Close-mid front unrounded vowel
| Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| e | |
IPA Number | 302 |
| Audio sample | |
|
help | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | e |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0065 |
| X-SAMPA | e |
| Braille |  |
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see
near-close front unrounded vowel
. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Features
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | bed
|
[bet] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ɛ̝].[2] See Afrikaans phonology |
Arabic
|
Standard | مَجۡر۪ىٰهَا/majreha | [mad͡ʒ.reː.haː] | See imalah
| |
| Azerbaijani | gecə | [ɟeˈd͡ʒæ] | 'night' | ||
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [ example needed ]
|
|||
| Breton[4] | daneg | [ˈdãːnek] | 'the Danish language' | Unstressed /ɛ/ can be mid [ɛ̝] or close-mid [e] instead.[4] | |
| Catalan[5] | séc | [ˈsek] | 'fold' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Shanghainese[6] | 该 /kè
|
[ke̠ʔ˩] | 'should' | Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.[6] |
| Chuvash | эрешмен/ereşmen | [erɛʃ'mɛnʲ] | 'spider' | ||
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 'heel' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Belgian[9]
|
vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Australian[10] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
| New Zealand[11] | The height varies from near-close in broad varieties to mid in the Cultivated variety.[11] See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
General American[12]
|
may | [meː] | 'may' | Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].[12] | |
| General Indian[13] | |||||
| General Pakistani[14] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
| Geordie[15] | |||||
| Scottish[16] | |||||
| Singaporean[17] | |||||
| Ulster[18] | Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast. | ||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[19]
|
square | [skweː] | 'square' | More often open-mid [ɛː].[19] | |
| Scouse[20] | May (less commonly) be less open [ɪː] or more open [ɛː] instead[21] | ||||
| Scottish[16] | bit | [bë̞ʔ] | 'bit' | Near-front,[16] may be [ɪ] (also [ə]) instead for other speakers. | |
| Cockney[22] | bird | [bɛ̝̈ːd] | 'bird' | Near-front; occasional realization of /ɜː/. It can be rounded [ ɜ̝ː] instead.[22] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩.
| |
| Estonian[23] | keha
|
[ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ] | 'body' | See Estonian phonology | |
| French[24][25] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[26][27] | Seele | ⓘ | 'soul' | See Standard German phonology |
| Many speakers[28] | Jäger | [ˈjeːɡɐ] | 'hunter' | Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.[28] See Standard German phonology | |
| Southern accents[29] | Bett | [b̥et] | 'bed' | Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[29] See Standard German phonology | |
| Swabian accent[29] | Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ].[29] See Standard German phonology | ||||
| Greek | Sfakian[30] | [ example needed ]
|
Corresponds to mid [e̞] in Modern Standard Greek.[31] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hebrew[32] | כן/ken | [ke̞n] | 'yes' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | के /ke
|
[keː] | 'of' | See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu
|
کے /ke
| ||||
| Hungarian[33] | hét | [heːt̪] | 'seven' | Also described as mid [e̞ː].[34] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[35] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology |
| Khmer | ទុរេន / turen | [tureːn] | 'durian' | See Khmer phonology
| |
| Korean | 메아리 / meari | [meɐɾi] | 'echo' | See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish
|
Most dialects[36][37][38] | leef | [leːf] | 'dear' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
| Lithuanian | tėtė | [t̪eːt̪eː] | 'father' | 'Tete' and 'tėtis' are more commonly used than 'tėtė.' | |
| Malay | kecil | [kə.t͡ʃel] | 'small' | Allophone of /i/ in closed-final syllables. May be [ɪ] or [e̞] depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology | |
Malayalam
|
ചെവി/čevi | [ȶ͡ɕeʋi] | 'ear' | See Malayalam phonology
| |
| Marathi | एक/ek | [e:k] | 'one' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Norwegian | le | [leː] | 'laugh' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian.[39][40] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | سه/se | [se] | 'three' | ||
| Polish[41] | dzień | ⓘ | 'day' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[42] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | umple
|
[ˈumple] | 'to fill' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[43] | шея/šeja | ⓘ | 'neck' | Close-mid [e] before and between soft consonants, mid [e̞] after soft consonants.[43] See Russian phonology | |
| Saterland Frisian[44] | tään | [te̠ːn] | 'thin' | Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].[44] | |
| Slovene[45] | sedem
|
[ˈsèːdəm] | 'seven' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Sotho[46] | ho jwetsa
|
[hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈] | 'to tell' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[46] See Sotho phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[47][48] | se | [s̪eː] | 'see' | Often diphthongized to [eə̯] (hear the word: ⓘ). See Swedish phonology |
| Tahitian | vahine | [vahine] | 'woman' | ||
| Tamil | செவி/čevi | [ȶ͡ɕeʋi] | 'ear' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Ukrainian | ефі́рний efirný | [eˈfirnɪj] | 'ethereal' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | chwech | [χweːχ] | 'six' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Yoruba[49] | [ example needed ] |
||||
See also
Notes
- vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Ternes (1992), p. 433.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
- ^ a b Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 487.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 626.
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
- ^ a b c Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- S2CID 232345844
- S2CID 232345844
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c d Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13–14.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 41, 44.
- ^ a b Peters (2019), p. ?.
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 137.
- ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
References
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372,
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, S2CID 249411809
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327,
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, S2CID 249414876
- Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
- ISBN 0-582-61700-6
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, S2CID 249404451
- Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2004), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 603–613, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, S2CID 249412109
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, S2CID 145782045
- Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 155–184,
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107,
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
- Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124,
- Peters, Jörg (2019), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, S2CID 232348873
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121,
- Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, S2CID 249404451
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, S2CID 242632087
- Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 978-0-521-23127-5
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97,
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247,
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225,
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271,
- Wells, J. C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
External links
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