Geography of Turkmenistan
The geographic coordinates are between 35°08' and 42°48' north latitude, 52°27' and 66°41' east longitude. Its longest border is with the Caspian Sea (1,786 km (1,110 mi)).[1] The other borders are with Iran (to the south, 992 km (616 mi)), Afghanistan (to the south, 744 km (462 mi)), Uzbekistan (to the north and east, 1,621 km (1,007 mi)) and Kazakhstan (to the north, 379 km (235 mi)).[1] Turkmenistan is slightly larger than Cameroon in territory, occupying 491,120 square kilometres (189,620 sq mi).[1] By area, Turkmenistan ranks fourth among the former Soviet republics, after Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.[1] The country's greatest extent from west to east is 1,100 km (680 mi), and its greatest north-to-south distance is 650 km (400 mi).[1]
40°00′N 60°00′E / 40.000°N 60.000°E
Physical features
Terrain of Turkmenistan consists of a flat-to-rolling sandy
Turkmenistan's average elevation is 100–220 meters (330–720 ft) above sea level, with its highest point being
Turkmenistan's mountains include 600 km (370 mi) of the northern reaches of the Kopet Dag Range, which it shares with Iran.
A dominant feature of the republic's landscape is the Garagum Desert (also known as
Climate
Turkmenistan has a
On 28 July 1983, Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, south of Türkmenabat, recorded a temperature of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Turkmenistan.[4][5]
Examples
Climate data for Ashgabat (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
32.6 (90.7) |
38.6 (101.5) |
39.6 (103.3) |
45.6 (114.1) |
47.2 (117.0) |
46.8 (116.2) |
45.7 (114.3) |
45.4 (113.7) |
40.1 (104.2) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.1 (91.6) |
47.2 (117.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
36.2 (97.2) |
38.4 (101.1) |
37.2 (99.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
29.6 (85.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
17.1 (62.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.1 (−11.4) |
−20.8 (−5.4) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
1.3 (34.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−24.1 (−11.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 21 (0.8) |
33 (1.3) |
42 (1.7) |
33 (1.3) |
23 (0.9) |
8 (0.3) |
3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
12 (0.5) |
23 (0.9) |
18 (0.7) |
221 (8.7) |
Average rainy days | 9 | 9 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 90 |
Average snowy days | 5 | 5 | 1 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1 | 3 | 15 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
78 | 72 | 66 | 58 | 47 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 40 | 54 | 68 | 77 | 55 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 112.7 | 119.4 | 146.2 | 194.4 | 275.1 | 335.5 | 353.8 | 348.1 | 289.2 | 216.8 | 157.2 | 104.4 | 2,652.8 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[6] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (Sunshine hours 1961–1990)[7] |
Climate data for Turkmenbashi (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
40.7 (105.3) |
43.3 (109.9) |
44.7 (112.5) |
44.5 (112.1) |
43.5 (110.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
44.7 (112.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
8.7 (47.7) |
13.1 (55.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
25.8 (78.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
34.6 (94.3) |
34.5 (94.1) |
29.3 (84.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.1 (48.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
25.1 (77.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.0 (82.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
3.2 (37.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −21.5 (−6.7) |
−21.9 (−7.4) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
0.9 (33.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−21.9 (−7.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12 (0.5) |
13 (0.5) |
17 (0.7) |
16 (0.6) |
9 (0.4) |
3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
5 (0.2) |
5 (0.2) |
11 (0.4) |
19 (0.7) |
14 (0.6) |
126 (5.0) |
Average rainy days | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 70 |
Average snowy days | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76 | 72 | 68 | 63 | 56 | 50 | 49 | 44 | 46 | 58 | 72 | 75 | 61 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 136.6 | 139.0 | 172.6 | 227.0 | 303.2 | 347.0 | 344.0 | 330.2 | 294.1 | 228.8 | 161.9 | 124.0 | 2,808.4 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [8] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[9] |
Climate data for Balkanabat | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
30.3 (86.5) |
35.4 (95.7) |
38.1 (100.6) |
37.2 (99.0) |
31.9 (89.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.1 (88.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
17.5 (63.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 11 (0.4) |
14 (0.6) |
21 (0.8) |
19 (0.7) |
17 (0.7) |
5 (0.2) |
8 (0.3) |
2 (0.1) |
4 (0.2) |
12 (0.5) |
14 (0.6) |
16 (0.6) |
143 (5.6) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 51 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
68 | 63 | 56 | 50 | 43 | 38 | 41 | 34 | 34 | 46 | 58 | 70 | 50 |
Source: NOAA[10] |
Climate data for Türkmenabat | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) |
28.4 (83.1) |
33.9 (93.0) |
40.3 (104.5) |
42.2 (108.0) |
44.0 (111.2) |
46.2 (115.2) |
43.0 (109.4) |
40.4 (104.7) |
35.6 (96.1) |
31.3 (88.3) |
25.7 (78.3) |
46.2 (115.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
30.4 (86.7) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.4 (97.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
29.7 (85.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
27.6 (81.7) |
29.3 (84.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
3.6 (38.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.5 (67.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −23.8 (−10.8) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
0.8 (33.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−23.4 (−10.1) |
−23.8 (−10.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 19 (0.7) |
17.4 (0.69) |
26.7 (1.05) |
22.4 (0.88) |
10.4 (0.41) |
1.5 (0.06) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.5 (0.02) |
4.6 (0.18) |
9.8 (0.39) |
16.1 (0.63) |
129.5 (5.05) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.3 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 38.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76.9 | 69.6 | 59.4 | 51.4 | 43.1 | 36.0 | 37.4 | 38.1 | 43.3 | 54.4 | 69.3 | 77.2 | 54.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 131.8 | 153.2 | 197.6 | 242.1 | 330.3 | 384.5 | 395.3 | 379.1 | 322.7 | 267.7 | 193.7 | 132.0 | 3,130 |
Source 1: climatebase.ru[11] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (1961-1990)[12][13] |
Climate data for Erbent (1961–1990 normals) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.5 (41.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.1 (102.4) |
37.2 (99.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
24.1 (75.4) |
29.8 (85.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
8.5 (47.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13 (0.5) |
11 (0.4) |
22 (0.9) |
22 (0.9) |
13 (0.5) |
4 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
1 (0.0) |
2 (0.1) |
6 (0.2) |
10 (0.4) |
13 (0.5) |
119 (4.7) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 42 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
73 | 63 | 54 | 46 | 33 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 30 | 43 | 59 | 74 | 46 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 137.4 | 155.1 | 198.9 | 228.9 | 306.4 | 363.3 | 376.3 | 367.0 | 321.9 | 249.0 | 187.6 | 131.0 | 3,022.8 |
Source: NOAA[14] |
Hydrological conditions
Almost 80% of the territory of Turkmenistan lacks a constant source of surface water flow.
Environmental issues
Background
Since the
Current environmental issues
Contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-saturation of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
International environmental agreements
- Party to
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
- Signed, but not ratified
- none of the selected agreements
Desertification
According to estimates, as a result of desertification processes and pollution, biological productivity of the ecological systems in Turkmenistan has declined by 30% to 50% in recent decades.
The most irreparable type of desertification is the
The type of desertification caused by year-round pasturing of cattle has been termed the most devastating in Central Asia, with the gravest situations in Turkmenistan and the
The Aral Sea
Turkmenistan both contributes to and suffers from the consequences of the desiccation of the
Chemical pollution
The most productive cotton lands in Turkmenistan (the middle and lower Amu Darya and the Murgap oasis) receive as much as 250 kilograms of fertilizer per hectare (220 lb/acre), compared with the average application of thirty kilograms per hectare (27 lb/acre).[1] Furthermore, most fertilizers are so poorly applied that experts have estimated that only 15–40% of the chemicals can be absorbed by cotton plants, while the remainder washes into the soil, and subsequently into the groundwater.[1] Cotton also uses far more pesticides and defoliants than other crops, and application of these chemicals often is mishandled by farmers.[1] For example, local herdsmen, unaware of the danger of DDT, have reportedly mixed the pesticide with water and applied it to their faces to keep away mosquitoes.[1] In the late 1980s, a drive began in Central Asia to reduce agrochemical usage.[1] In Turkmenistan the campaign reduced fertilizer use 30% between 1988 and 1989.[1] In the early 1990s, the use of some pesticides and defoliants declined drastically because of the country's shortage of hard currency.[1]
Methane leaks
The value of
Area and boundaries
- Area
-
- total: 488,100 km2 (188,500 sq mi)
- country rank in the world: 52nd
- land: 469,130 km2 (181,130 sq mi)
- water: 18,170 km2 (7,020 sq mi)
- total: 488,100 km2 (188,500 sq mi)
- Area — comparative
-
- slightly larger than Cameroon
- Australia comparative: slightly less than half the size of South Australia
- Canada comparative: slightly larger than the Yukon
- United Kingdom comparative: approximately twice the size of the United Kingdom
- United States comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Wyoming
- EU comparative: slightly smaller than Spain
- Land boundaries
-
- total: 3,736 km (2,321 mi)
- border countries: Afghanistan 744 km (462 mi), Iran 992 km (616 mi), Kazakhstan 379 km (235 mi), Uzbekistan 1,621 km (1,007 mi)
- total: 3,736 km (2,321 mi)
- Coastline
-
- 0 km
- Note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea. Its coastline with the Caspian Sea is 1,768 km (1,099 mi).
- 0 km
- Maritime claims
- none (landlocked)
Resources
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
Land use:
arable land: 3.89%
permanent crops: 0.12%
other: 95.98% (2011)
Irrigated land: 19,910 km2 (7,690 sq mi) (2006)
Total renewable water resources: 24.77 km2 (9.56 sq mi) (2011)
References
- ^ OCLC 36364151. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.)
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link - ^ a b "The Central Asian Republics: Ultra-Prominence Page". Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ "Natural conditions in Turkmenistan".
- ^ "Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2015. pp. 12–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ "Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan". Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2000. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ Погода и Климат (in Russian). Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ^ "Ashgabat Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ^ "Weather and Climate- The Climate of Turkmenbashi" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
- ^ "Turkmenbashy Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
- ^ "Nebitdag (Balkanabat) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "Chardzhou, Turkmenistan". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Climate Normals for Charjew". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "38687: Chardzhev (Turkmenistan)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "Yerbent (Erbent) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas". BBC News. 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.