Clioquinol

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Clioquinol
Skeletal formula of clioquinol
Ball-and-stick model of the clioquinol molecule
Clinical data
Trade namesCortin
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
MedlinePlusa682367
Routes of
administration
topical only
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • 5-Chloro-7-iodo-quinolin-8-ol
JSmol)
  • Ic1c(O)c2ncccc2c(Cl)c1
  • InChI=1S/C9H5ClINO/c10-6-4-7(11)9(13)8-5(6)2-1-3-12-8/h1-4,13H checkY
  • Key:QCDFBFJGMNKBDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Clioquinol (iodochlorhydroxyquin) tradename Entero-Vioform is an

protozoal infections.[2]

Antiprotozoal use

A 1964 report described the use of clioquinol in both the treatment and prevention of shigella infection and Entamoeba histolytica infection in institutionalized individuals at Sonoma State Hospital in California. The report indicates 4000 individuals were treated over a 4-year period with few side effects.[3]

Several recently reported journal articles describing its use as an antiprotozoal include:

Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy

Clioquinol's use as an antiprotozoal drug has been restricted or discontinued in some countries due to an event in Japan where over 10,000 people developed subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) between 1957 and 1970. The drug was used widely in many countries before and after the SMON event without similar reports.[7] As yet, no explanation exists as to why it produced this reaction, and some researchers have questioned whether clioquinol was the causative agent in the disease, noting that the drug had been used for 20 years prior to the epidemic without incident, and that the SMON cases began to reduce in number prior to the discontinuation of the drug.[8] Theories suggested have included improper dosing, the permitted use of the drug for extended periods of time,[9] and dosing which did not consider the smaller average stature of Japanese; however a dose dependent relationship between SMON development and clioquinol use was never found, suggesting the interaction of another compound. Researchers have also suggested the SMON epidemic could have been due to a viral infection with an Inoue-Melnick virus.[10]

Topical use

Clioquinol is a constituent of the prescription medicine Vioform, which is a topical

antifungal treatment. It is also used in the form of a cream (and in combination with betamethasone or fluocinolone) in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.[citation needed
]

Potential use as a preventive or treatment in prostate cancer

It has long been recognized that normal prostate cells have high zinc content through ZIP1 mediated uptake, and have low respiration (OXPHOS ATP generation is diverted to citrate export for sperm energetics). Prostate cancer cells have downregulated ZIP1 transporters which leads to greater ATP generation which is diverted to cancer proliferation, an example of a normal-like metabolic phenotype instead being malignant. The zinc ionophore clioquinol was shown in mice to restore zinc levels and stop the growth of prostate tumors.[11]

Use in neurodegenerative diseases

Research at UCSF indicates that clioquinol appears to block the genetic action of Huntington's disease in mice and in cell culture.[12]

Recent animal studies have shown that clioquinol can reverse the progression of Alzheimer's,

Clk-1, often informally called “clock-1,” and might slow down the aging process. They theorize that this may explain the apparent ability of the drug to be effective in the above conditions, but warn against individuals experimenting with this drug.[14]

In addition, a study performed in Drosophila demonstrates that clioquinol can slow the pathogenesis of tauopathy model by removing the excessive zinc in the cell.[15]

Continued use and manufacture around the world

Country Comments
United States In August 2004, Prana Biotechnology, an Australian company and P.N Gerolymatos S.A (PNG) agreed to recognize each other's rights to market clioquinol in their respective territories, with PNG holding right for European territories, and Prana holding rights for US and Japan.
Canada In 2001, the Canadian company
Paladin Labs
bought the rights to market Vioform from Novartis. Vioform is licensed for use in Canada as a topical anti-fungal.
Netherlands 2004 and 2005 reports describe use in treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis and Entamoeba histolytica infection.[5]
India Manufactured by Eskay Iodine Pvt. Ltd., Vishal Laboratories, DNS Fine Chemicals[16] and LASA Laboratory[17]
Colombia Manufactured by "Altea Farmacéutica C.A." for "Scandinavia Pharma"[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Clioquinol topical medical facts from Drugs.com". drugs.com. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  2. PMID 185949
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  14. ^ "News: Old gastrointestinal drug slows aging, McGill researchers say". Archived from the original on 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
  15. PMID 25066125
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  16. ^ "Manufacturers of Clioquinol". DNS Fine Chemicals. 2016-01-06. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  17. ^ Herlekar O. "Clioquinol manufacturers India". Lasa labs. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  18. ^ "Dermosupril C 0,1% desonide + 3% clioquinol for topical use" (PDF). Medihealth laboratories. Retrieved 19 September 2016.