |
727.8 (28.65) |
Average precipitation days | 15.80 | 13.00 | 13.77 | 11.37 | 10.17 | 8.47 | 5.83 | 6.30 | 10.10 | 12.73 | 12.17 | 16.13 | 135.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.0 | 76.3 | 117.8 | 159.0 | 186.0 | 234.0 | 269.7 | 248.0 | 183.0 | 124.0 | 87.0 | 58.9 | 1,805.7 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[13] |
Eastern Pontic climate
As the Black Sea coast assumes a southwest-northeast direction once again, rainfall increases, and forms the near-subtropical, extremely humid climate (
Mountains in this region have a perhumid,
Climate data for Rize (1991–2020, extremes 1928–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.2 (68.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
28.1 (82.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
6.8 (44.2) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
17.5 (63.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 223.1 (8.78) |
170.5 (6.71) |
154.0 (6.06) |
90.5 (3.56) |
96.6 (3.80) |
148.4 (5.84) |
163.4 (6.43) |
192.5 (7.58) |
265.1 (10.44) |
307.3 (12.10) |
246.0 (9.69) |
252.1 (9.93) |
2,309.5 (90.93) |
Average precipitation days | 15.53 | 14.43 | 16.83 | 15.63 | 15.73 | 15.97 | 14.37 | 15.10 | 15.27 | 15.73 | 13.60 | 15.27 | 183.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.0 | 84.8 | 114.7 | 144.0 | 179.8 | 195.0 | 176.7 | 161.2 | 156.0 | 127.1 | 87.0 | 58.9 | 1,547.2 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[16] |
Continental climates
Pre-Pontic sub-humid continental climate
Between the humid Pontic climate and semi-arid conditions further inland, a sub-humid to humid continental climate (Turkish: Karadeniz sâhil ardı iklimi, lit. 'Pre-Pontic climate',[3] Köppen: Dfb, Trewartha: Dc) exists, most notably near Kastamonu. Average temperatures range around 8–11 °C (46–52 °F), with means of 18–21 °C (64–70 °F) during the hottest month and winter means just below the freezing mark. Rainfall is around 500 millimetres (20 in), with a spring storm season.
Climate data for Kastamonu (1991–2020, extremes 1930–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
24.6 (76.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
4.8 (40.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
0.7 (33.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
4.5 (40.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 29.4 (1.16) |
28.1 (1.11) |
38.5 (1.52) |
50.5 (1.99) |
77.9 (3.07) |
89.6 (3.53) |
36.0 (1.42) |
38.2 (1.50) |
38.7 (1.52) |
34.8 (1.37) |
27.5 (1.08) |
36.1 (1.42) |
525.3 (20.68) |
Average precipitation days | 11.20 | 10.30 | 11.87 | 13.13 | 15.23 | 12.70 | 6.90 | 6.53 | 7.37 | 9.87 | 8.97 | 11.37 | 125.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.0 | 96.1 | 127.1 | 162.0 | 198.4 | 222.0 | 272.8 | 266.6 | 192.0 | 148.8 | 105.0 | 55.8 | 1,908.6 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[17] |
Northeastern high-continental climate
In the far-northeast of the country, often in elevations above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), the summerly drying trend is no longer observed, and a unique, high-continental climate (Köppen: Dfb/Dfc, Trewartha: Dc/Ec) forms near Kars and Ardahan. Here, average temperatures are generally just above the freezing mark, while summers average around 15 °C (59 °F). Winters are the most severe in the country, with lows routinely below −18 °C (0 °F). Rainfall is generally around 500–700 millimetres (20–28 in) with an early-summer wet season.
Climate data for Ardahan (1991–2020, extremes 1958–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.3 (13.5) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24.0 (0.94) |
21.7 (0.85) |
37.0 (1.46) |
54.2 (2.13) |
85.2 (3.35) |
101.7 (4.00) |
77.2 (3.04) |
64.8 (2.55) |
38.9 (1.53) |
41.1 (1.62) |
29.9 (1.18) |
24.7 (0.97) |
600.4 (23.64) |
Average precipitation days | 7.80 | 7.97 | 10.33 | 14.23 | 17.97 | 15.50 | 12.97 | 12.00 | 9.47 | 10.87 | 7.93 | 8.03 | 135.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 80.6 | 104.5 | 155.0 | 153.0 | 195.3 | 234.0 | 257.3 | 251.1 | 213.0 | 164.3 | 111.0 | 77.5 | 1,996.6 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[18] |
Orographic rain-belt continental climate
On the foothills of the Anti-Taurus and Zagros Mountains, south of the Armenian highlands and, in general, near the continental foothills of the southern Alpide belt in Turkey, an orographically-induced rainbelt forms a Mediterranean-influenced continental climate (Köppen: Dsa/Dsb, Trewartha: Dc), high in precipitation. Temperatures average around 8–12 °C (46–54 °F) with winter means around −3 °C (27 °F) and summer temperatures averaging between 21–25 °C (70–77 °F). Precipitation is heaviest in early-spring, with totals above 800 millimetres (31 in). Winters are very snowy. Despite this high precipitation, summer aridity keep the vegetation of the area pre-steppic.[19]
Climate data for Bitlis (1991–2020, extremes 1959–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
7.9 (46.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
0.9 (33.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.5 (16.7) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 161.0 (6.34) |
114.3 (4.50) |
170.0 (6.69) |
136.6 (5.38) |
105.7 (4.16) |
14.6 (0.57) |
11.1 (0.44) |
6.1 (0.24) |
27.9 (1.10) |
89.0 (3.50) |
86.8 (3.42) |
123.5 (4.86) |
1,046.6 (41.20) |
Average precipitation days | 13.55 | 11.55 | 13.73 | 13.09 | 14.00 | 5.09 | 2.45 | 1.09 | 2.55 | 8.82 | 9.36 | 12.45 | 107.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 74.4 | 96.1 | 158.1 | 177.0 | 229.4 | 279.0 | 303.8 | 300.7 | 276.0 | 167.4 | 87.0 | 62.0 | 2,210.9 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[20][21] |
Semi-arid continental climate
In drier areas of Central and Eastern Anatolia, a semi-arid, occasionally sub-humid climate (Köppen: BSk/Dsa, Trewartha: BS/Dc) takes hold, due to extensive rain-shadowing from all sides. Here, summer means range around 22–25 °C (72–77 °F), while winter means are around freezing, averaging out to around 10–13 °C (50–55 °F). Precipitation is scarce at around 300–400 millimetres (12–16 in), and heaviest in late-spring.
Climate data for Konya (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.9 (87.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
1.3 (34.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.5 (34.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
0.2 (32.4) |
4.4 (39.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
7.0 (44.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 35.9 (1.41) |
23.1 (0.91) |
27.4 (1.08) |
34.2 (1.35) |
38.2 (1.50) |
27.8 (1.09) |
6.5 (0.26) |
6.5 (0.26) |
15.9 (0.63) |
29.7 (1.17) |
34.5 (1.36) |
45.6 (1.80) |
325.3 (12.81) |
Average precipitation days | 10.53 | 8.97 | 9.80 | 10.83 | 12.47 | 8.10 | 3.00 | 2.63 | 4.40 | 7.27 | 7.13 | 10.10 | 95.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 105.4 | 138.4 | 195.3 | 216.0 | 269.7 | 309.0 | 344.1 | 334.8 | 291.0 | 235.6 | 159.0 | 102.3 | 2,700.6 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[22] |
Climate change
Droughts and heatwaves are the main hazards due to the climate of Turkey getting hotter.[26][27] The temperature has risen by more than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F),[28][24] and there is more extreme weather.[29]
Current
TheSee also
References and notes
- ^ a b c d e f Biltekin, Demet. "Vegetation and Climate of North Anatolian and North Aegean Region Since 7 Ma According to Pollen Analysis". HAL.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ a b Mızrak, Gürbüz. Türkiye İklim Bölgeleri ve Haritası.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ a b Sensoy, Ferhat; Demircan, Mesut; Ulupınar, Yusuf; Balta, İzzet. "Türkiye İklimi" (PDF). Turkish State Meteorological Service: 5. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ "G30: West Euxinian sessile oak-Balkan oak forests (Quercus frainetto, Quercus iberica, partly with Quercus hartwissiana) with Mespilus germanica, Sesleria alba | Sites | Recent | IPR database". iprdatabase.eu. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ ISSN 0894-8755.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler". mgm.gov.tr. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
- ^ "Rivista Ligure di Meteorologia 44 - La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo". www.nimbus.it. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Giresun". MGM.
- ^ "C45: West Low Caucasian krummholz and open woodlands (Betula litwinowii, Fagus sylvatica subsp. orientalis, Acer trautvetteri) with Quercus pontica, Betula medwediewii, scrub (Rhododendron caucasicum) with Rhododendron ungernii, tall-herb communities (Ligusticum alatum, Milium schmidtianum) with Heracleum cyclocarpum, Heracleum mantegazzianum and grasslands (Agrostis planifolia, Geranium platypetalum) with Euphorbia oblongifolia, Astragalus bachmarensis | Sites | Recent | IPR database". iprdatabase.eu. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- .
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3b0aee4a-20c6-4400-b356-bd0b4e75cbe5
- ^ a b Tridimas, Beatrice (2023-09-25). "Turkey's fishermen fight to save wetlands as water scarcity bites". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
- S2CID 252081287.
- S2CID 198403431, retrieved 2023-11-30
- S2CID 233313907.
- .
- ^ "'Climate change leading to extreme weather events in Türkiye'". Hürriyet Daily News. 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
- ^ "Each Country's Share of CO2 Emissions". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ^ Ergur, Semih (2023-05-12). "Turkey Spent Over $200,000,000 in Fossil Fuel Subsidies in 2022". Climate Scorecard. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ "Fossil Fuel Support - TUR". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2021". Turkish Statistical Institute. 2023-03-29.
- ^ "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ "T.C.CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI : "2053 yılı itibarıyla net sıfır emisyon hedefini gerçekleştirmeyi öngörüyoruz"". www.tccb.gov.tr. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ^ "Climate Law On Its Way In Türkiye - Climate Change - European Union". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
- ^ https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20240329-10031356.pdf