Clint Eastwood
Clint Eastwood | |
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30th Mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea | |
In office April 8, 1986 – April 12, 1988 | |
Preceded by | Charlotte Townsend[1] |
Succeeded by | Jean Grace[2] |
Personal details | |
Born | Clinton Eastwood Jr. May 31, 1930 San Francisco, California, U.S. |
Political party | Libertarian (2008–present)[3] |
Other political affiliations |
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Spouses |
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Children | At least 8,[a] including Kyle, Alison, Scott and Francesca |
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Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch/service | United States Army |
Years of service | 1951–1953 |
Musical career | |
Genres | |
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Years active | 1963–present |
Labels | Warner Bros. |
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Clinton Eastwood Jr. (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor and film director. After achieving success in the Western TV series Rawhide, Eastwood rose to international fame with his role as the "Man with No Name" in Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy of spaghetti Westerns during the mid-1960s and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five Dirty Harry films throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These roles, among others, have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity.[6][7] Elected in 1986, Eastwood served for two years as the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.
Eastwood's greatest commercial successes are the adventure comedy Every Which Way but Loose (1978) and its action comedy sequel Any Which Way You Can (1980).[8] Other popular Eastwood films include the Westerns Hang 'Em High (1968), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) and Pale Rider (1985), the action-war film Where Eagles Dare (1968), the prison film Escape from Alcatraz (1979), the war film Heartbreak Ridge (1986), the action film In the Line of Fire (1993), and the romantic drama The Bridges of Madison County (1995). More recent works include Gran Torino (2008), The Mule (2018), and Cry Macho (2021). Since 1967, Eastwood's company Malpaso Productions has produced all but four of his American films.
An Academy Award nominee for
Eastwood's accolades include four Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, three César Awards, and an AFI Life Achievement Award. In 2000, he received the Italian Venice Film Festival's Golden Lion award, honoring his lifetime achievements. Bestowed two of France's highest civilian honors, he received the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1994, and the Legion of Honour in 2007.
Early life
Eastwood was born on May 31, 1930, at Saint Francis Memorial Hospital in San Francisco, to Ruth (née Runner; 1909–2006) and Clinton Eastwood (1906–1970). During her son's fame, Ruth was known by the surname of her second husband, John Belden Wood (1913–2004), whom she married after the death of Clinton Sr.[9] Eastwood was nicknamed "Samson" by hospital nurses because he weighed 11 pounds 6 ounces (5.2 kg) at birth.[10][11] He has a younger sister, Jeanne Bernhardt (b. 1934).[12] He is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry.[13] Eastwood is descended from Mayflower passenger William Bradford, and through this line is the 12th generation born in North America.[14][15][16] His family relocated three times during the 1930s as his father changed occupations.[17][18] Contrary to what Eastwood has indicated in media interviews, they did not move between 1940 and 1949.[19][20] Settling in Piedmont, California, the Eastwoods lived in an affluent area of the town, had a swimming pool, belonged to a country club, and each parent drove their own car.[21] Eastwood's father was a manufacturing executive at Georgia-Pacific for most of his working life.[22] As Clint and Jeanne grew older, Ruth took a clerical job at IBM.[23]
Eastwood attended Piedmont Middle School,[24] where he was held back due to poor academic scores, and records indicated he also had to attend summer school.[19] From January 1945 until at least January 1946, he attended Piedmont High School, but was asked to leave for writing an obscene suggestion to a school official on the athletic field scoreboard and burning an effigy on the school lawn, on top of other school infractions.[25] He transferred to Oakland Technical High School and was scheduled to graduate mid-year in January 1949, although it is not clear if he did.[20] "Clint graduated from the airplane shop. I think that was his major", joked classmate Don Kincade.[20] Another high school friend, Don Loomis, echoed "I don't think he was spending that much time at school because he was having a pretty good time elsewhere."[20] Fritz Manes, a boyhood friend two years younger than Eastwood, said "I think what happened is he just went off and started having a good time. I just don't think he finished high school."[20] Biographer Patrick McGilligan notes that high school graduation records are a matter of strict legal confidentiality.[20] According to the author, Eastwood's school principal had to call his management first before deciding whether to be interviewed, and "whoever answered the phone at Malpaso advised him against talking to me, and he didn't".[26]
Eastwood held a number of jobs, including lifeguard, paper carrier, grocery clerk, forest firefighter, and golf caddy.[27] Eastwood said that he tried to enroll at Seattle University in 1951,[28] but instead was drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War.[29] "He always dropped the Korean War reference, hoping everyone would conclude that he was in combat and might be some sort of hero. Actually, he'd been a lifeguard at Fort Ord in northern California for his entire stint in the military", said Eastwood's former longtime companion Sondra Locke.[21] Don Loomis recalled hearing that Eastwood was romancing one of the daughters of a Fort Ord officer, who might have been entreated to watch out for him when names came up for postings.[30] While returning from a prearranged tryst[30] in Seattle, he was a passenger on a Douglas AD bomber that ran out of fuel and crashed into the ocean near Point Reyes.[31][32] Using a life raft, he and the pilot swam 2 miles (3.2 km) to safety.[33] Eastwood was discharged in February 1953.[34]
Career
1954–1962: acting debut and Rawhide
According to a CBS press release for
In May 1954, Eastwood made his first real audition for Six Bridges to Cross, but was rejected by Joseph Pevney.[39] After many unsuccessful auditions, he was eventually given a minor role by director Jack Arnold in Revenge of the Creature (1955), a sequel to the recently released Creature from the Black Lagoon.[40] In September 1954, Eastwood worked for three weeks on Arthur Lubin's Lady Godiva of Coventry, won a role in February 1955, playing "Jonesy", a sailor in Francis in the Navy and appeared uncredited in another Jack Arnold film, Tarantula, where he played a squadron pilot.[41][42] In May 1955, Eastwood put four hours' work into the film Never Say Goodbye and had a minor uncredited role as a ranch hand (his first western film) in August 1955 with Law Man, also known as Star in the Dust.[43] Universal presented him with his first television role on July 2, 1955, on NBC's Allen in Movieland, which starred comedian Steve Allen, actor Tony Curtis, and swing musician Benny Goodman.[44] Although he continued to develop as an actor, Universal terminated his contract on October 23, 1955.[45]
Eastwood joined the Marsh Agency, and although Lubin landed him his biggest role to date in The First Traveling Saleslady (1956) and later hired him for Escapade in Japan (1957), without a formal contract, Eastwood was struggling.[46] On his financial advisor Irving Leonard's advice, he switched to the Kumin-Olenick Agency in 1956 and Mitchell Gertz in 1957. He landed several small roles in 1956 as a temperamental army officer for a segment of ABC's Reader's Digest series, and as a motorcycle gang member on a Highway Patrol episode.[46] In 1957, Eastwood played a cadet in West Point series and a suicidal gold prospector on Death Valley Days.[47]
In 1958, he played a Navy lieutenant in a segment of Navy Log and in early 1959 made a notable guest appearance as Red Hardigan on Maverick opposite James Garner as a cowardly villain intent on marrying a rich girl for money.[47] Eastwood had a small part as an aviator in Lafayette Escadrille (1958) and played a major role as an ex-renegade of the Confederacy in Ambush at Cimarron Pass (also 1958): a film that Eastwood considers the low point of his career.[48][49][50]
In 1958, Eastwood was cast as Rowdy Yates in the CBS hour-long western series
1963–1969: spaghetti Westerns and stardom
In late 1963, Eastwood's Rawhide co-star Eric Fleming rejected an offer to star in an Italian-made western called A Fistful of Dollars (1964), filmed in a remote region of Spain by a relatively unknown director, Sergio Leone.[60] Richard Harrison suggested Eastwood to Leone because Harrison knew that Eastwood could play a cowboy convincingly. Eastwood thought the film would be an opportunity to escape from his Rawhide image. He signed a contract for $15,000 in wages for eleven weeks' work, with a bonus of a Mercedes-Benz automobile upon completion.[61][62] Eastwood later said of the transition from a TV western to A Fistful of Dollars: "In Rawhide I did get awfully tired of playing the conventional white hat. The hero who kisses old ladies and dogs and was kind to everybody. I decided it was time to be an antihero."[63] Eastwood was instrumental in creating the Man with No Name character's distinctive visual style and, although a non-smoker, Leone insisted Eastwood smoke cigars as an essential ingredient of the "mask" he was attempting to create for the character.[64]
A Fistful of Dollars proved a landmark in the development of
In January 1966, Eastwood met producer Dino De Laurentiis in New York City and agreed to star in a non-Western five-part anthology production, The Witches (Le Streghe, 1967), opposite De Laurentiis's wife, Silvana Mangano.[67] Eastwood's 19-minute installment took only a few days to shoot, but his performance did not please critics; one wrote, "no other performance of his is quite so 'un-Clintlike'".[68]
Two months later Eastwood began work on The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, again playing the mysterious Man with No Name. Lee Van Cleef returned as a ruthless fortune seeker, with Eli Wallach portraying the Mexican bandit Tuco Ramirez. The storyline involved the search for a cache of Confederate gold buried in a cemetery. During the filming of a scene in which a bridge was blown up, Eastwood urged Wallach to retreat to a hilltop. "I know about these things", he said. "Stay as far away from special effects and explosives as you can."[69] Minutes later, confusion among the crew over the word "Vaya!" resulted in a premature explosion that could have killed Wallach.[69]
I wanted to play it with an economy of words and create this whole feeling through attitude and movement. It was just the kind of character I had envisioned for a long time, keep to the mystery and allude to what happened in the past. It came about after the frustration of doing Rawhide for so long. I felt the less he said, the stronger he became and the more he grew in the imagination of the audience.
— Eastwood, on playing the Man with No Name character[70]
The Dollars trilogy was not released in the United States until 1967, when A Fistful of Dollars opened on January 18, followed by For a Few Dollars More on May 10, and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly on December 29.
Stardom brought Eastwood more roles. He signed to star in the American
Before Hang 'Em High's release, Eastwood had already begun working on Coogan's Bluff (1968), about an Arizona deputy sheriff tracking a wanted psychopathic criminal (Don Stroud) through New York City. He was reunited with Universal Studios for it after receiving an offer of $1 million – more than double his previous salary.[81] Jennings Lang arranged for Eastwood to meet Don Siegel, a Universal contract director who later became Eastwood's close friend, forming a partnership that would last more than ten years and produce five films.[82] Shooting began in November 1967, before the script had been finalized.[83] The film was controversial for its portrayal of violence.[84][85] Coogan's Bluff also became the first collaboration with Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin, who scored several Eastwood films in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Dirty Harry films.[86]
Eastwood was paid $750,000 for the war epic
Eastwood then branched out to star in the only musical of his career, Paint Your Wagon (1969). Eastwood and Lee Marvin play gold miners who buy a Mormon settler's less favored wife (Jean Seberg) at an auction. Bad weather and delays plagued the production, and the film's budget eventually exceeded $20 million, which was high for the time.[89] The film was not a critical or commercial success, but was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.[90]
1970–1989: directorial debut and Dirty Harry
Eastwood starred with
Eastwood's career reached a turning point in 1971.
I know what you're thinking – "Did he fire six shots or only five?" Well, to tell you the truth, in all this excitement, I've kinda lost track myself. But, being as this is a .44 Magnum, the most powerful handgun in the world and would blow your head clean off, you've got to ask yourself one question: "Do I feel lucky?" Well, do you, punk?
— Eastwood, in Dirty Harry
Following
Eastwood's first western as director was
Eastwood next turned his attention towards Breezy (1973), a film about love blossoming between a middle-aged man and a teenage girl. During casting for the film Eastwood met Sondra Locke for the first time, an actress who would play major roles in six of his films over the next ten years and become an important figure in his life.[127] Kay Lenz got the part of Breezy because Locke, at 29, was nearly twice the character's age.[b] The film, shot very quickly and efficiently by Eastwood and Frank Stanley, came in $1 million under budget and was finished three days ahead of schedule.[130] Breezy was not a major critical or commercial success.[9]
Once filming of Breezy had finished, Warners announced that Eastwood had agreed to reprise his role as Callahan in Magnum Force (1973), a sequel to Dirty Harry, about a group of rogue young officers (among them David Soul, Robert Urich, and Tim Matheson) in the San Francisco Police Department who systematically exterminate the city's worst criminals.[131] Although the film was a major success after release, grossing $58.1 million in the United States (a record for Eastwood), it was not a critical success.[132][133] The New York Times critic Nora Sayre panned the often contradictory moral themes of the film, while the paper's Frank Rich called it "the same old stuff".[133]
Eastwood teamed up with Jeff Bridges and George Kennedy in the buddy action caper Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974), a road movie about a veteran bank robber Thunderbolt (Eastwood) and a young con man drifter, Lightfoot (Bridges). On its release, in spring 1974, the film was praised for its offbeat comedy mixed with high suspense and tragedy but was only a modest success at the box office, earning $32.4 million.[134] Eastwood's acting was noted by critics, but was overshadowed by Bridges who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Eastwood reportedly fumed at the lack of Academy Award recognition for him and swore that he would never work for United Artists again.[134][135]
Eastwood's next film
Eastwood was then offered the role of
Eastwood directed and starred in The Gauntlet (1977) opposite Locke, Pat Hingle, William Prince, Bill McKinney, and Mara Corday. In this film, he portrays a down-and-out cop assigned to escort a prostitute from Las Vegas to Phoenix to testify against the mob. Although a moderate hit with the viewing public, critics had mixed feelings about the film, with many believing it was overly violent. Ebert, in contrast, gave the film three stars and called it "classic Clint Eastwood: fast, furious, and funny".[152] In Every Which Way but Loose (1978), he had an uncharacteristic offbeat comedy role. His character, Philo Beddoe, is a trucker and brawler who roams the American West searching for a lost love (Locke) accompanied by his best friend, Orville Boggs (played by Geoffrey Lewis) and an orangutan called Clyde. The film proved surprisingly successful upon its release and became Eastwood's most commercially successful film up to that time. Panned by critics, it ranked high among the box-office successes of his career and was the second-highest-grossing film of 1978.[153]
Eastwood starred in
Eastwood directed and played the title role in Bronco Billy (1980), alongside Locke, Scatman Crothers, and Sam Bottoms.[156] Filming commenced on October 1, 1979, in the Boise metropolitan area and was shot in five and a half weeks on a budget of $5 million.[141] Eastwood has cited Bronco Billy as being one of the most relaxed shoots of his career and biographer Richard Schickel argued that Bronco Billy is Eastwood's most self-referential character.[157][158] The film was a commercial disappointment,[159] but was liked by critics. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that film was "the best and funniest Clint Eastwood movie in quite a while", and praised Eastwood's directing, intricately juxtaposing the old West and the new West.[160] Released later in 1980, Any Which Way You Can was the sequel to Every Which Way but Loose and also starring Eastwood. The film received a number of bad reviews from critics, although Maslin described it as "funnier and even better than its predecessor".[159] In theaters over the Christmas season, Any Which Way You Can was a major box office success and ranked among the top five highest-grossing films of the year.[161]
Eastwood directed and starred in
Eastwood directed and starred in the fourth Dirty Harry film, Sudden Impact (1983), which is considered the darkest and most violent of the series.[166] By this time, Eastwood received 60 percent of all profits from films he starred in and directed, with the rest going to the studio.[167] Sudden Impact was his final on-screen collaboration with Locke. She plays a middle-aged painter who, along with her sister, was gang-raped years before the story takes place and seeks revenge for her sister's now-vegetative state by systematically murdering the rapists. The line "Go ahead, make my day" (uttered by Eastwood during an early scene in a coffee shop) has been cited as one of cinema's immortal lines. It was quoted by President Ronald Reagan in a speech to Congress, and used during the 1984 presidential elections.[168][169][170] The film was the second most commercially successful of the Dirty Harry films, after The Enforcer, earning $70 million. It received very positive reviews, with many critics praising the feminist aspects of the film through its explorations of the physical and psychological consequences of rape.[171]
Westerns. A period gone by, the pioneer, the loner operating by himself, without benefit of society. It usually has something to do with some sort of vengeance; he takes care of the vengeance himself, doesn't call the police. Like Robin Hood. It's the last masculine frontier. Romantic myth, I guess, though it's hard to think about anything romantic today. In a Western you can think, Jesus, there was a time when man was alone, on horseback, out there where man hasn't spoiled the land yet.
— Eastwood, on the philosophical allure of portraying western loners[176]
Eastwood made his only foray into TV direction with the
Eastwood co-starred with
Eastwood starred in The Dead Pool (1988), the fifth and final film in the Dirty Harry series. It co-starred Patricia Clarkson, Liam Neeson, and a young Jim Carrey who plays Johnny Squares, a drug-addled rock star and the first of the victims on a list of celebrities drawn up by horror film director Peter Swan (Neeson) who are deemed most likely to die, the so-called "Dead Pool". The list is stolen by an obsessed fan who, in mimicking his favorite director, makes his way through the list killing off celebrities, of which Dirty Harry is also included. The Dead Pool grossed nearly $38 million, relatively low receipts for a Dirty Harry film. It is generally viewed as the weakest film of the series, though Roger Ebert thought it was as good as the original.[185][186]
Eastwood began working on smaller, more personal projects and experienced a lull in his career between 1988 and 1992. Always interested in jazz, he directed
1990–2009: critical acclaim and awards success
Eastwood directed and starred in White Hunter Black Heart (1990), an adaptation of Peter Viertel's roman à clef, about John Huston and the making of the classic film The African Queen. Shot on location in Zimbabwe in the summer of 1989,[191] the film received some critical attention but with only a limited release earned just $8.4 million.[192] Eastwood directed and co-starred with Charlie Sheen in The Rookie, a buddy cop action film released in December 1990. Critics found the film's plot and characterization unconvincing, but praised its action sequences.[193] An ongoing lawsuit, in response to Eastwood allegedly ramming a woman's car,[194] resulted in no Eastwood films being shown in cinemas in 1991.[195] Eastwood won the suit and agreed to pay the complainant's legal fees if she did not appeal.[195]
[I]f possible, he looks even taller, leaner and more mysteriously possessed than he did in Sergio Leone's seminal Fistful of Dollars a quarter of a century ago. The years haven't softened him. They have given him the presence of some fierce force of nature, which may be why the landscapes of the mythic, late 19th-century West become him, never more so than in his new Unforgiven. ... This is his richest, most satisfying performance since the underrated, politically lunatic Heartbreak Ridge. There's no one like him.
Eastwood revisited the western genre in
Eastwood played Frank Horrigan in the
At the May
Eastwood directed and starred in the political thriller Absolute Power (1997), alongside Gene Hackman (with whom he had appeared in Unforgiven). Eastwood played the role of a veteran thief who witnesses the Secret Service cover-up of a murder. The film received a mixed reception from critics.[212] Later in 1997, Eastwood directed Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, based on the novel by John Berendt and starring John Cusack, Kevin Spacey, and Jude Law. The film met with a mixed critical response.[213]
The roles that Eastwood has played, and the films that he has directed, cannot be disentangled from the nature of the American culture of the last quarter century, its fantasies and its realities.
— Author Edward Gallafent, commenting on Eastwood's impact on film from the 1970s to 1990s[214]
Eastwood directed and starred in True Crime (1999). He plays Steve Everett, a journalist and recovering alcoholic, who has to cover the execution of murderer Frank Beechum (played by Isaiah Washington). True Crime received a mixed reception, with Janet Maslin of The New York Times writing, "his direction is galvanized by a sense of second chances and tragic misunderstandings, and by contrasting a larger sense of justice with the peculiar minutiae of crime. Perhaps he goes a shade too far in the latter direction, though."[215] The film was a box office failure, earning less than half its $55 million budget and was Eastwood's worst-performing film of the 1990s aside from White Hunter Black Heart, which had a limited release.[216]
Eastwood directed and starred in Space Cowboys (2000) alongside Tommy Lee Jones, Donald Sutherland and James Garner. Eastwood played one of a group of veteran ex-test pilots sent into space to repair an old Soviet satellite. The original music score was composed by Eastwood and Lennie Niehaus. Space Cowboys was critically well-received and holds a 79 percent rating at Rotten Tomatoes,[217] although Roger Ebert wrote that the film was, "too secure within its traditional story structure to make much seem at risk".[218] The film grossed more than $90 million in its United States release, more than Eastwood's two previous films combined.[219] Eastwood played an ex-FBI agent chasing a sadistic killer (Jeff Daniels) in the thriller Blood Work (2002), loosely based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Michael Connelly. The film was a commercial failure, grossing just $26.2 million on an estimated budget of $50 million and received mixed reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes describing it as, "well-made but marred by lethargic pacing".[220]
Eastwood directed and scored the crime drama Mystic River (2003), a film dealing with themes of murder, vigilantism and sexual abuse and starring Sean Penn, Kevin Bacon, and Tim Robbins. The film was praised by critics and won two Academy Awards – Best Actor for Penn and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins – with Eastwood garnering nominations for Best Director and Best Picture.[221] The film grossed $90 million domestically on a budget of $30 million.[222] In 2003, Eastwood was named Best Director of the Year by the National Society of Film Critics.[223]
Clint is a true artist in every respect. Despite his years of being at the top of his game and the legendary movies he has made, he always made us feel comfortable and valued on the set, treating us as equals.
— Tim Robbins, on working with Eastwood.[11]
The following year, Eastwood found further critical acclaim with
Eastwood directed two films about World War II's Battle of Iwo Jima released in 2006. The first, Flags of Our Fathers, focused on the men who raised the American flag on top of Mount Suribachi and featured the film debut of Eastwood's son Scott. This was followed by Letters from Iwo Jima, which dealt with the tactics of the Japanese soldiers on the island and the letters they wrote home to family members. Letters from Iwo Jima was the first American film to depict a war issue completely from the view of an American enemy.[230] Both films received praise from critics and garnered several nominations at the 79th Academy Awards, including Best Director, Best Picture, and Best Original Screenplay for Letters from Iwo Jima. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards Eastwood received nominations for Best Director in both films. Letters from Iwo Jima won the award for Best Foreign Language Film.[231]
Eastwood next directed Changeling (2008), based on a true story set in the late 1920s. Angelina Jolie stars as a woman reunited with her missing son only to realize he is an impostor.[232] After its release at several film festivals the film grossed over $110 million, the majority of which came from foreign markets.[233] The film was highly acclaimed, with Damon Wise of Empire describing Changeling as "flawless".[234] Todd McCarthy of Variety magazine described it as "emotionally powerful and stylistically sure-handed" and that the film's characters and social commentary were brought into the story with an "almost breathtaking deliberation".[235] For the film, Eastwood received nominations for Best Original Score at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, Best Direction at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards and director of the year from the London Film Critics' Circle.[236][237]
Eastwood ended a four-year "self-imposed acting hiatus"
Eastwood's 30th directorial outing came with
2010–present: directorial focus and later roles
In the Eastwood-directed Hereafter (2010), he again worked with Matt Damon, who portrayed a psychic. The film had its world premiere on September 12, 2010, at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival and had a limited release later in October.[245][246] Hereafter received mixed reviews from critics, with the consensus at Rotten Tomatoes being, "Despite a thought-provoking premise and Clint Eastwood's typical flair as director, Hereafter fails to generate much compelling drama, straddling the line between poignant sentimentality and hokey tedium."[247] Around the same time, Eastwood served as executive producer for a Turner Classic Movies (TCM) documentary about jazz pianist Dave Brubeck, Dave Brubeck: In His Own Sweet Way (also 2010), to commemorate Brubeck's 90th birthday.[248]
Eastwood directed
Everybody wonders why I continue working at this stage. I keep working because there's always new stories. ... And as long as people want me to tell them, I'll be there doing them.
— Eastwood, reflecting on his later career[254]
During Super Bowl XLVI, Eastwood narrated a halftime advertisement for Chrysler titled "Halftime in America" (2012).[255] The advertisement was criticized by several U.S. Republicans, who claimed it implied that President Barack Obama deserved a second term.[256] In response to the criticism, Eastwood stated, "I am certainly not politically affiliated with Mr. Obama. It was meant to be a message about job growth and the spirit of America."[257]
Eastwood next directed
In May 2019, it was announced that Eastwood would direct The Ballad of Richard Jewell, based on the life of heroic security guard
In October 2020, it was announced that Eastwood would direct, produce, and star in Cry Macho, an adaptation of the 1975 novel of the same name, for Warner Bros. Pictures.[271] Production of the film took place in New Mexico between November and December 2020.[272] It was released on September 17, 2021,[273] to mixed reviews and commercial failure.
Upcoming projects
In April 2023, reports emerged that Eastwood would direct and produce Juror No. 2, from a screenplay by Jonathan Abrams, and is expected to be Eastwood's final film.[274] It will star Nicholas Hoult, Toni Collette, Zoey Deutch, and Kiefer Sutherland, and will be distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[275] The film's production began in June 2023, though it was temporarily suspended due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. Production resumed in November 2023.[276][277]
Directorial style
Beginning with the thriller Play Misty for Me, Eastwood has directed over 30 films, including Westerns, action films, musicals and dramas. He is one of few top Hollywood actors to have also become a critically and commercially successful director. The New Yorker's David Denby wrote that, unlike Eastwood,[278]
John Ford appeared in just a few silent films; Howard Hawks never acted in movies. Clark Gable, Gary Cooper, Spencer Tracy, James Stewart, Cary Grant, Humphrey Bogart, William Holden, Steve McQueen, and Sean Connery never directed a feature. John Wayne directed only twice, and badly; ditto Burt Lancaster. Paul Newman, Jack Nicholson, Warren Beatty, Robert Redford, Robert De Niro, and Sean Penn have directed a few movies each, with mixed commercial and artistic success.
From the very early days of his career, Eastwood was frustrated by directors' insistence that scenes be re-shot multiple times and perfected, and when he began directing in 1970, he made a conscious attempt to avoid any aspects of directing he had been indifferent to as an actor. As a result, Eastwood is renowned for his efficient film directing and ability to reduce filming time and control budgets. He usually avoids actors' rehearsing and prefers to complete most scenes on the first take.[279][280] Eastwood's rapid filmmaking practices have been compared to those of Woody Allen, Ingmar Bergman, and Jean-Luc Godard.[by whom?]When acting in others' films, he sometimes takes over directing, such as for The Outlaw Josey Wales, if he believes production is too slow.[278] In preparation for filming Eastwood rarely uses storyboards for developing the layout of a shooting schedule.[281][282][283] He also attempts to reduce script background details on characters to allow the audience to become more involved in the film,[284] considering their imagination a requirement for a film that connects with viewers.[284][285] Eastwood has indicated that he lays out a film's plot to provide the audience with necessary details, but not "so much that it insults their intelligence".[286]
According to Life magazine, "Eastwood's style is to shoot first and act afterward. He etches his characters virtually without words. He has developed the art of underplaying to the point that anyone around him who so much as flinches looks hammily histrionic."[287] Interviewers Richard Thompson and Tim Hunter commented that Eastwood's films are "superbly paced: unhurried; cool; and [give] a strong sense of real time, regardless of the speed of the narrative",[288] while Ric Gentry considers Eastwood's pacing "unrushed and relaxed".[289] Eastwood is fond of low-key lighting and back-lighting to give his films a "noir-ish" feel.[280][290]
Eastwood's frequent exploration of ethical values has drawn the attention of scholars, who have explored Eastwood's work from ethical and theological perspectives, including his portrayal of justice, mercy, suicide and the angel of death.[291]
Politics
Eastwood is a former
He won election as the nonpartisan mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in April 1986. He earned $200 per month in that position[293] which he donated to the Carmel Youth Center. While in office, he helped to make ice cream legal to consume on city streets,[294] added public restrooms to the public beach, and a city library annex building was built.[293] He served for two years and declined to run for a second term. In 2001, Governor Gray Davis appointed him to the California State Park and Recreation Commission, where he led opposition to an extension of the toll six-lane 16-mile (26 km) extension of the California State Route 241 toll road through San Onofre State Beach.[295]
Eastwood endorsed Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election.[296] He delivered a primetime address at the 2012 Republican National Convention, where he drew attention for a speech he delivered to an empty chair representing President Barack Obama, which he later regretted.[297] On February 22, 2020, Eastwood announced that he would be endorsing Democrat Michael Bloomberg in the 2020 presidential election. Eastwood stated that he wishes that Trump would act "in a more genteel way, without tweeting and calling people names. I would personally like for him to not bring himself to that level."[298]
Musical interests
Eastwood is an aficionado of
Eastwood has his own
The music in Grace Is Gone received two
The scoring stage at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank was renamed the Eastwood Scoring Stage in the 1990s.[306]
Personal life
- With an unidentified woman:
- Laurie (born 1954)[307]
- With Roxanne Tunis:
- Kimber (born 1964)[307]
- With Maggie Johnson:
- With Jacelyn Reeves:
- With Frances Fisher:
- With Dina Ruiz:
- Morgan (born 1996)[307]
Relationships and children
Twice divorced, Eastwood has had numerous casual and serious relationships of varying length and intensity over his life, many of which overlapped. He has eight known children by six women,[307][308] only half of whom were contemporaneously acknowledged.[309][310] Eastwood refuses to confirm his exact number of offspring,[4] and there have been wide discrepancies in the media regarding the number.[5] He is closed to discussing his families with the media, stating, "they're vulnerable people. I can protect myself, but they can't."[311] His biographer, Patrick McGilligan, has stated on camera that Eastwood's total number of children is indeterminate and that "one was when he was still in high school".[312]
Eastwood's first marriage was to manufacturing secretary-turned-fitness instructor Margaret Neville Johnson in December 1953, having met her on a
Johnson tolerated the open marriage with Eastwood,[322][323] and eventually they had two children, Kyle (born 1968) and Alison (born 1972).[307] In 1975, Eastwood and married actress-director Sondra Locke began living together;[324] she had been in a marriage of convenience since 1967 with Gordon Leigh Anderson, an unemployed homosexual.[325][326][327] Locke claimed that Eastwood sang "She Made Me Monogamous" to her[320][328] and confided he had "never been in love before".[21][329] Eastwood finally divorced Johnson in 1984;[330] Locke, however, would remain married to Anderson until her death in 2018.[331] According to Bill Brown, publisher of the Carmel Pine Cone, Eastwood considered Locke the love of his life,[332] yet he has never addressed her death.
In an unpublicized affair, Eastwood sired two legally fatherless
Since 2014, Eastwood has been seen in company with restaurant hostess Christina Sandera,[340] though neither publicly confirmed a romance.[341][342] Previously, Eastwood's longtime manager professed to have no knowledge of his client's private life.[343]
Health and leisure activities
Eastwood has been a health and fitness fanatic since he was a teenager. During the production of Rawhide, Eastwood featured in magazines and journals, which often documented his health-conscious lifestyle. In an August 1959 edition of TV Guide, for example, Eastwood was photographed doing push-ups. He gave tips on fitness and nutrition, telling people to eat plenty of fruit and raw vegetables, take vitamins, and avoid sugar-loaded beverages, excessive alcohol, and overloading on carbohydrates.[344]
Eastwood's father's death from a heart attack at the age of 64 in 1970, described by Fritz Manes as "the only bad thing that ever happened to him in his life",[104] came as a shock to Eastwood, since his grandfather had lived to be 92. It had a profound impact on his life; from then on he became more productive, working with greater speed and efficiency on set, and adopted an even more rigorous health regimen.[105] Despite abstaining from hard liquor, he opened an old English-inspired pub called the Hog's Breath Inn in Carmel-by-the-Sea in 1971.[345] Eastwood eventually sold the pub in 1999 and now owns the Mission Ranch Hotel and Restaurant, also located in Carmel-by-the-Sea.[344][346][347][348]
Eastwood is an avid golfer and owns the Tehàma Golf Club. He is an investor in the world-renowned Pebble Beach Golf Links west of Carmel and donates his time to charitable causes at major tournaments.[303][349][350] Eastwood is an FAA licensed fixed wing and rotary craft private pilot and often flies his helicopter to the studios to avoid traffic.[351][352]
Spiritual beliefs and meditation
In 1973, Eastwood told the film critic
In 1975, Eastwood publicly proclaimed his participation in Transcendental Meditation when he appeared on The Merv Griffin Show with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the founder of Transcendental Meditation.[346] He has meditated every morning for years.[356]
Real estate interests
While serving in the US Army at nearby Fort Ord, Eastwood developed an interest in Carmel area real estate. With income from his acting career, on December 24, 1967, he bought five parcels totaling 283 acres (115 ha) of land from Charles Sawyer along Highway 1 near Malpaso Creek, south of the Carmel Highlands.[357]
In May 1968, Eastwood and actor James Garner bought 340 acres (138 ha) of wooded land in Carmel Valley from the Howard Hattan estate for $640,000. The property was across the Carmel Valley Road from the Rancho Cañada Country Club and golf course.[358] Eastwood and Garner donated the undeveloped property to the Housing Authority of the County of Monterey in November 1983 with the stipulation that some of the land be used for senior housing.[359]
He named his production company Malpaso Productions.[360][361] Eastwood later bought another parcel in the Highlands, together totaling 650 acres (263 ha) (6 parcels). In 1995, Monterey County bought the Malpaso land from him for $3.08 million and placed a permanent conservation easement on the property.[362][363] Using the proceeds from the sale, Eastwood bought the 134 acres (54 ha) Odello Ranch at the mouth of the Carmel River during the same year. He paid to lower the levees along the southern side of the Carmel River to protect the Mission Ranch resort he owned, along with the neighboring Mission Fields residential neighborhood on the north side of the river, both of which were flooded in 1994.[362] In 1997, Eastwood and his former wife Maggie Johnson (acting as the Eastwood Trust) donated 49 acres (20 ha) of the Odello Ranch property east of Highway 1 to the Big Sur Land Trust along with the associated water rights.[364] On June 28, 2016, Eastwood finally donated the remaining Odello East land.[365] Eastwood purchased 550 acres (223 ha), known as the Cañada Woods development, immediately east of the Odello Ranch.[362]
In 2010, at age 80, Eastwood spent approximately $20 million
Eastwood previously occupied homes in Studio City, Sherman Oaks, Tiburon, and Pebble Beach.[384]
Filmography
Eastwood has contributed to over 50 films during his career as actor, director, producer, and composer.[385] He has acted in several television series, including his co-starring role in Rawhide.[386] He started directing in 1971, and made his debut as a producer in 1982 with Firefox, though he had been functioning as uncredited producer on all of his Malpaso Company films since Hang 'Em High in 1968. Eastwood also has contributed music to his films, either through performing, writing, or composing. He has mainly starred in western, action, and drama films. According to the box office–revenue tracking website Box Office Mojo, films featuring Eastwood have grossed a total of more than $1.81 billion domestically, with an average of $38.6 million per film.[387]
Awards and honors
Eastwood has been recognized with multiple awards and nominations for his work in film, television, and music. His widest reception has been in film work, for which he has received Academy Awards,
On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement.
In early 2007, Eastwood was presented with the highest civilian distinction in France,
Eastwood has also been awarded at least three honorary degrees from universities and colleges, including an honorary degree from the University of the Pacific in 2006, an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Southern California on May 27, 2007, and an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Berklee College of Music at the Monterey Jazz Festival on September 22, 2007.[393][394]
On February 26, 2009, Eastwood received the Honorary
Eastwood won the Golden Pine lifetime achievement award at the 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival, along with Ryuichi Sakamoto and Gerald Fried.[396]
Year | Title | Academy Awards | BAFTA Awards | Golden Globe Awards | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | ||
1971 | Play Misty for Me | 1 | |||||
1973 | Breezy | 3 | |||||
1976 | The Outlaw Josey Wales | 1 | |||||
1986 | Heartbreak Ridge | 1 | |||||
1988 | Bird | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
1992 | Unforgiven | 9 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
1995 | The Bridges of Madison County | 1 | 2 | ||||
2000 | Space Cowboys | 1 | |||||
2003 | Mystic River | 6 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2 | |
2004 | Million Dollar Baby | 7 | 4 | 5 | 2 | ||
2006 | Flags of Our Fathers | 2 | 1 | ||||
Letters from Iwo Jima | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
2008 | Changeling | 3 | 8 | 2 | |||
Gran Torino | 1 | ||||||
2009 | Invictus | 2 | 3 | ||||
2010 | Hereafter | 1 | |||||
2011 | J. Edgar | 1 | |||||
2014 | American Sniper | 6 | 1 | 2 | |||
2016 | Sully | 1 | |||||
2019 | Richard Jewell | 1 | 1 | ||||
Total | 41 | 13 | 22 | 1 | 33 | 8 |
Notes
- ^ Eastwood refuses to confirm his exact number of offspring,[4] and there have been wide discrepancies in the media regarding the number.[5]
- ^ Locke's age was misstated in 50 years' worth of publications, including every Eastwood biography on the market; it was not until after her death that the media consistently acknowledged she was born in 1944.[128][129]
- ^ In a December 2018 interview, Eastwood's grandson Lowell Thomas Murray IV said his yet-to-be-identified maternal grandmother "never told Eastwood she was pregnant or spoke to him again. It was clear he had no idea, so to make him look like a bad guy is inaccurate."[318] This notion is expressly denied by Patrick McGilligan, who insists Eastwood knew full well that he got a woman from Washington State pregnant and—according to McGilligan's "impeccable" sources—had told friends he suspected he might have a child there.[318]
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- ^ a b Kapsis and Coblentz, pp. 67–68 (interviewer Ric Gentry)
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Bill Brown, publisher of The Pine Cone newspaper in Carmel and a golfing pal of Eastwood's, agrees: 'Clint told me not too long ago that Sondra was the love of his life.'
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{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Clint Eastwood is Maui fan". the.honoluluadvertiser.com.
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Cited references
- Eliot, Marc (2009). American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood. New York: ISBN 978-0-307-33688-0.
- Frayling, Christopher (1992). Clint Eastwood. London: Virgin. ISBN 0-86369-307-5.
- Hughes, Howard (2009). Aim for the Heart. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-902-7.
- Kapsis, Robert E.; Coblentz, Kathie, eds. (1999). Clint Eastwood: Interviews. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-070-2.
- Kitses, Jim (2004). Horizons West. British Film Institute. ISBN 1-84457-050-9.
- McGilligan, Patrick (2015). Clint: The Life and Legend (updated and revised). New York: ISBN 978-1-939293-96-1.
- Munn, Michael (1992). Clint Eastwood: Hollywood's Loner. London: Robson. ISBN 978-0-86051-790-0.
- O'Brien, Daniel (1996). Clint Eastwood: Film-Maker. London: B.T. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-7839-X.
- Schickel, Richard (1996). Clint Eastwood: A Biography. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-42974-6.
- Smith, Paul (1993). Clint Eastwood: A Cultural Production: Volume 8 of American Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1960-3.
- Zmijewsky, Boris; Pfeiffer, Lee (1982). The Films of Clint Eastwood. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-0863-9.
Further reading
- Baldwin, Louis (1999). Turning Points: Pivotal Moments in the Careers of 83 Famous Figures. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0626-5.
- Cornell, Drucilla (2009). Clint Eastwood and Issues of American Masculinity. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-3013-6.
- Engel, Leonard (2007). Clint Eastwood, Actor and Director: New Perspectives. Salt Lake City: ISBN 978-0-87480-900-8.
- Gabbard, Glen O. (2001). Psychoanalysis and Film. London; New York: Karnac Books. ISBN 1-85575-275-1– via International Journal of Psychoanalysis Key Papers Series.
- Grunert, Andrea (2016). Dictionnaire Clint Eastwood. Paris: Vendémiaire. ISBN 978-2-36358-243-0.
- Ivy Press (2005). Heritage Vintage Movie Poster Signature Auction 2005 Catalog #624. Heritage Capital Corporation. ISBN 978-1-59967-004-1.
- Johnston, Robert K. (2007). Reframing Theology and Film: New Focus for an Emerging Discipline. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-3240-0.
- Johnstone, Iain (2007). The Man with No Name: The Biography of Clint Eastwood. London: Plexus. ISBN 978-0-85965-026-7.
- Locke, Sondra (1997). The Good, the Bad & the Very Ugly: A Hollywood Journey. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-688-15462-2.
- Stillman, Deanne (1981). Getting Back at Dad. Wideview Books. ISBN 978-0-87223-725-4.
- Thompson, Douglas (2005). Clint Eastwood: Billion Dollar Man. London: John Blake. ISBN 978-1-85782-572-5.
External links
- Clint Eastwood at IMDb
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Clint Eastwood on Charlie Rose
- Clint Eastwood collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Clint Eastwood collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Clint Eastwood at Rotten Tomatoes
- Clint Eastwood at the TCM Movie Database
- Clint Eastwood collected news and commentary at the Los Angeles Times