Clostridia

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Clostridia
Clostridium botulinum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Clostridia
Rainey 2010
Orders
Synonyms
  • "Clostridiia" Cavalier-Smith 2020
  • "Halanaerobiia" Cavalier-Smith 2020
  • "Desulfotomaculia" Watanabe et al. 2019
  • "Natranaerobiia" Sorokin et al. 2021

The Clostridia are a highly

Gram-positive (see Halanaerobium) and have the ability to form spores.[1] Studies show they are not a monophyletic
group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently, most are placed in a single order called Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future.

Most species of the genus Clostridium are

saprophytic organisms that ferment plant polysaccharides [2]
and are found in many places in the environment, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens (outlined below). The toxins produced by certain members of the genus Clostridium are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus toxin (known as tetanospasmin) produced by C. tetani and botulinum toxin produced by C. botulinum. Some species have been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.[3]

Species

Notable species of this class include:[citation needed]

Heliobacteria and Christensenella are also members of the class Clostridia.

Some of the enzymes produced by this group are used in bioremediation.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[4] and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[5]

16S rRNA based
LTP_08_2023[6][7][8]
 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[9][10][11]
Firmicutes 3  ♦

Dictyoglomota

"Caldicellulosiruptorales"

"Thermosediminibacteria" [incl. "Ammonificales", DSM-22653]

"Thermoanaerobacteria" [incl. Thermanaeromonas, Desulfovirgula]

♦ Paraphyletic "Clostridiia"

Bacillota E ♦
Bacillota G
"Halanaerobiaeota"

"Halanaerobiia" ♦

Bacillota s.s.

"Bacillia" (incl. Erysipelotrichia, Mollicutes)

"Selenobacteria"

Selenomonadia

"Desulfotomaculota" ♦
Bacillota A ♦

"Thermosediminibacteria"

"Thermoanaerobacteria"

Clostridiia s.s. (incl. Tissierellia)

Epidemiology

Since they are commonly found in soils and in microbiota of humans and animals, Clostridia wounds and infections are found worldwide. Host defenses against the microbe are nearly absent, and very little innate immunity exists, if any. Clostridia can be diagnosed by recognizing the characteristics of the lesion of the infection along with Gram stains of the tissue and bacterial culture.[1] Although the body does not have adequate defenses alone, this microbe can be controlled with the help of antibiotics, like penicillin, and tissue debridement for the more severe cases.[citation needed]

Clostridia and mental health

Clostridia bacteria are commonly found in the

gut microbiome. Overuse of antibiotics can cause imbalance of the gut microbiome, leading to overgrowth of the species Clostridioides difficile causing a serious infection (CDI).[12] Effects of this infection can lead to severe diarrhea and also the increase in severity of many bowel related diseases is also increased as a results of the infection. Other Clostridia bacteria in the gut have been linked to brain connectivity and healthy function.[13]

Patients that have been subjected to fecal microbiome transplants to treat their CDI have seen improvements in their mood and mental health.[12] This preliminary research seems to suggest a tentative link between the presence of Clostridia in the gut microbiome and overall mental health, with gut microbiome transplants as an avenue of future research into novel treatments for certain psychiatric disorders.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 0-9631172-1-1
    .
  2. PMID 25393313
    .
  3. PMID 25014248
    .
  4. ^ J. P. Euzéby. "Clostridia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  5. ^ Sayers; et al. "Clostridia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  6. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  7. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  8. ^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  9. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  10. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  12. ^
    PMID 29226561
    .
  13. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(17)30496-1
    .

External links
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