Close central unrounded vowel
| Close central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɨ | |||
IPA Number | 317 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
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help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɨ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0268 | ||
| X-SAMPA | 1 | ||
| Braille |   | ||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
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The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel,barred i.
Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed ⟨ï⟩ (centralized ⟨i⟩) or ⟨ɯ̈⟩ (centralized ⟨ɯ⟩).[2]
The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare
post-palatal approximant [j̈].[3]
Some languages feature the near-close central unrounded vowel (ɨ⟩, which captures its centrality, or ⟨ᵻ⟩,[4] which captures both. ⟨ᵻ⟩ is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵻ⟩ represents variation between /ɪ/ and /ə/.[5]
Features
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
/ɨ/ is uncommon as a
Proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).[6]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | tupeue | [tupɨə] | 'to know' | Asyik[7] and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi[8] describe this sound as such while Durie[9] describes it as closer to [ɯ] | |
| Aikanã[10] | tɨi | [ˈtɨi] | 'aunt' | It also happens as allophone of /a/ before [i].[10] | |
Amharic[11] |
ሥር /sərə/sîrî |
[sɨ̞r] | 'root' | Near-close.[11] | |
| Angami | Khonoma[12] | prü | [pɻɨ˨] | 'hail stone' | The height varies between close [ɨ] and mid [ə].[12] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. |
| Arhuaco | ikʉ | [ɪk'ɨ] | 'Arhuaco language' | ||
| Bantawa | Ilam, Nepal |
küma | [kɨma] | 'afraid' | |
Berber |
Central Atlas Tamazight[13] | ⵅⴷⵉⵎ/khdim | [χdɨ̞m] | 'to work' | Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants. |
| Chinese | Hokkien | 豬/tir | [tɨ˥] | 'pig' | |
| Mandarin | shí
|
[ʂɨ˧˥] | 'ten' | ||
| English | Inland Southern American[14] | good | [ɡɨ̞d] | 'good' | Corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology |
Southeastern English[15] |
[ɡɪ̈d] | May be rounded [ | |||
| lip | [lɪ̈ʔp] | 'lip' | Possible realization of /ɪ/.[16][17] | ||
| South African[18] | [lɨ̞p] | For some speakers it can be equal to [ South African English phonology
| |||
| Southern American[19] | [lɪ̈p] | Allophone of /ɪ/ before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.[19] | |||
Southeastern English[20] |
rude | [ɹɨːd] | 'rude' | May be rounded [ʉː], or a diphthong [ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯] instead. | |
Guaraní[21] |
yvy |
[ɨʋɨ] | 'earth' | ||
| Hausa[22] | cin abinci | [t̠ʃin abɨnt̠ʃi] | 'to eat' | Allophone of /i/.[22] | |
| Irish | goirt | [ɡɨ̞ɾˠtʲ] | 'salty' | Allophone of /i/ between broad consonants. See Irish phonology | |
| Munster[23] | caora | [kɨːɾˠə] | 'sheep' | Allophone of /i/ between broad consonants.[23] See Irish phonology | |
| Ulster[24] | [ example needed ] |
Allophone of /ɪ/. Near-close.[24] | |||
| Kalagan[25] | [pɨˈnɨt̪] | 'beard' | |||
| Kashmiri[26] | ژٕنُن/tsünun | [t͡sɨnʊn] | 'peach' | ||
| Kera[27] | [ɡɨ̀ɡɨ̀r] | 'knee' | |||
| Khmer | គិត/kīt | [kɨt] | 'to think' | See Khmer phonology
| |
Palewani (Southern)
|
کرماشان/kirmaşan | [cʰɨɾmäːʃäːn] | 'kermanshah' | Equal to Kurmanji and Sorani [ɪ]. See Kurdish phonology | |
| Latgalian[30] | dyžan | [ˈd̪ɨʒän̪] | 'very much' | See Latgalian phonology | |
| Mah Meri[31] | [d͡ʑäbɨ̞ʔ͡k̚] | 'to be drunk' | |||
| Malay | Kelantan-Pattani | ngecat | [ŋɨ.caʔ] | 'to paint' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay |
| Mapudungun[32] | müṉa | [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] | 'male cousin on father's side' | Unstressed allophone of /ɘ/.[32] | |
| Mongolian[33] | хүчир/xüçir | [xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆] | 'difficult' | ||
| Matis[34] | [kɨˈnɨ] | 'wall' | |||
| Mono[35] | dɨ | [dɨ] | 'count' | ||
| Paicî[36] | [ example needed ] |
May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɯ⟩. | |||
| Romanian[37] | înot | [ɨˈn̪o̞t̪] | 'I swim' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[38] | ты/ty | ⓘ | 'you' (singular/informal) | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed.[38] See Russian phonology | |
| Sahaptin[39] | kʼsit | [kʼsɨt] | 'cold' | Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent | |
| Sanumá[40] | [taˈaɨ] | 'to see' | The nasal version [ɨ̃] also occurs.[41] | ||
| Sümi[42] | sü | [ʃɨ̀] | 'to hurt' | Described variously as close [ɨ][42] and near-close [ɨ̞].[43] | |
| Shipibo[44] | tenaitianronki | [ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞] | [translation needed] | Possible realization of /ɯ/ after coronal consonants.[44] | |
| Sirionó[45] | [eˈsɨ] | 'dry wood' | |||
| Swedish | Bohuslän[46] | bli | [blɨᶻː] | 'to become' | A fricated vowel that corresponds to [iː] in Central Standard Swedish.[46] See Swedish phonology |
| Närke[46] | |||||
| Tajik | Bukharan[47] | ġižġiž ғижғиж | [ʁɨʑʁɨʑ] | 'the sound of wood sawing' | Allophone of /i/ in the environment of uvular consonants.[47] |
| Tamil[48] | vāli (வால்) | [väːlɨ] | 'tail' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded [ʉ] instead.[48] See Tamil phonology | |
| Tera[49] | zu̱ | [zɨ] | 'said' | ||
| vu̱r | [vɨ̞r] | 'to give' | Allophone of /ɨ/ in closed syllables.[50] | ||
| Tsou[51] | hahocngx, hahocngʉ | [ha.ˈho.t͡sŋɨ] | 'man' | /ɨ/, with free variant [ʉ]. Used to be written as ⟨ʉ⟩, but changed to ⟨x⟩ for more convenient typing.[51] | |
| Tupi | ybytyra | [ɨβɨ'tɨɾa] | 'mountain' | See Tupian Phonology | |
| Turkish | Standard[52] | sığ | [sɨː] | 'shallow' | Also described as close back [ |
Balkans[55] |
[ example needed ] |
Word-final merger of standard Turkish sounds /i/ and /ɯ/, shift of /y/ and /u/ into single phoneme due to interactions caused by Balkan sprachbund. Dombrowski[55] transcribes this phoneme as /i/. | |||
| Udmurt[56] | urgetė, yrgjete/ургетэ, ыргетэ[57] | [ɨrɡete] | 'it growls' | ||
| Vietnamese[58] | bưng | [ʔɓɨŋ˧˧] | 'to carry' | ||
| Wayuu | paanüküin | [pa:nɨkɨinː] | 'your mouth' | ||
| Welsh | Northern dialects[59] | llun |
[ɬɨːn] | 'picture' | Close when long, near-close when short.[59] Merges with /ɪ/ in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology |
| pump | [pɨ̞mp] | 'five' | |||
| Yaeyama | pïtu | [pɨtu] | 'person' | ||
Zapotec |
Tilquiapan[60] | nɨ | [nɨ] | 'be sour' | |
The sound of
near-close near-back unrounded vowel,[62] more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as [ɯ̽] (mid-centralized), [ɯ̟] (fronted) and [ʊ̜] (less rounded
, i.e. unrounded).
See also
Notes
- vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ See e.g. Cruttenden (2014:133), who transcribes the unrounded central realization of the English GOOSE vowel /uː/ with the symbol [ɯ̈ː].
- ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
- ^ Pullum & Ladusaw (1996:298)
- ^ Upton (2012), pp. 63, 68.
- ^ Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986)
- ^ Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982), "The agreement system in Acehnese" (PDF), Mon-Khmer Studies, 11: 1–33, archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2012, retrieved 9 November 2012
- ^ Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad (2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account", Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities, 15: 9–21, archived from the original on 2009-07-29, retrieved 2009-03-06
- ^ Mid-vowels in Acehnese Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Tondineli (2020), p. 914.
- ^ a b Hayward & Hayward (1999), p. 47.
- ^ a b Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971:15)
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 534–535.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009:174)
- ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004:188–189)
- ^ a b Mott (2012:75)
- ^ Lass (2002), pp. 113–115.
- ^ a b Wells (1982:534)
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 174.
- ^ "Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani". South American Phonological Inventory Database. Berkeley: University of California. 2015.
- ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
- ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
- ^ Wendel & Wendel (1978), p. 198.
- ^ "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ Pearce (2011), p. 251.
- ^ Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
- ^ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
- ^ Nau (2011), pp. 9–10.
- ^ Kruspe & Hajek (2009), p. 244.
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
- ^ Ferreira (2005), p. 37.
- ^ Olson (2004), p. 235.
- ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996), p. 118.
- ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 33, 38.
- ^ Hargus & Beavert (2002).
- ^ Autuori (2019), p. 45.
- ^ Autuori (2019), pp. 45, 47.
- ^ a b Teo (2014), p. 28.
- ^ Teo (2012), p. 368.
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 283.
- ^ Firestone (1965), p. ?.
- ^ a b c Riad (2014), p. 21.
- ^ a b Ido (2014), p. 91.
- ^ a b Keane (2004), p. 114.
- ^ Tench (2007), p. 230.
- ^ Tench (2007:231)
- ^ ISBN 9789860556889.
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
- ^ a b Dombrowski, Andrew. "Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish".
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 64, 68.
- ^ ургетыны [Udmurt-Russian dictionary] (in Russian)
- ^ Ly Dinh Thuan; Tran Thanh Nga; Nguyen Cong Chinh (eds.). "bưng". VDict. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
- ^ a b Ball (1984), p. ?.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
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External links
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